Coltsfoot (Tussilago farfara L.; Asteraceae): modern methods of extraction, phytochemistry, nanoparticles synthesis, ethnopharmacology, and biological activities

Abstract

Tussilago farfara L. (Asteraceae), commonly known as coltsfoot, is a widely recognised medicinal plant, traditionally used for treating respiratory, digestive, and circulatory ailments. Its therapeutic potential is attributed to a diverse phytochemical profile comprising alkaloids, flavonoids, and terpenoids, which contribute to its reported neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancer activities. Recent studies have also exhibited the plant's utility in the green synthesis of nanoparticles, especially silver (Ag) and gold (Au), representing notable antibacterial and cytotoxic properties, and hold promise as anticancer drug delivery agents. Various phytochemicals have been isolated from T. farfara through different chromatographic techniques, highlighting its phytochemical richness. However, despite promising pharmacological attributes, further in vivo studies and focused studies on its flower buds and leaves are required to validate its efficacy and safety. This review provides an overview of coltsfoot's extraction methods, phytochemistry, nanoparticle synthesis, ethnobotanical significance, pharmacological activities, and toxicological considerations.