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True Cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum) and Skin irritation: evidence and sources
inferred from anti-inflammatory action
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Background Numerous clinical studies have suggested that cinnamon supplementation may be effective for cardiovascular disease risk factors, but the findings are controversial. This comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to assess the impact of cinnamon supplementation on cardiovascular disease risk factors. Methods Relevant studies were identified through electronic searches of databases, including Web of Science, PubMed, Central, Scopus, and Embase, up to July 2024. Results Forty-nine studies were included. Cinnamon supplementation significantly reduced WC (SMD = - 0.40; 95% (CI): - 0.73, - 0.06), DBP (SMD = - 1.04; 95% CI: - 1.54, - 0.55), SBP (SMD = - 0.85; 95% CI: - 1.54, - 0.16), fasting glucose (SMD = - 1.28; 95% CI: - 1.65, - 0.90), fasting insulin (SMD = - 0.26; 95% CI: - 0.50, - 0.02), HbA1c (SMD = - 0.71; 95% CI: - 1.02, - 0.40), HOMA-IR (SMD = - 0.54; 95% CI: - 0.82, - 0.26), postprandial blood glucose (SMD = - 2.28; 95% CI: - 3.48, - 1.08), CRP (SMD = - 0.78; 95% CI: - 1.28, - 0.27), LDL-C (SMD = - 0.71; 95% CI: - 1.02, - 0.40), total cholesterol (TC) (SMD = - 1.15; 95% CI: - 1.55, - 0.75), triglycerides (TG) (SMD = - 0.91; 95% CI: - 1.25, - 0.56), and MDA (SMD = - 0.76; 95% CI: - 1.07, - 0.45). Additionally, cinnamon supplementation significantly elevated HDL-C levels (SMD = 0.56; 95% CI: 0.23, 0.89). Conclusion Cinnamon supplementation demonstrated significant benefits in improving cardiovascular risk factors. These findings suggest its potential as an adjunct therapy for improving cardiovascular disease risk factors.
Cinnamomum zeylanicum is a tropical plant with traditional medicinal significance that possesses antimicrobial, antifungal, anti-parasitic, and anti-tumor properties. Here, we have elucidated the anti-tumor effects of Cinnamomum zeylanicum extract (CZE) and its bioactive compound cinnamaldehyde (CIN) on oral cancer and elucidated underlying molecular mechanisms. Anti-tumor activities of CZE and CIN were demonstrated by various in vitro experiments on oral cancer cells (SCC-4, SCC-9, SCC-25). The cell proliferation, growth, cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, and autophagy were analyzed by MTT, clonogenic assay, propidium iodide, annexin-V-PI, DAPI, and acridine orange staining, respectively. The binding affinity of CIN towards dihydrofolate reductase and p38-MAP kinase alpha was analyzed by molecular docking. Western blot assay was performed to assess the alteration in the expression of various proteins. CZE and CIN treatment significantly inhibited the growth and proliferation of oral cancer cells in a dose-dependent manner. These treatments further induced apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, and autophagy. CZE and CIN inhibited the invasion and cytoplasmic translocation of NF-κB in these cell lines. CIN showed a high affinity to MAP kinase P38 alpha and dihydrofolate reductase with binding affinities of -6.8 and -5.9 kcal/mol, respectively. The cancer cells showed a decreased expression of various PI3k-AKT-mTOR pathways related to VEGF, COX-2, Bcl-2, NF-κB, and proteins post-treatment.
3 sources supporting True Cinnamon for Skin irritation. Includes scientific publications, books, monographs and traditional-use references.
Mechanistic basis
This use is associated with the plant's anti-inflammatory, antifungal actions. Further evidence for that pharmacology:
Cinnamomum verum is the widely used spice for its medicinal and culinary uses since ages. It is native to Sri Lanka and southern India but also distributed in many Asian, Caribbean, Australian and African countries. It is widely used in food preparations and industrial products like candies, chewing gums, mouthwash and toothpaste. It is also used to treat asthma, bronchitis, diarrhea, headache, inflammation and cardiac disorders. Cinnamaldehyde, eugenol, caryophyllene, cinnamyl acetate and cinnamic acid are the major compounds found in its essential oil. These compounds exhibit a wide range of pharmacological activities including antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antidiabetic, wound healing, anti-HIV, anti-anxiety and antidepressant, etc. This review highlights its comprehensive and up-to-date information on taxonomy, ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemical composition, pharmacological and toxicity activities. Structure-activity relationship, mechanism of action and some research gaps has also been provided. Owing to its immense medicinal importance, more well-designed in-vivo and clinical studies are required.
Background Cinnamomum verum J. Presl (Cinnamon) is widely used in the food and pharmaceutical industries. C. verum exhibits various biological activities. However, it is unclear whether C. verum can inhibit NOX, a major source of ROS generation, and exert anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects in PMA-stimulated THP-1 cells. Purpose This study investigates the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of C. verum in PMA-stimulated THP-1 cells. Methods The MeOH extract of C. verum was analyzed using UPLC-QTOF/MS. Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of C. verum extract were examined by DCF-DA staining, immunofluorescence staining, RT-PCR, and immunoblotting in PMA-stimulated THP-1 cells. Results C. verum and its components, cinnamic acid and coumarin, significantly attenuated the expression of IL-1β, IL-8, CCL5, and COX-2 in PMA-stimulated THP-1. C. verum decreased ROS levels via NOX2 downregulation, as well as ameliorated plasma membrane translocation of PKCδ and decreased JNK phosphorylation. Besides, C. verum suppressed the nuclear translocation of AP-1 and NF-κB, which modulates diverse pro-inflammatory genes. Conclusion C. verum effectively inhibits inflammation and oxidative stress during monocyte-macrophage differentiation and downregulates inflammatory mediators via NOX2/ROS and PKCδ/JNK/AP-1/NF-κB signaling.
Cinnamon bark is widely used for its organoleptic features in the food context and growing evidence supports its beneficial effect on human health. The market offers an increasingly wide range of food products and supplements enriched with cinnamon extracts which are eliciting beneficial and health-promoting properties. Specifically, the extract of Cinnamomum spp. is rich in antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anticancer biomolecules. These include widely reported cinnamic acid and some phenolic compounds, such asproanthocyanidins A and B, and kaempferol. These molecules are sensitive to physical-chemical properties (such as pH and temperature) and biological agents that act during gastric digestion, which could impair molecules' bioactivity. Therefore, in this study, the cinnamon's antioxidant and anti-inflammatory bioactivity after simulated digestion was evaluated by analyzing the chemical profile of the pure extract and digested one, as well as the cellular effect in vitro models, such as Caco2 and intestinal barrier. The results showed that the digestive process reduces the total content of polyphenols, especially tannins, while preserving other bioactive compounds such as cinnamic acid. At the functional level, the digested extract maintains an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effect at the cellular level.
Ethnopharmacological relevance Fungal pathogens can cause deadly invasive infections and have become a major global public health challenge. There is an urgent need to find new treatment options beyond established antifungal agents, as well as new drug targets that can be used to develop novel antifungal agents. Cinnamomum cassia is a tropical aromatic plant that has a wide range of applications in traditional Chinese medicine, especially in the treatment of bacterial and fungal infections. Aim of the study The present study aimed to explore the mechanism of action and functional components of Cinnamomum cassia essential oil (CEO) against Candida albicans using an integrated strategy combining network-based metabolomics and pharmacology, the greedy algorithm and molecular docking. Materials and methods CEO was extracted using hydrodistillation and its chemical composition was identified by GC-MS. Cluster analysis was performed on the compositions of 19 other CEOs from the published literature, as well as the sample obtained in this study. The damages of C. albicans cells upon treatment with CEO was observed using a scanning electron microscope. The mechanisms of its antifungal effect at a subinhibitory concentration of 0.1 × MIC were determined using microbial metabolomics and network analysis. The functional components were studied using the greedy algorithm and molecular docking. Results A total of 69 compounds were identified in the chemical analysis of CEO, which accounted for 90% of the sample. The major compounds were terpenoids (34.04%), aromatic compounds (4.52%), aliphatic compounds (0.9%), and others. Hierarchical cluster analysis of the compositions of 20 essential oils extracted from Cinnamomum cassia grown in different geographical locations showed a wide diversity of chemical composition with four major chemotypes. CEO showed strong antifungal activity and caused destruction of cell membranes in a concentration-dependent way. Metabolic fingerprint analysis identified 29 metabolites associated with lipid metabolism, which were mapped to 23 core targets mainly involved in fatty acid biosynthesis and metabolism. Six antifungal functional components of CEO were identified through network construction, greedy algorithm and molecular docking, including trans-cinnamaldehyde, δ-cadinol, ethylcinnamate, safrole, trans-anethole, and trans-cinnamyl acetate, which showed excellent binding with specific targets of AKR1B1, PPARG, BCHE, CYP19A1, CYP2C19, QPCT, and CYP51A1. Conclusions This study provides a systematic understanding of the antifungal activity of CEO and offers an integrated strategy for deciphering the potential metabolism and material foundation of complex component drugs.