Plant Comparison
Greater Celandine vs Peppermint
A side-by-side comparison of two medicinal plants — every documented constituent, action, use, safety note and cited source, assembled automatically from the Omnia Sana database.
At a glance
Greater Celandine and Peppermint: they share 12 indicated uses (arthritis / joint pain, back pain, bloating, …); 5 pharmacological actions in common.
Evidence face-off — shared uses
| Condition | Greater Celandine | Peppermint | Verdict |
|---|---|---|---|
| Arthritis / joint pain | 1/10 | 5/10 | Stronger for Peppermint |
| Back pain | 1/10 | 5/10 | Stronger for Peppermint |
| Bloating | 1/10 | 5/10 | Stronger for Peppermint |
| Headache | 1/10 | 8/10 | Stronger for Peppermint |
| Indigestion | 1/10 | 5/10 | Stronger for Peppermint |
| Infection (general) | 1/10 | 5/10 | Stronger for Peppermint |
| Inflammation (general) | 1/10 | 5/10 | Stronger for Peppermint |
| Menstrual cramps | 1/10 | 5/10 | Stronger for Peppermint |
| Muscle spasm | 1/10 | 5/10 | Stronger for Peppermint |
| Pain (general) | 1/10 | 5/10 | Stronger for Peppermint |
| Skin irritation | 1/10 | 5/10 | Stronger for Peppermint |
| Wounds | 1/10 | 5/10 | Stronger for Peppermint |
Evidence scores (1–10) are computed from the tier of each cited source. “Comparable” means the two scores are within one point. Follow a score to its detailed sources.
Key Constituents
The biologically active and toxicologically important constituents.
Menthol is the dominant constituent of the leaf oil, responsible for the cooling sensation and much of the antispasmodic and analgesic activity.
Phenolic antioxidants of the leaf.
Pharmacological Actions
Anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and analgesic (preclinical)
Antispasmodic / choleretic bitter for upper-abdominal and biliary dyspepsia (indigestion, bloating, cramping) - oral use now restricted for safety
Antispasmodic / choleretic bitter for upper-abdominal and biliary dyspepsia (indigestion, bloating, cramping) - oral use now restricted for safety
Traditional & Indicated Uses
inferred from anti-inflammatory action
Antispasmodic / choleretic bitter for upper-abdominal and biliary dyspepsia (indigestion, bloating, cramping) - oral use now restricted for safety
inferred from anticancer action
Antispasmodic / choleretic bitter for upper-abdominal and biliary dyspepsia (indigestion, bloating, cramping) - oral use now restricted for safety
inferred from antimicrobial action
inferred from anti-inflammatory action
inferred from antispasmodic action
inferred from anti-inflammatory action
inferred from anti-inflammatory action
inferred from antimicrobial action
inferred from anti-inflammatory action
inferred from antispasmodic action
inferred from antispasmodic action
inferred from anti-inflammatory action
Safety, Cautions & Contraindications
SERIOUS: oral greater celandine can cause acute idiosyncratic liver injury (hepatocellular hepatotoxicity with jaundice). Multiple reported cases - dozens of herb-induced liver injury reports in the literature, with continuing recent case reports - led regulators to restrict or suspend oral products. Do not take internally if you have any liver disease, and stop immediately and seek care at any sign of liver problems (jaundice, dark urine, upper-abdominal pain).
Generally very safe. Essential oil should not be applied to the face or chest of infants or children — menthol can cause respiratory depression. Avoid enteric-coated capsules if taking antacids or acid-suppressing drugs. May worsen GERD by relaxing the lower oesophageal sphincter. Avoid in bile duct obstruction and gallstones.
Duke (2002) rates peppermint as +++ with clinical evidence (score 2) for antispasmodic activity, consistent with Commission E approval for IBS (irritable bowel syndrome) using enteric-coated peppermint oil capsules. Enteric-coated peppermint oil is one of the most clinically validated herbal treatments for IBS, reducing abdominal pain and spasm. Dose: 0.6 ml enteric-coated oil two to three times daily between meals (for IBS); 1.5–3 g dried leaf as tea three times daily for digestive complaints. Peppermint should not be applied near the face or nostrils of infants and small children (risk of laryngospasm from menthol). Contraindicated in cholelithiasis (gallstones) (Duke, 2002).
External Ids
Botanical Description
Branching perennial herb with soft, brittle, hairy stems that exude a distinctive bright orange-yellow latex (sap) when cut or broken. The leaves are deeply lobed, pale bluish-green beneath, giving a delicate, almost fern-like appearance. Small, four-petalled, bright yellow flowers are borne in loose umbel-like clusters.[4]
Perennial herb, 30-90 cm tall, a sterile natural hybrid (Mentha aquatica x M. spicata) that spreads by rhizomes and surface stolons rather than viable seed. Stems are square, often purple-tinged. Leaves are opposite, lance-shaped to ovate with a sharply toothed margin, and release a strong menthol scent when crushed. Small, pale purple flowers are borne in dense, interrupted terminal spikes.[2]
Habitat
Grows in shaded, nutrient-rich ground - hedgerows, walls, waste ground and woodland edges, often near old buildings; native to Europe and Western Asia and naturalised in North America.[4]
A cultivated hybrid grown worldwide as a crop and garden herb, propagated vegetatively since it rarely sets viable seed; naturalised in damp ground - streambanks, ditches and waste places - in temperate regions.[2]
Harvesting
The flowering aerial parts are cut in spring to summer; the fresh orange latex is collected by breaking a stem or leaf as needed for topical (wart) use. Given the documented hepatotoxicity of oral preparations, harvesting for internal use is not recommended.[4]
Aerial parts are cut at or just before full flowering (mid- to late summer), when the essential-oil (menthol) content peaks, then dried quickly out of direct sun, or distilled fresh for essential oil.[3]
Traditional Uses
Greater celandine has a long European folk history, reflected in its name 'tetterwort', as a topical remedy for warts and skin blemishes (the fresh orange latex dabbed directly on), and internally as a bitter choleretic digestive remedy for biliary and upper-abdominal dyspepsia - though oral use is now medically restricted because of documented liver injury.[4]
Peppermint has one of the best-documented traditional uses of any herb - as a carminative and antispasmodic for indigestion, bloating and colic. Enteric-coated peppermint oil capsules are among the most clinically validated herbal treatments for irritable bowel syndrome, and topical or inhaled peppermint oil is traditionally and clinically used for tension-type headache and muscular aches.[1, 2, 4, 5]
Preparations
Fresh orange latex from a broken stem dabbed directly onto warts, the classic external folk use; kept well away from eyes, mucous membranes and broken skin.
Historically taken as an infusion or tincture for biliary dyspepsia, but oral use is now restricted in several jurisdictions due to hepatotoxicity risk and should only be considered under professional supervision, if at all.
Dried leaf steeped in hot water, the classic digestive tea.
Standardised peppermint oil in enteric-coated capsules, the clinically studied form for irritable bowel syndrome, releasing the oil in the intestine rather than the stomach.
Diluted essential oil applied to the temples and neck for tension-type headache.
Dosage
Because of a documented risk of acute liver injury, no internal dose is given here; oral use should be avoided, especially by anyone with liver disease, and any sign of jaundice, dark urine or upper-abdominal pain warrants immediate medical attention. Educational reference only, not a prescription.
Duke (2002) and Commission E guidance: about 0.6 mL enteric-coated oil two to three times daily between meals for IBS-type digestive complaints. Educational reference only, not a prescription.
References
Lookalikes Review
References & Sources
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https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2024.1440979 - Koriem, K.M.M., Arbid, M.S. and Asaad, G.F (2012) 'Chelidonium majus leaves methanol extract and its chelidonine alkaloid ingredient reduce cadmium-induced nephrotoxicity in rats', Journal of Natural Medicines, 67(1), pp. 159-167. doi:10.1007/s11418-012-0667-6 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11418-012-0667-6 - Nawrot, R (2017) 'Defense-related Proteins from Chelidonium majus L. as Important Components of its Latex', Current Protein & Peptide Science, 18(8), pp. 864-880. doi:10.2174/1389203718666170406124013 Traditional / reference
https://doi.org/10.2174/1389203718666170406124013 - Gilca, M., Gaman, L., Panait, E., Stoian, I. and Atanasiu, V (2010) 'Chelidonium majus - an integrative review: traditional knowledge versus modern findings', Forschende Komplementarmedizin. doi:10.1159/000321397 Traditional / reference
https://doi.org/10.1159/000321397 - Popovic, A., Deljanin, M., Popovic, S., Todorovic, D., Djurdjevic, P., Matic, S., Stankovic, M., Avramovic, D. and Baskic, D (2021) 'Chelidonium majus crude extract induces activation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells and enhances their cytotoxic effect toward HeLa cells', International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 32(7), pp. 1554-1566. doi:10.1080/09603123.2021.1897534 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1080/09603123.2021.1897534 - Shen, L., Lee, S.A., Joo, J.C., Hong, E., Cui, Z.Y., Jo, E., Park, S.J. and Jang, H.J (2022) 'Chelidonium majus induces apoptosis of human ovarian cancer cells via ATF3-mediated regulation of Foxo3a by Tip60', Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 32(4), pp. 493-503. doi:10.4014/jmb.2109.09030 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.4014/jmb.2109.09030 - Deljanin, M., Nikolic, M., Baskic, D., Todorovic, D., Djurdjevic, P., Zaric, M., Stankovic, M., Todorovic, M., Avramovic, D. and Popovic, S (2016) 'Chelidonium majus crude extract inhibits migration and induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in tumor cell lines', Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 190, pp. 362-371. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2016.06.056 Preclinical
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https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13070931 - Kadan, G., Gozler, T. and Hesse, M (1992) '(+)-Norchelidonine from Chelidonium majus', Planta Medica, 58(5), pp. 477. doi:10.1055/s-2006-961523 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2006-961523 - Musidlak, O., Warowicka, A., Broniarczyk, J., Adamczyk, D., Gozdzicka-Jozefiak, A. and Nawrot, R (2022) 'The activity of Chelidonium majus L. latex and its components on HPV reveal insights into the antiviral molecular mechanism', International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 23(16), pp. 9241. doi:10.3390/ijms23169241 Preclinical
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https://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2014.953497 - Capistrano I, R., Wouters, A., Lardon, F., Gravekamp, C., Apers, S. and Pieters, L (2015) 'In vitro and in vivo investigations on the antitumour activity of Chelidonium majus', Phytomedicine, 22(14), pp. 1279-1287. doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2015.10.013 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2015.10.013 - Teschke, R., Frenzel, C., Glass, X., Schulze, J. and Eickhoff, A (2012) 'Greater Celandine hepatotoxicity: a clinical review', Annals of Hepatology. doi:10.1016/s1665-2681(19)31408-5 Clinical study
https://doi.org/10.1016/s1665-2681(19)31408-5 - Ciornolutchii, V., Ismaiel, A., Sabo, C.M., Al Hajjar, N., Seicean, A. and Dumitrascu, D.L (2024) 'A Hidden Cause of Hypertransaminasemia: Liver Toxicity Caused by Chelidonium Majus L. Report of Two Cases of Herb-Induced Liver Injury and Literature Review', American Journal of Therapeutics, 31(4), pp. e382--e387. doi:10.1097/MJT.0000000000001708 Clinical study
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https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.1936 - Mahendran, G. and Rahman, L.U (2020) 'Ethnomedicinal, phytochemical and pharmacological updates on Peppermint (Mentha x piperita L.)-A review', Phytotherapy Research, 34(9), pp. 2088-2139. doi:10.1002/ptr.6664 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.6664 - Zhao, H., Ren, S., Yang, H., Tang, S. and others (2022) 'Peppermint essential oil: its phytochemistry, biological activity, pharmacological effect and application', Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 154, pp. 113559. doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113559 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113559 - Keifer, D., Ulbricht, C., Abrams, T.R., Basch, E. and others (2007) 'Peppermint (Mentha piperita): an evidence-based systematic review by the Natural Standard Research Collaboration', Journal of Herbal Pharmacotherapy, 7(2), pp. 91-143. doi:10.1300/j157v07n02_07 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.1300/j157v07n02_07 - Gobel, H., Heinze, A., Heinze-Kuhn, K., Gobel, A. and Gobel, C (2016) 'Peppermint oil in the acute treatment of tension-type headache', Schmerz, 30(3), pp. 295-310. doi:10.1007/s00482-016-0109-6 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00482-016-0109-6 - Nair, B (2001) 'Final report on the safety assessment of Mentha Piperita (Peppermint) Oil, Mentha Piperita (Peppermint) Leaf Extract, Mentha Piperita (Peppermint) Leaf, and Mentha Piperita (Peppermint) Leaf Water', International Journal of Toxicology, 20(Suppl 3), pp. 61-73. doi:10.1080/10915810152902592 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.1080/10915810152902592 - Kobayashi, T., Sugaya, K., Onose, J. and Abe, N (2019) 'Peppermint (Mentha piperita) extract effectively inhibits cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) mRNA induction in rifampicin-treated HepG2 cells', Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry, 83(7), pp. 1181-1192. doi:10.1080/09168451.2019.1608802 Preclinical
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https://doi.org/10.1111/tmi.12399 - Riachi, L.G. and De Maria, C.A.B (2015) 'Peppermint antioxidants revisited', Food Chemistry, 176, pp. 72-81. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.12.028 Meta-analysis / review
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https://doi.org/10.1177/1934578x0900400419 - İşcan, G. and Kırımer, N. and Kürkçüoğlu, M. and Başer, H.C. and Demi̇rci̇, F (2002) 'Antimicrobial Screening of Mentha piperita Essential Oils', Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. doi:10.1021/jf011476k Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1021/jf011476k - Akdogan, M. et al (2004) 'Investigation of biochemical and histopathological effects of Mentha piperita labiatae and Mentha spicata labiatae on kidney tissue in rats', 23(7), pp. 321--327. Preclinical
https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Investigation%20of%20biochemical%20and%20histopathological%20effects%20of%20Mentha%20piperita%20labiatae%20and%20Mentha%20spicata%20labiatae%20on%20kidney%20tissue%20in%20rats - Grigoleit, H.G. and Grigoleit, P (2005) 'Peppermint oil in irritable bowel syndrome', 12(8), pp. 601--606. Randomized trial
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https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Fasciolosis%20in%20humans - Duke, J.A (2002) 'Handbook of Medicinal Herbs, Second Edition'. Traditional / reference
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Generated automatically from the Omnia Sana plant database and its cited sources. For educational purposes only — not medical advice. Always consult a qualified practitioner before using medicinal plants.