True Cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum) and Cardiovascular / heart health: evidence and sources

Context The global prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) has been rising significantly over the years. Recent studies have shown beneficial effects of cinnamon on metabolic biomarkers. Objective The objective of this review was to assess the effect of cinnamon supplementation on metabolic biomarkers in patients with DM2. Data sources The Pubmed/MEDLINE, Cochrane CENTRAL, and Embase databases were searched up to November 10, 2022. Data extraction A systematic search was performed for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating the effect of cinnamon supplementation on metabolic biomarkers, in adults and the elderly with DM2, and comparing the data for a cinnamon intervention group with that for a placebo group or a control group. The main exclusion criteria were studies (1) with other types of diabetes (ie, gestational diabetes or type 1 diabetes), (2) without cinnamon consumption, (3) that did not evaluate metabolic biomarkers, or (4) in vitro and animal studies. Two researchers independently screened 924 records, evaluated full-text studies, extracted data, and appraised their quality. A third researcher was consulted to resolve any discrepancies. The data were pooled using random-effects models and expressed as the weighted mean difference (WMD) with 95% CI. Heterogeneity was assessed using Cochran's Q test and quantified using I2 statistics. Risk of bias was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) instrument. Sensitivity analysis and the GRADE system were used to assess the robustness and certainty of the findings. Data analysis In total, 28 RCTs with a duration ranging from 30 to 120 days and a total enrollment of 3054 patients with DM2 were included. Participants consuming cinnamon showed a significant reduction in fasting blood glucose (FBG) (WMD: -15.26 mg/dL; 95% CI: -22.23 to -8.30; I2 = 88%), postprandial glucose (WMD: -39.22 mg/dL; 95% CI: -63.90 to -14.55; I2 = 100%), HbA1c (WMD: -0.56 mg/dL; 95% CI: -0.99 to -0.13; I2 = 94%), and HOMA-IR (WMD = -0.76, 95% CI: -1.13 to -0.39; I2 = 22%) compared with the control group. An intervention of cinnamon in capsule form reduced FBG (WMD:-18.43 mg/dL, 95% CI: -26.32 to -10.53; I2 = 89%), postprandial glucose (WMD: -44.83 mg/dL, 95% CI: -70.67 to -18.99; I2 = 100%), HbA1c (WMD: -0.56 mg/dL, 95% CI: -1.02 to -0.09; I2 = 94%), total cholesterol (WMD: -13.39 mg/dL; 95% CI: -24.71 to -2.07; I2 = 96%), LDL-C (WMD: -6.49 mg/dL, 95% CI: -12.69 to -0.29; I2 = 92%), and triglycerides (WND: -19.75 mg/dL; 95% CI, -33.71 to -5.80; I2 = 88%). Both doses (≤2 g/day and >2 g/day) reduced FBG and postprandial glucose. Only cinnamon doses of ≤2 g/day reduced HbA1c (WMD: -0.68 mg/dL, 95% CI: -1.16 to -0.1; I2 = 92%), HOMA-IR (WMD: -0.94 mg/dL; 95% CI: -1.21 to -0.67; I2 = 0%), and BMI (WMD: -1.18 kg/m2; 95% CI: -1.97 to -0.39; I2 = 0%). Conclusion The data suggest that cinnamon improves the glycemic and lipid profile and reduces the BMI, particularly in DM2 patients who receive cinnamon supplementation in capsule form and at a dose of ≤2 g/day. Systematic review registration PROSPERO registration no. CRD42022370332.

Background Numerous clinical studies have suggested that cinnamon supplementation may be effective for cardiovascular disease risk factors, but the findings are controversial. This comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to assess the impact of cinnamon supplementation on cardiovascular disease risk factors. Methods Relevant studies were identified through electronic searches of databases, including Web of Science, PubMed, Central, Scopus, and Embase, up to July 2024. Results Forty-nine studies were included. Cinnamon supplementation significantly reduced WC (SMD = - 0.40; 95% (CI): - 0.73, - 0.06), DBP (SMD = - 1.04; 95% CI: - 1.54, - 0.55), SBP (SMD = - 0.85; 95% CI: - 1.54, - 0.16), fasting glucose (SMD = - 1.28; 95% CI: - 1.65, - 0.90), fasting insulin (SMD = - 0.26; 95% CI: - 0.50, - 0.02), HbA1c (SMD = - 0.71; 95% CI: - 1.02, - 0.40), HOMA-IR (SMD = - 0.54; 95% CI: - 0.82, - 0.26), postprandial blood glucose (SMD = - 2.28; 95% CI: - 3.48, - 1.08), CRP (SMD = - 0.78; 95% CI: - 1.28, - 0.27), LDL-C (SMD = - 0.71; 95% CI: - 1.02, - 0.40), total cholesterol (TC) (SMD = - 1.15; 95% CI: - 1.55, - 0.75), triglycerides (TG) (SMD = - 0.91; 95% CI: - 1.25, - 0.56), and MDA (SMD = - 0.76; 95% CI: - 1.07, - 0.45). Additionally, cinnamon supplementation significantly elevated HDL-C levels (SMD = 0.56; 95% CI: 0.23, 0.89). Conclusion Cinnamon supplementation demonstrated significant benefits in improving cardiovascular risk factors. These findings suggest its potential as an adjunct therapy for improving cardiovascular disease risk factors.

Background Cinnamon is a rich botanical source of polyphenols, whose positive effects on blood lipid concentrations have been hypothesized, but have not been conclusively studied. Objective The objective of the study was to systematically review and evaluate the effect of administration of cinnamon on blood lipid concentrations. Methods We assessed 13 randomized controlled trials with 750 participants investigating the effect of cinnamon supplementation on blood lipid concentrations. A meta-analysis was performed using random effect models, with weighted mean differences (WMDs; with 95% confidence interval [CI]) for endpoints calculated using a random effects model. Results No statistically significant effect of cinnamon was observed on blood low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C; WMD: -0.16 mmol/L [-6.19 mg/dL], 95% CI: -0.35, 0.03 [-13.53, 1.16], P = .10) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C; WMD: 0.05 mmol/L [1.92 mg/dL], 95% CI: -0.03, 0.12 [-0.03, 4.64], P = .21) concentrations. However, a statistically significant reduction in blood triglycerides (WMD: -0.27 mmol/L [-23.91 mg/dL], 95% CI: -0.39, -0.14 [-34.54, -12.40], P Conclusion Cinnamon supplementation significantly reduced blood triglycerides and total cholesterol concentrations without any significant effect on LDL-C and HDL-C.

Background Cinnamon has been studied as a possible way to control blood glucose and serum cholesterol levels. However, there are no well-conducted randomized controlled trials that can accurately measure the lipid and glucose-lowering effects of Cinnamomum zeylanicum (C. zeylanicum) extract. This study primarily aimed to evaluate the effect of a standardized C. zeylanicum extract on serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels and secondarily on other lipid parameters (high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), total cholesterol and triglycerides), glucose levels, anthropometric measures, blood pressure, and safety outcomes in individuals with an LDL level between 100-190mg/dL. Materials and methods This was a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Participants were allocated to either C. zeylanicum extract or placebo group (1:1 allocation ratio). They were advised to take two capsules per day (1000 mg/day, a dose based on prior clinical studies suggesting potential efficacy and safety). Reduction in LDL-C at 12 weeks (from the baseline value) was compared between the two groups using ANCOVA. A complete-case analysis was adhered to in analyzing the outcome data. Results The mean age (SD) of the 150 participants was 50.4 (10.52) years, and 66% were females. Among the 127 participants assessed at 12 weeks, those in the C. zeylanicum extract arm had a lower LDL-C value than the placebo arm but the difference was not significant (the baseline adjusted mean difference was 6.05mg/dL; 95% CI: -2.43 to 14.52; p = 0.161). However, participants in the C. zeylanicum extract group showed significantly greater reductions in fasting blood sugar (FBS) levels (the baseline adjusted mean difference was 8.59mg/dL; 95% CI: 0.59 to 16.59; p = 0.036). There was a significant interaction effect between the supplement and participants' glycemic status, with individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) who received C. zeylanicum extract experiencing a notable reduction in FBS levels (standardized coefficient: -63, 95% CI: -102 to -25; p = 0.002). Conclusions C. zeylanicum extract did not have significantly reduce LDL-C but demonstrated a significant FBS-lowering effect, particularly in individuals with T2DM, with a favorable safety profile. Trials registration The trial was registered with the Sri Lanka Clinical Trials Registry: SLCTR/2021/011.

Aims To determine the blood glucose lowering effect of cinnamon on HbA1c, blood pressure and lipid profiles in people with type 2 diabetes. Methods 58 type 2 diabetic patients (25 males and 33 females), aged 54.9 ± 9.8, treated only with hypoglycemic agents and with an HbA1c more than 7% were randomly assigned to receive either 2g of cinnamon or placebo daily for 12 weeks. Results After intervention, the mean HbA1c was significantly decreased (P Conclusions Intake of 2g of cinnamon for 12 weeks significantly reduces the HbA1c, SBP and DBP among poorly controlled type 2 diabetes patients. Cinnamon supplementation could be considered as an additional dietary supplement option to regulate blood glucose and blood pressure levels along with conventional medications to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Objective The objective of this study was to determine whether cinnamon improves blood glucose, triglyceride, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, and LDL cholesterol levels in people with type 2 diabetes. Research design and methods A total of 60 people with type 2 diabetes, 30 men and 30 women aged 52.2 +/- 6.32 years, were divided randomly into six groups. Groups 1, 2, and 3 consumed 1, 3, or 6 g of cinnamon daily, respectively, and groups 4, 5, and 6 were given placebo capsules corresponding to the number of capsules consumed for the three levels of cinnamon. The cinnamon was consumed for 40 days followed by a 20-day washout period. Results After 40 days, all three levels of cinnamon reduced the mean fasting serum glucose (18-29%), triglyceride (23-30%), LDL cholesterol (7-27%), and total cholesterol (12-26%) levels; no significant changes were noted in the placebo groups. Changes in HDL cholesterol were not significant. Conclusions The results of this study demonstrate that intake of 1, 3, or 6 g of cinnamon per day reduces serum glucose, triglyceride, LDL cholesterol, and total cholesterol in people with type 2 diabetes and suggest that the inclusion of cinnamon in the diet of people with type 2 diabetes will reduce risk factors associated with diabetes and cardiovascular diseases.