Plant Comparison

Hop vs Valerian

A side-by-side comparison of two medicinal plants - every documented constituent, action, use, safety note and cited source, assembled automatically from the Omnia Sana database.

First plant
Second plant
Show:
Plant AHopHumulus lupulusCannabaceaeFull monograph →
Plant BValerianValeriana officinalisCaprifoliaceaeFull monograph →

At a glance

Hop and Valerian: they share 4 indicated uses (arthritis / joint pain, inflammation (general), insomnia / sleeplessness, …); 3 pharmacological actions in common.

HopValerian
Constituents33
Pharmacological actions44
Indicated uses46
Safety notes22
Cited sources2223
Indicated uses
Only Hop
none
Shared (4)
Arthritis / joint painInflammation (general)Insomnia / sleeplessnessSkin irritation
Only Valerian
Menstrual crampsMuscle spasm
Pharmacological actions
Only Hop
Digestive aid
Shared (3)
Anti-inflammatoryAntioxidantSedative / sleep support
Only Valerian
Antispasmodic

Evidence face-off - shared uses

ConditionHopValerianVerdict
Arthritis / joint painn/a1/10Comparable evidence
Inflammation (general)n/a1/10Comparable evidence
Insomnia / sleeplessness1/1010/10Stronger for Valerian
Skin irritationn/a1/10Comparable evidence

Evidence scores (1-10) are computed from the tier of each cited source. “Comparable” means the two scores are within one point. Follow a score to its detailed sources.

Key Constituents

Bitter acids (humulone, lupulone)[1]

Alpha- and beta-bitter acids responsible for the characteristic bitterness and much of the sedative, GABA-A-receptor-active and antimicrobial activity.

Prenylflavonoids (xanthohumol, 8-prenylnaringenin)[4]

Xanthohumol has antioxidant activity; 8-prenylnaringenin has notable phytoestrogenic activity, the basis of the mild oestrogenic caution.

Flavonoids
Essential oil[1]

Aromatic volatile oil contributing to the characteristic hop aroma.

Essential (volatile) oil
Valerenic acid and valerenal[14]

Sesquiterpenes thought to be key contributors to the sedative, GABA-A-modulating action.

Valerenic acid
Iridoids (valepotriates)[12]

Unstable iridoid esters historically of pharmacological interest, though their contribution to the whole-root effect is debated.

Iridoid glycosides
Essential oil (bornyl acetate and sesquiterpenes)[12]

Responsible for the root's characteristic strong aroma.

Essential (volatile) oilSesquiterpenes

Pharmacological Actions

Anti-inflammatory[7, 8, 14]
Antioxidant[4, 7, 14]
Digestive aid[14]
Sedative / sleep support[10, 14]
Anti-inflammatory[12, 14]
Antioxidant[12, 14]
Antispasmodic[12, 14]

Antispasmodic (cramp easing)

Sedative / sleep support[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 12, 14]

Traditional & Indicated Uses

Arthritis / joint pain

inferred from anti-inflammatory action

Mechanistic Exclude Ids: REF-0141
Evidence: 1
Label: Arthritis / joint pain
Inflammation (general)

inferred from anti-inflammatory action

Mechanistic Exclude Ids: REF-0141
Evidence: 1
Label: Inflammation (general)
Insomnia / sleeplessness[14]Preliminary · 1/10

inferred from sedative action

Mechanistic Exclude Ids: REF-1732
Evidence: 1
Label: Insomnia / sleeplessness
Skin irritation

inferred from anti-inflammatory action

Mechanistic Exclude Ids: REF-0141
Evidence: 1
Label: Skin irritation
Arthritis / joint pain[12]Preliminary · 1/10

inferred from anti-inflammatory action

Mechanistic Exclude Ids: REF-0025
Evidence: 1
Label: Arthritis / joint pain
Inflammation (general)[12]Preliminary · 1/10

inferred from anti-inflammatory action

Mechanistic Exclude Ids: REF-0025
Evidence: 1
Label: Inflammation (general)
Insomnia / sleeplessness[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 9, 12, 14]Strong · 10/10

inferred from sedative action

Evidence: 10
Label: Insomnia / sleeplessness
Menstrual cramps[12]Preliminary · 1/10
Mechanistic Exclude Ids: REF-0025
Evidence: 1
Label: Menstrual cramps
Muscle spasm[12]Preliminary · 1/10

inferred from antispasmodic action

Mechanistic Exclude Ids: REF-0025
Evidence: 1
Label: Muscle spasm
Skin irritation[12]Preliminary · 1/10

inferred from anti-inflammatory action

Mechanistic Exclude Ids: REF-0025
Evidence: 1
Label: Skin irritation

Safety, Cautions & Contraindications

Safety note[14, 15, 16]Caution

Generally safe at therapeutic doses for short-term use. Hop preparations may enhance the sedative effects of alcohol, benzodiazepines, and other CNS depressants - avoid combination. Not recommended during pregnancy or breastfeeding. May have mild oestrogenic effects due to 8-prenylnaringenin - caution in hormone-sensitive conditions. Fresh hops can cause contact dermatitis in pickers.

Safety note[14, 15, 16, 17]Caution

Duke (2002) rates hops as +++ and provides clinical evidence (score 2) for sedative activity, consistent with Commission E approval for nervousness, unrest, and sleep disturbances. The primary sedative compound is 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol, formed from humulone during storage. Duke notes that hop cones have estrogenic activity, explaining occupational menstrual irregularities reported among hop pickers. Dose: 0.5 g dried flower in tea before bed; often combined with valerian. Hops should not be used in depression, as its CNS-depressant effect may worsen depressive symptoms (Duke, 2002).

Safety note[12, 14, 15]Caution

Generally well tolerated for short-to-medium term use. May cause vivid dreams, morning grogginess, or headache in some individuals. Avoid combining with alcohol, sedatives, or anaesthetics. Do not drive immediately after taking high doses. Do not use in children under 3 years. Abrupt discontinuation after long-term use may cause withdrawal symptoms.

Safety note[12, 14, 15, 16]Caution

Duke (2002) does not appear to include a primary entry for Valeriana officinalis (European valerian) in the sections searched. The entry found was for Indian valerian (Valeriana jatamansi). Commission E approves European valerian for restlessness and sleep disorders. Dose: 400–900 mg standardized root extract before bedtime. Interactions include potentiation of CNS depressants and sedatives.

External Ids

Gbif: 2984535
Powo: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:303502-2
Wikidata: Q104212
Gbif: 2888763
Wikidata: Q157819

Botanical Description

Vigorous, twining perennial climbing vine with rough, hairy stems and deeply lobed, opposite leaves resembling grape leaves. The plant is dioecious; female plants bear the characteristic papery, cone-like flower clusters ('hops'), covered in yellow, resinous lupulin glands, that are the medicinal and brewing part.[1]

Height: Climbing vine to 6-8 m
Habit: Vigorous, twining, dioecious perennial climbing vine
Leaves: Deeply lobed, opposite, rough-textured, resembling grape leaves
Flowers: Papery, cone-like female flower clusters covered in yellow resinous lupulin glands
Stem: Rough, hairy, twining, climbing without tendrils
Root: Perennial rootstock (rhizome) sending up new climbing stems each year
Fruit: Small achene within the papery cone
Flowering Period: Late summer

Tall, upright perennial herb with hollow, grooved stems and opposite, pinnately divided leaves. Small, pale pink to white, sweetly scented flowers are borne in dense, domed clusters (cymes) at the top of the stem; the dried root has a distinctive strong, earthy, 'dirty sock' smell.[12]

Height: 1-1.5 m
Habit: Tall, upright perennial herb
Leaves: Opposite, pinnately divided into toothed leaflets
Flowers: Small, pale pink to white, sweetly scented, in dense domed cymes
Stem: Hollow, grooved, upright, unbranched below the flower head
Root: Short rhizome with numerous fibrous roots, strongly aromatic when dried
Fruit: Small achene with a feathery pappus
Flowering Period: June-August

Habitat

Grows in hedgerows, woodland edges and damp thickets, climbing over other vegetation; native to Europe, Western Asia and North America, and widely cultivated for brewing.

Grows in damp meadows, ditches, riverbanks and marshy ground, tolerating both sun and partial shade; native to Europe and parts of Asia and naturalised in North America.[12]

Harvesting

The female flower cones are picked in late summer once mature (when the lupulin glands are fully developed and sticky), then dried quickly to preserve the volatile oils and bitter resins.[1]

Parts: Flower
Season: Late summer, at cone maturity

The rhizome and roots are dug in autumn of the second year, once the strong characteristic aroma has developed, then cleaned and dried.[12]

Parts: Rhizome, Root
Season: Autumn (second year)

Harvest Readiness

[12]

Part: flower
Signals: Pick the female cones (strobiles) in late summer to early autumn, when ripe - still greenish, aromatic and springy.
Basis: traditional
Source Quote: The female flowering heads are harvested in the autumn and can be used fresh or dried.
Species Confirmed: 1
Notes: PFAF (REF-3272); the female flowering heads (strobiles) are picked in late summer to early autumn while greenish and aromatic. Single lineage -> provisional. SAFETY: the climbing habit can be confused with the dangerous white bryony (Bryonia dioica) - confirm identity; see Dangerous Lookalikes.

[13]

Part: root
Signals: Dig the root and rhizome in autumn, from two-year-old plants, once the leaves have died down; fresh roots are more potent.
Basis: traditional
Source Quote: The roots of 2 year old plants are harvested in the autumn once the leaves have died down and are used fresh or dried.
Species Confirmed: 1
Notes: PFAF (REF-3360); the root is dug in autumn from 2-year-old plants after the foliage dies back. Single lineage -> provisional. SAFETY: valerian is confusable with the fatal Conium maculatum (poison hemlock) - confirm identity; see Dangerous Lookalikes.

[13]

Part: rhizome
Signals: Dig the rhizome with the roots in autumn, from two-year-old plants, once the leaves have died down.
Basis: traditional
Source Quote: The roots of 2 year old plants are harvested in the autumn once the leaves have died down and are used fresh or dried.
Species Confirmed: 1
Notes: PFAF (REF-3360); the rhizome is dug with the roots in autumn from mature 2-year plants. Single lineage -> provisional. SAFETY: as above - confusable with Conium maculatum.

Traditional Uses

Hop cones have a long European tradition as a calming, sedative herb for nervous tension, restlessness and insomnia, and as a bitter digestive tonic; the sedative reputation, historically noted among hop-pickers who became drowsy from handling the cones, is now linked to GABA-A receptor-active bitter resins.[1]

Valerian root has a long European tradition, formalised in Commission E approval, as a sedative and mild anxiolytic for restlessness and sleep disorders, and as an antispasmodic for menstrual cramps and muscle spasm; modern systematic reviews support a modest benefit for sleep quality.[12, 14, 15]

Preparations

Infusion[13]

Dried flower cones infused in hot water as a herbal tea, 500-1000 mg in 150-200 ml, taken 30-60 minutes before bedtime per the EU herbal monograph. Educational reference only, not a prescription.

Tincture[13]

Tincture (1:5) of the dried cones, 1-2 ml up to three times daily per the EU herbal monograph. Educational reference only, not a prescription.

Standardised extract[1]

Concentrated extract standardised to xanthohumol/humulone content, studied for sleep-enhancing activity via GABA-A receptor modulation.

Standardized root extract (capsule/tablet)[14]

Standardized root extract taken shortly before bedtime, the form most used in clinical research.

Dosage

Infusion[13]

The EU herbal monograph distinguishes two uses, in adolescents, adults and elderly. To aid sleep - 500-1000 mg of the comminuted flower in 150-200 mL of boiling water as an infusion, 30-60 minutes before bedtime. In mental stress - 500 mg in 150-200 mL as an infusion, up to 4 times daily. A 1:5 tincture at 1-2 mL up to 3 times daily is also listed. Educational reference only, not a prescription.

Standardized extract[12]

Commission E and clinical research commonly suggest around 400-900 mg standardized root extract taken 30-60 minutes before bedtime. Educational reference only, not a prescription.

References

REF-0839, REF-0840, REF-0841, REF-1726, REF-1727, REF-1728, REF-1729, REF-1730, REF-1731, REF-1732, REF-1733
REF-1348, REF-1349, REF-1350, REF-1351, REF-1352, REF-1353, REF-1354, REF-1355, REF-1356, REF-1357, REF-0092

Drug Class Interactions

Sedatives Cns Depressants[18, 19, 20]Caution
Mechanism: Hops has calming, sedative effects (a controlled trial found a valerian-hops combination shortened the time to fall asleep); taken with sedatives, sleeping tablets or other central-nervous-system depressants (including alcohol) it may add to drowsiness and slowed reactions.
Reviewed By: Omnia Sana (owner-authorized)
Reviewed Date: 2026-07-03
Sedatives Cns Depressants[14, 17]Caution
Mechanism: Valerian acts on GABA-A receptors like benzodiazepines and may add to the sedative effect of CNS depressants, sleep medicines, benzodiazepines and alcohol (a meta-analysis supports valerian improving sleep quality).
Reviewed By: Omnia Sana (owner-authorized)
Reviewed Date: 2026-07-03

Pairings

Passiflora Incarnata[18, 21]

Hops and passionflower are both GABA-acting sedative herbs commonly combined in sleep blends; together they may enhance relaxation and additive drowsiness.

Type: synergy
Reviewed By: Omnia Sana (owner-authorized)
Reviewed Date: 2026-07-03
Melissa Officinalis[18, 19]

Hops and lemon balm are both mild sedative, sleep-supporting herbs often combined in calming blends; used together they may reinforce each other's relaxing effect.

Type: synergy
Reviewed By: Omnia Sana (owner-authorized)
Reviewed Date: 2026-07-03
Humulus Lupulus[18, 19]

Valerian and hops are traditionally combined for sleep; a controlled trial found the valerian-hops combination shortened the time to fall asleep more than valerian alone. Both add to sedation, so expect stronger drowsiness.

Type: synergy
Reviewed By: Omnia Sana (owner-authorized)
Reviewed Date: 2026-07-03
Passiflora Incarnata[19, 20]

Valerian and passionflower are both mild GABA-acting sedatives often blended in sleep and calming formulas; combined use may enhance relaxation but also additive drowsiness.

Type: synergy
Reviewed By: Omnia Sana (owner-authorized)
Reviewed Date: 2026-07-03
Melissa Officinalis[19]

Valerian and lemon balm are a classic calming pair acting on the GABA system to improve sleep quality; combined use may increase sedation.

Type: synergy
Reviewed By: Omnia Sana (owner-authorized)
Reviewed Date: 2026-07-03

Lookalikes Review

Outcome: has-lookalikes
Reviewed By: Omnia Sana (owner-authorized)
Reviewed Date: 2026-07-07
Outcome: has-lookalikes
Reviewed By: Omnia Sana (owner-authorized)
Reviewed Date: 2026-07-07

Dangerous Lookalikes

Bryonia Dioica[22]Dangerous
Confused Part: Young climbing spring shoots gathered and cooked like asparagus; toxic bryony vines send up similar shoots in the same hedgerows.
Confusion Context: Hop (Humulus lupulus) shoots are foraged in spring and cooked like asparagus. As Totally Wild UK warns, they can be confused with other climbing plants such as white bryony (Bryonia dioica) and black bryony (Dioscorea communis), which are poisonous and often scramble through the same hedgerows, sometimes twined around the hops themselves. White bryony contains cucurbitacins that cause severe vomiting, diarrhoea and colic, and a few of its berries can seriously poison a child. Because the young shoots are gathered before the tell-tale hop cones form, careful leaf checking is essential.
Distinguishing Features: Leaves (decisive): hop leaves have a nettle-like toothed margin and are lobed, and hops have NO tendrils. The bryony lookalikes do not have that toothed, lobed hop-leaf and white bryony climbs by curling tendrils., Leaf arrangement: hop leaves are opposite (in pairs); white bryony leaves are alternate., Later signs: only hops produce the papery green cones; white bryony bears red berries and black bryony shiny red berries - never gather shoots from a vine that carries or grew red berries.
Key Test: Check every shoot for true hop leaves - toothed, lobed, in opposite pairs, with no tendrils. Any shoot with untoothed leaves, curling tendrils, alternate leaves, or that grew red berries is not hops and may be toxic bryony - discard it.
Reviewed By: Omnia Sana (owner-authorized)
Reviewed Date: 2026-07-07
Conium Maculatum[21, 22, 23]Fatal
Confused Part: Tall damp-ground plant with divided leaves and clusters of tiny white/pink flowers gathered for its root; poison hemlock has a similar growth habit and white flowers.
Confusion Context: Valerian (Valeriana officinalis) is a tall plant of damp ground, dug for its sedative root. As Practical Self Reliance warns, other plants with a similar growth habit and white flowers are deadly toxic - namely poison hemlock (Conium maculatum), which shares the damp habitat and tall stature; water hemlock (Cicuta) can grow in the same wet ground. Poison hemlock contains coniine and kills by paralysis and respiratory failure. Because valerian's divided leaves and frothy pale flower clusters can be taken for a hemlock at a glance, careful identification is essential.
Distinguishing Features: Leaf and flower structure: valerian has OPPOSITE, pinnately divided leaves and domed clusters (cymes) of tiny pink-tinged white flowers. Poison hemlock has alternate, finely feathery (fern-like) leaves and flat-topped white umbels., Stem: poison hemlock has a hairless stem conspicuously blotched and streaked with red-purple, especially near the base. Valerian stems are plain green and grooved, without purple blotches., Smell: the pulled valerian root smells unmistakably of dirty socks/earthy funk; poison hemlock smells rank, musty and mouse-like.
Key Test: Check the stem, leaves and root smell. Opposite divided leaves, a plain green stem, domed pink-white flower clusters and a dirty-sock root smell = valerian. A hairless stem with red-purple blotches, feathery leaves, flat white umbels and a musty/mousy smell = poison hemlock - deadly, do not gather. If the stem is purple-blotched, do not touch it to your mouth.
Reviewed By: Omnia Sana (owner-authorized)
Reviewed Date: 2026-07-07

References & Sources

  1. Lee, H., Chung, S.H., Kwon, D.J., Nam, M.J. et al (2024) 'Sleep-enhancing effect of Hongcheon-hop (Humulus lupulus L.) extract containing xanthohumol and humulone through GABA-A receptor', Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 338(Pt 2), pp. 119019. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2024.119019 Preclinical
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2024.119019
  2. Kenda, M., Glavač, N.K., Nagy, M. and Sollner Dolenc, M (2021) 'Herbal Products Used in Menopause and for Gynecological Disorders', Molecules, 26(24), pp. 7421. doi:10.3390/molecules26247421 Traditional / reference
    https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26247421
  3. Dietz, B.M., Hajirahimkhan, A., Dunlap, T.L. and Bolton, J.L (2016) 'Botanicals and Their Bioactive Phytochemicals for Women's Health', Pharmacological Reviews, 68(4), pp. 1026-1073. doi:10.1124/pr.115.010843 Traditional / reference
    https://doi.org/10.1124/pr.115.010843
  4. Sun, X.L., Xia, T.S., Jiang, Y.P., Wang, N.N., Xu, L.C. and Han, T (2022) 'Humulus lupulus L. extract and its active constituent xanthohumol attenuate oxidative stress and nerve injury induced by iron overload via activating AKT/GSK3beta and Nrf2/NQO1 pathways', Journal of Natural Medicines, 76(4), pp. 801-814. doi:10.1007/s11418-022-01642-1 Preclinical
    https://doi.org/10.1007/s11418-022-01642-1
  5. Karbalaei, N., Sadeghi, N., Nekoeian, A. and Malekzadeh, A (2019) 'Impact of Hydroalcoholic Extract of Humulus Lupulus L. on Sperm Quality, Reproductive Organs and Hormones in Male Rats', Chinese Journal of Integrative Medicine, 25(9), pp. 1-8. doi:10.1007/s11655-019-3025-7 Preclinical
    https://doi.org/10.1007/s11655-019-3025-7
  6. Xia, T.S., Lin, L.Y., Zhang, Q.Y., Jiang, Y.P., Li, C.H. and Liu, X.Y (2019) 'Humulus lupulus L. Extract Prevents Ovariectomy-Induced Osteoporosis in Mice and Regulates Activities of Osteoblasts and Osteoclasts', Chinese Journal of Integrative Medicine, 27(1), pp. 31-38. doi:10.1007/s11655-019-2700-z Preclinical
    https://doi.org/10.1007/s11655-019-2700-z
  7. Hurth, Z., Faber, M.L., Gendrisch, F., Holzer, M., Haarhaus, B. and Cawelius, A (2022) 'The Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Humulus lupulus Extract In Vivo Depends on the Galenic System of the Topical Formulation', Pharmaceuticals, 15(3), pp. 350. doi:10.3390/ph15030350 Preclinical
    https://doi.org/10.3390/ph15030350
  8. Caban, M., Chojnacka, K., Owczarek, K., Laskowska, J., Fichna, J. and Podsedek, A (2020) 'Spent hops (Humulus Lupulus L.) extract as modulator of the inflammatory response in lipopolysaccharide stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages', Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology, 71(1). doi:10.26402/jpp.2020.1.05 Preclinical
    https://doi.org/10.26402/jpp.2020.1.05
  9. Wang, S., Dunlap, T.L., Howell, C.E., Mbachu, O.C., Rue, E.A. and Phansalkar, R (2016) 'Hop (Humulus lupulus L.) Extract and 6-Prenylnaringenin Induce P450 1A1 Catalyzed Estrogen 2-Hydroxylation', Chemical Research in Toxicology, 29(7), pp. 1142-1150. doi:10.1021/acs.chemrestox.6b00112 Preclinical
    https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrestox.6b00112
  10. Kyrou, I., Christou, A., Panagiotakos, D., Stefanaki, C., Skenderi, K. and Katsana, K (2017) 'Effects of a hops (Humulus lupulus L.) dry extract supplement on self-reported depression, anxiety and stress levels in apparently healthy young adults: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, crossover pilot study', Hormones, 16(2), pp. 171-180. doi:10.14310/horm.2002.1738 Randomized trial
    https://doi.org/10.14310/horm.2002.1738
  11. Hege, M., Jung, F., Sellmann, C., Jin, C., Ziegenhardt, D. and Hellerbrand, C (2017) 'An iso-alpha-acid-rich extract from hops (Humulus lupulus) attenuates acute alcohol-induced liver steatosis in mice', Nutrition, 41, pp. 70-77. doi:10.1016/j.nut.2017.07.010 Preclinical
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2017.07.010
  12. Plants For A Future 'Humulus lupulus (Hop, Common Hop)'. Available at: https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Humulus+lupulus Traditional / reference
    https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Humulus+lupulus
  13. European Medicines Agency (HMPC) (2014) 'Community herbal monograph on Humulus lupulus L., flos, Revision 1'. Available at: https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/herbal-monograph/final-community-herbal-monograph-humulus-lupulus-l-flos-revision-1_en.pdf Traditional / reference
    https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/herbal-monograph/final-community-herbal-monograph-humulus-lupulus-l-flos-revision-1_en.pdf
  14. Koetter, U. and Blumenthal, M (2010) 'Valerian and hops for insomnia: overview of clinical data', pp. 44--50. Traditional / reference
    https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Valerian%20and%20hops%20for%20insomnia%3A%20overview%20of%20clinical%20data
  15. Becker, A., Felgentreff, F., Schröder, H., Meier, B. and Brattstrom, A (2014) 'The anxiolytic effects of a Valerian extract is based on valerenic acid', pp. 267. Traditional / reference
    https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=The%20anxiolytic%20effects%20of%20a%20Valerian%20extract%20is%20based%20on%20valerenic%20acid
  16. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew (n.d.). Available at: https://powo.science.kew.org Traditional / reference
    https://powo.science.kew.org
  17. Duke, J.A (2002) 'Handbook of Medicinal Herbs, Second Edition'. Traditional / reference
    https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Handbook%20of%20Medicinal%20Herbs%2C%20Second%20Edition
  18. Ghasemzadeh Rahbardar, M. and Hosseinzadeh, H (2024) 'Therapeutic potential of hypnotic herbal medicines: A comprehensive review', Phytotherapy Research, 38(6), pp. 3037-3059. doi:10.1002/ptr.8201 Meta-analysis / review
    https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.8201
  19. Block, K.I., Gyllenhaal, C. and Mead, M.N (2004) 'Safety and efficacy of herbal sedatives in cancer care', Integrative Cancer Therapies, 3(2), pp. 128-148. doi:10.1177/1534735404265003 Meta-analysis / review
    https://doi.org/10.1177/1534735404265003
  20. Koetter, U., Schrader, E., Kaeufeler, R. and Brattstroem, A (2007) 'A randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled, prospective clinical study to demonstrate clinical efficacy of a fixed valerian hops extract combination (Ze 91019) in patients suffering from non-organic sleep disorder', Phytotherapy Research, 21(9), pp. 847-851. doi:10.1002/ptr.2167 Randomized trial
    https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.2167
  21. Ngan, A. and Conduit, R (2011) 'A double-blind, placebo-controlled investigation of the effects of Passiflora incarnata (passionflower) herbal tea on subjective sleep quality', Phytotherapy Research, 25(8), pp. 1153--1159. doi:10.1002/ptr.3400 Randomized trial
    https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.3400
  22. Totally Wild UK 'Hops (Humulus lupulus) Identification Guide'. Available at: https://totallywilduk.co.uk/2022/12/08/hops-humulus-lupulus-identification-guide/ Traditional / reference
    https://totallywilduk.co.uk/2022/12/08/hops-humulus-lupulus-identification-guide/
  1. Chandra Shekhar, H., Joshua, L. and Thomas, J.V (2024) 'Standardized Extract of Valeriana officinalis Improves Overall Sleep Quality in Human Subjects with Sleep Complaints: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Clinical Study', Advances in Therapy, 41(1), pp. 246-261. doi:10.1007/s12325-023-02708-6 Randomized trial
    https://doi.org/10.1007/s12325-023-02708-6
  2. Shinjyo, N., Waddell, G. and Green, J (2020) 'Valerian Root in Treating Sleep Problems and Associated Disorders-A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis', Journal of Evidence-Based Integrative Medicine, 25, pp. 2515690X20967323. doi:10.1177/2515690X20967323 Meta-analysis / review
    https://doi.org/10.1177/2515690X20967323
  3. Borras, S., Martinez-Solis, I. and Rios, J.L (2021) 'Medicinal Plants for Insomnia Related to Anxiety: An Updated Review', Planta Medica, 87(10-11), pp. 738-753. doi:10.1055/a-1510-9826 Meta-analysis / review
    https://doi.org/10.1055/a-1510-9826
  4. Nunes, A. and Sousa, M (2011) 'Use of valerian in anxiety and sleep disorders: what is the best evidence?', Acta Medica Portuguesa, 24(Suppl 4), pp. 961-966. Meta-analysis / review
    https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Use%20of%20valerian%20in%20anxiety%20and%20sleep%20disorders%3A%20what%20is%20the%20best%20evidence%3F
  5. Tammadon, M.R., Nobahar, M., Hydarinia-Naieni, Z., Ebrahimian, A. and others (2021) 'The Effects of Valerian on Sleep Quality, Depression, and State Anxiety in Hemodialysis Patients: A Randomized, Double-blind, Crossover Clinical Trial', Oman Medical Journal, 36(2), pp. e255. doi:10.5001/omj.2021.56 Randomized trial
    https://doi.org/10.5001/omj.2021.56
  6. Alternative Medicine Review (2004) 'Monograph: Valeriana officinalis', Alternative Medicine Review, 9(4), pp. 438-441. Meta-analysis / review
    https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Monograph%3A%20Valeriana%20officinalis
  7. Soltani, A., Bahrami, F., Bahari, Z., Shankayi, Z. and others (2021) 'The effects of Valerian on sleep spindles in a model of neuropathic pain', Sleep Science, 14(Spec 2), pp. 133-139. doi:10.5935/1984-0063.20200110 Preclinical
    https://doi.org/10.5935/1984-0063.20200110
  8. Mineo, L., Concerto, C., Patel, D., Mayorga, T. and others (2017) 'Valeriana officinalis Root Extract Modulates Cortical Excitatory Circuits in Humans', Neuropsychobiology, 75(1), pp. 46-51. doi:10.1159/000480053 Randomized trial
    https://doi.org/10.1159/000480053
  9. Jacobs, B.P., Bent, S., Tice, J.A., Blackwell, T. and Cummings, S.R (2005) 'An internet-based randomized, placebo-controlled trial of kava and valerian for anxiety and insomnia', Medicine (Baltimore), 84(4), pp. 197-207. doi:10.1097/01.md.0000172299.72364.95 Randomized trial
    https://doi.org/10.1097/01.md.0000172299.72364.95
  10. Alkharfy, K.M. and Frye, R.F (2007) 'Effect of valerian, valerian/hops extracts, and valerenic acid on glucuronidation in vitro', Xenobiotica, 37(2), pp. 113-123. doi:10.1080/00498250601050420 Preclinical
    https://doi.org/10.1080/00498250601050420
  11. Garges, H.P., Varia, I. and Doraiswamy, P.M (1998) 'Cardiac complications and delirium associated with valerian root withdrawal', 280(18), pp. 1566--1567. Traditional / reference
    https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Cardiac%20complications%20and%20delirium%20associated%20with%20valerian%20root%20withdrawal
  12. Hoffmann, D (2003) 'Medical Herbalism'. Traditional / reference
    https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Medical%20Herbalism
  13. Plants For A Future 'Valeriana officinalis (Valerian)'. Available at: https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Valeriana+officinalis Traditional / reference
    https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Valeriana+officinalis
  14. Bent, S., Padula, A., Moore, D., Patterson, M. and Mehling, W (2006) 'Valerian for sleep: a systematic review and meta-analysis', 119(12), pp. 1005--1012. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2006.02.026 Meta-analysis / review
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2006.02.026
  15. Francis, A.J. and Dempster, R.J (2002) 'Effect of valerian, Valeriana edulis, on sleep difficulties in children with intellectual deficits: randomised trial', 9(4), pp. 273--279. doi:10.1078/0944-7113-00110 Randomized trial
    https://doi.org/10.1078/0944-7113-00110
  16. Duke, J.A (2002) 'Handbook of Medicinal Herbs, Second Edition'. Traditional / reference
    https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Handbook%20of%20Medicinal%20Herbs%2C%20Second%20Edition
  17. Ortiz, J.G., Rassi, N., Maldonado, P.M., Gonzalez-Cabrera, S. and Ramos, I (2006) 'Commercial valerian interactions with [3H]Flunitrazepam and [3H]MK-801 binding to rat synaptic membranes', Phytotherapy Research, 20(9), pp. 794-798. doi:10.1002/ptr.1960 Preclinical
    https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.1960
  18. Koetter, U., Schrader, E., Kaeufeler, R. and Brattstroem, A (2007) 'A randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled, prospective clinical study to demonstrate clinical efficacy of a fixed valerian hops extract combination (Ze 91019) in patients suffering from non-organic sleep disorder', Phytotherapy Research, 21(9), pp. 847-851. doi:10.1002/ptr.2167 Randomized trial
    https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.2167
  19. Ghasemzadeh Rahbardar, M. and Hosseinzadeh, H (2024) 'Therapeutic potential of hypnotic herbal medicines: A comprehensive review', Phytotherapy Research, 38(6), pp. 3037-3059. doi:10.1002/ptr.8201 Meta-analysis / review
    https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.8201
  20. Ngan, A. and Conduit, R (2011) 'A double-blind, placebo-controlled investigation of the effects of Passiflora incarnata (passionflower) herbal tea on subjective sleep quality', Phytotherapy Research, 25(8), pp. 1153--1159. doi:10.1002/ptr.3400 Randomized trial
    https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.3400
  21. Practical Self Reliance 'Foraging Wild Valerian For Better Sleep'. Available at: https://practicalselfreliance.com/foraging-valerian/ Traditional / reference
    https://practicalselfreliance.com/foraging-valerian/
  22. Dayan, A.D (2024) 'Death of Socrates: a likely case of poison hemlock (Conium maculatum) poisoning', Clinical Toxicology (Philadelphia, Pa.), 62(1), pp. 56-60. doi:10.1080/15563650.2024.2309328 Clinical study
    https://doi.org/10.1080/15563650.2024.2309328
  23. King County Noxious Weeds (2024) 'Poison hemlock (Conium maculatum) identification and control'. Available at: https://kingcounty.gov/en/dept/dnrp/nature-recreation/environment-ecology-conservation/noxious-weeds/identification-control/poison-hemlock Traditional / reference
    https://kingcounty.gov/en/dept/dnrp/nature-recreation/environment-ecology-conservation/noxious-weeds/identification-control/poison-hemlock
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Generated automatically from the Omnia Sana plant database and its cited sources. For educational purposes only - not medical advice. Always consult a qualified practitioner before using medicinal plants.

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