Omnia SanaPlant Comparison
Fireweed vs Perforate St John’s-wort
A side-by-side comparison of two medicinal plants — every documented constituent, action, use, safety note and cited source, assembled automatically from the Omnia Sana database.
At a glance
Fireweed and Perforate St John’s-wort: they share 6 indicated uses (arthritis / joint pain, bruising, infection (general), …); 3 pharmacological actions in common.
Evidence face-off — shared uses
| Condition | Fireweed | Perforate St John’s-wort | Verdict |
|---|---|---|---|
| Arthritis / joint pain | 2/10 | 1/10 | Comparable evidence |
| Bruising | 2/10 | 1/10 | Comparable evidence |
| Infection (general) | 2/10 | 1/10 | Comparable evidence |
| Inflammation (general) | 2/10 | 1/10 | Comparable evidence |
| Skin irritation | 2/10 | 1/10 | Comparable evidence |
| Wounds | 2/10 | 1/10 | Comparable evidence |
Evidence scores (1–10) are computed from the tier of each cited source. “Comparable” means the two scores are within one point. Follow a score to its detailed sources.
Key Constituents
Astringent ellagitannins, notably oenothein B, are associated with the plant's traditional anti-inflammatory and prostate-supportive reputation in the related Epilobium species.
Antioxidant polyphenols retained even after simulated digestion of the infusion.
Minor triterpenoid constituents contributing to the plant's bioactivity.
Red pigments historically used to standardise extracts; contribute to antiviral activity and are the compounds responsible for photosensitivity risk.
Considered the principal compound behind the antidepressant activity and the main driver of the herb's potent CYP3A4/P-glycoprotein induction and drug-interaction profile.
Antioxidant flavonoids contributing to overall activity.
Pharmacological Actions
Traditional & Indicated Uses
inferred from anti-inflammatory action
inferred from digestive action
inferred from vulnerary action
inferred from digestive action
inferred from antimicrobial action
inferred from anti-inflammatory action
inferred from anti-inflammatory action
inferred from anti-inflammatory action
inferred from antiviral action
inferred from anti-inflammatory action
inferred from sedative action
inferred from anti-inflammatory action
Safety, Cautions & Contraindications
Generally considered safe at culinary and traditional tea-preparation doses. No major contraindications established for healthy adults in normal use. The young shoots and leaves are widely eaten as a spring vegetable in many cultures without adverse effects. At higher supplemental doses, limited human safety data are available; caution is advised during pregnancy and breastfeeding due to lack of robust safety studies. Tannin content may cause digestive upset or constrain iron absorption at very high doses. Rarely, contact dermatitis has been reported with topical preparations in sensitive individuals (Kozhevnikov and Kozhevnikova, 2021).
Duke (2002) includes fireweed (Epilobium angustifolium) as ++ with primarily experimental (score 1) evidence. It is used in European phytomedicine as an anti-inflammatory and astringent for gastrointestinal complaints. The related species Epilobium parviflorum has clinical support for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), though data for E. angustifolium specifically is limited. Duke does not note major safety concerns at customary herbal doses (Duke, 2002).
Significant drug interactions: strongly induces CYP3A4 and P-glycoprotein, reducing plasma levels of many drugs including oral contraceptives, antiretrovirals, cyclosporine, warfarin, and digoxin. May cause photosensitivity (fair-skinned individuals). Do not combine with SSRIs, SNRIs, or MAOIs (serotonin syndrome risk). Avoid in bipolar disorder.
Duke (2002) rates St. John's wort as ++ (raised from earlier editions) and notes antidepressant, antiviral, antibacterial, and wound-healing activities at experimental and clinical levels. Hypericin and hyperforin are identified as key active constituents. Clinical evidence (score 2) confirms antidepressant efficacy in mild-to-moderate depression, and WHO/Commission E provide approval for this indication. Dose: 300 mg standardized extract (0.3% hypericin, 3–5% hyperforin) three times daily. Duke emphasizes the critical drug interaction: St. John's wort is a potent CYP3A4 inducer and can significantly reduce blood levels of many medications including oral contraceptives, cyclosporine, antiretrovirals, and warfarin. Avoid combined use with SSRIs (serotonin syndrome risk) and pharmaceutical antidepressants (Duke, 2002).
External Ids
Botanical Description
Tall, upright perennial herb spreading by rhizomes, forming large colonies especially on disturbed or burned ground (hence 'fireweed'). The leaves are narrow, lance-shaped, and willow-like, arranged spirally up the stem. Bright pink-purple, four-petalled flowers are borne in a tall, tapering terminal spike (raceme), opening progressively from the base upward as the plant flowers through summer.[1]
Erect, branching perennial herb with paired, oval leaves dotted with tiny translucent oil glands that look like pinpricks when held to the light (giving the species name 'perforatum'). Bright yellow, five-petalled flowers with numerous stamens and black dots along the petal edges are borne in flat-topped clusters, and release a reddish pigment when crushed.[4]
Habitat
A classic pioneer plant of disturbed, burned or cleared ground, forest clearings, roadsides and riverbanks; native across the temperate and boreal Northern Hemisphere (Europe, Asia, North America).[1]
Grows in grassland, roadsides, woodland clearings and waste ground on well-drained soils; native to Europe, Western Asia and North Africa and widely naturalised elsewhere, including North America and Australia.[4]
Harvesting
Young shoots are gathered in spring while still tender (traditionally eaten like asparagus); leaves and flowers are picked through summer at flowering, with the leaf sometimes fermented for 'Ivan-chai' tea. Careful identification against the deadly false hellebore (Veratrum), which can share early-spring habitat, is essential when gathering young shoots.[1]
The flowering tops (flower and upper leaf) are cut in summer as the flowers open, around the traditional St John's Day period, and dried quickly in a warm, shaded, airy place to preserve the hypericin and hyperforin content.[4]
Traditional Uses
Fireweed has a long circumpolar tradition as a food plant (young shoots as a spring vegetable, fermented leaf as 'Ivan-chai' tea) and as a folk remedy for digestive complaints and topically as a poultice for wounds and skin inflammation, reflecting its astringent, anti-inflammatory character.[1]
St John's wort has a centuries-long European folk reputation as a wound-healing and nerve tonic herb, traditionally used for mild wounds, burns and nerve pain and to lift low mood; this traditional mood-supporting use is now one of the most extensively clinically studied applications of any herbal medicine, with standardised extracts shown comparable to conventional antidepressants for mild-to-moderate depression.[1, 4]
Preparations
Fresh or fermented, dried leaf infused in hot water as a traditional tea, valued both as a beverage and a mild digestive/anti-inflammatory remedy.
Flowering-top extract standardised to hypericin and/or hyperforin content, taken as tablets or capsules; the best-studied clinical form for mood support.
Dosage
The EU herbal monograph on Epilobium angustifolium L. and/or Epilobium parviflorum Schreb., herba - which covers this species under its Epilobium name - gives 1.5-2.0 g of the comminuted herb in 250 mL of boiling water as an infusion, twice daily, in adults and elderly; long-term use is possible. A doctor should be consulted if fever, spasms, blood in the urine, painful urination or urinary retention occur. Educational reference only, not a prescription.
Clinical trials for mild-to-moderate depression commonly use around 300 mg of standardised extract three times daily (900 mg/day total); given extensive drug interactions, use should be discussed with a healthcare provider, especially alongside other medicines. Educational reference only, not a prescription.
References
Lookalikes Review
Dangerous Lookalikes
Not documented
Drug Class Interactions
Not documented
Pairings
Not documented
St John's wort raises serotonin activity and can cause serotonin syndrome when combined with other serotonin-boosting agents; pairing it with another mood-active, serotonergic herb such as saffron may add to this risk.[30]
St John's wort is a strong enzyme inducer and increases serotonin activity; combining it with another antidepressant-type herb such as rhodiola may add to serotonergic effects and unpredictably change how each is handled by the body.[30]
St John's wort speeds up the breakdown of many substances and also raises serotonin activity; pairing it with a sedative herb such as valerian may add to drowsiness and can unpredictably change how each is handled by the body.[30, 31]
St John's wort is a strong enzyme inducer and kava is a liver-metabolised sedative; combining them may add to central-nervous-system effects and alter how kava is processed, so combined use warrants caution.[30, 31]
References & Sources
- Karakaya, S., Suntar, I., Yakinci, O.F., Sytar, O., Ceribasi, S. and Dursunoglu, B (2020) 'In vivo bioactivity assessment on Epilobium species: A particular focus on Epilobium angustifolium and its components on enzymes connected with the healing process', Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 262, pp. 113207. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2020.113207 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2020.113207 - Esposito, C., Santarcangelo, C., Masselli, R., Buonomo, G., Nicotra, G. and Insolia, V (2021) 'Epilobium angustifolium L. extract with high content in oenothein B on benign prostatic hyperplasia: A monocentric, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial', Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 138, pp. 111414. doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111414 Randomized trial
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111414 - Kaskoniene, V., Stankevicius, M., Drevinskas, T., Akuneca, I., Kaskonas, P. and Bimbiraite-Surviliene, K (2015) 'Evaluation of phytochemical composition of fresh and dried raw material of introduced Chamerion angustifolium L. using chromatographic, spectrophotometric and chemometric techniques', Phytochemistry, 115, pp. 184-193. doi:10.1016/j.phytochem.2015.02.005 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2015.02.005 - Kowalik, K., Polak-Berecka, M., Prendecka-Wrobel, M., Pigon-Zajac, D., Niedzwiedz, I. and Szwajgier, D (2022) 'Biological Activity of an Epilobium angustifolium L. (Fireweed) Infusion after In Vitro Digestion', Molecules, 27(3), pp. 1006. doi:10.3390/molecules27031006 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27031006 - Nowak, A., Zagorska-Dziok, M., Peruzynska, M., Cybulska, K., Kucharska, E. and Ossowicz-Rupniewska, P (2022) 'Assessment of the Anti-Inflammatory, Antibacterial and Anti-Aging Properties and Possible Use on the Skin of Hydrogels Containing Epilobium angustifolium L. Extracts', Frontiers in Pharmacology, 13, pp. 896706. doi:10.3389/fphar.2022.896706 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2022.896706 - Nowak, A., Duchnik, W., Makuch, E., Kucharski, L., Ossowicz-Rupniewska, P. and Cybulska, K (2021) 'Epilobium angustifolium L. Essential Oil-Biological Activity and Enhancement of the Skin Penetration of Drugs-In Vitro Study', Molecules, 26(23), pp. 7188. doi:10.3390/molecules26237188 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26237188 - Olennikov, D.N., Kirillina, C.S. and Chirikova, N.K (2021) 'Water-Soluble Melanoidin Pigment as a New Antioxidant Component of Fermented Willowherb Leaves (Epilobium angustifolium)', Antioxidants, 10(8), pp. 1300. doi:10.3390/antiox10081300 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10081300 - Dreger, M., Adamczak, A. and Foksowicz-Flaczyk, J (2023) 'Antibacterial and Antimycotic Activity of Epilobium L. Extracts: A Review', Pharmaceuticals, 16(10), pp. 1419. doi:10.3390/ph16101419 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.3390/ph16101419 - Nowak, A., Zagorska-Dziok, M., Ossowicz-Rupniewska, P., Makuch, E., Duchnik, W. and Kucharski, L (2021) 'Epilobium angustifolium L. Extracts as Valuable Ingredients in Cosmetic and Dermatological Products', Molecules, 26(11), pp. 3456. doi:10.3390/molecules26113456 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26113456 - Nowak, A., Zielonka-Brzezicka, J., Peruzynska, M. and Klimowicz, A (2022) 'Epilobium angustifolium L. as a Potential Herbal Component of Topical Products for Skin Care and Treatment - A Review', Molecules, 27(11), pp. 3536. doi:10.3390/molecules27113536 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27113536 - European Medicines Agency (HMPC) (2015) 'European Union herbal monograph on Epilobium angustifolium L. and/or Epilobium parviflorum Schreb., herba'. Available at: https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/herbal-monograph/final-european-union-herbal-monograph-epilobium-angustifolium-l-andor-epilobium-parviflorum-schreb-herba_en.pdf Traditional / reference
https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/herbal-monograph/final-european-union-herbal-monograph-epilobium-angustifolium-l-andor-epilobium-parviflorum-schreb-herba_en.pdf - Battinelli, L., Tita, B., Evandri, M.G. and Mazzanti, G (2014) 'Antimicrobial activity of Epilobium spp', pp. extracts. doi:10.1016/S0014-827X(01)01092-0 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0014-827X(01)01092-0 - http://Latvijasdaba.lv (n.d.) 'ugunspuķe – Chamerion angustifolium (L.) Holub'. Available at: http://Latvijasdaba.lv Traditional / reference
http://Latvijasdaba.lv - Kozhevnikov, A.Y. and Kozhevnikova, N.A (2021) 'Phytochemical and Pharmacological Review of Chamerion angustifolium (Fireweed)', 10(11). doi:10.3390/plants10112295 Traditional / reference
https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10112295 - Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew (n.d.) 'Chamerion angustifolium (L.) Holub'. Available at: https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:http://ipni.org:names:19659-1 Traditional / reference
https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:http://ipni.org:names:19659-1 - Zhivoderov, A., Laletina, D. and Ushakova, I (2021) 'Ivan-chai: the history and properties of Russian herbal tea', 7(2), pp. 62. doi:10.3390/fermentation7020062 Traditional / reference
https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation7020062 - Duke, J.A (2002) 'Handbook of Medicinal Herbs, Second Edition'. Traditional / reference
https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Handbook%20of%20Medicinal%20Herbs%2C%20Second%20Edition - Forage-ology 'Foraging Fireweed: How to Identify and Use Every Part of This Stunning Wild Plant'. Available at: https://forage-ology.com/foraging-fireweed-how-to-identify-and-use-every-part-of-this-stunning-wild-plant/ Traditional / reference
https://forage-ology.com/foraging-fireweed-how-to-identify-and-use-every-part-of-this-stunning-wild-plant/ - Garnier, R. and Carlier, P. and Hoffelt, J. and Savidan, A (1985) 'Acute dietary poisoning by white hellebore (Veratrum album L.). Clinical and analytical data. A propos of 5 cases', Annales de Medecine Interne (Paris), 136(2), pp. 125-8. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4073696/ Clinical study
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4073696/
- Ng, Q.X., Venkatanarayanan, N. and Ho, C.Y.X (2017) 'Clinical use of Hypericum perforatum (St John's wort) in depression: A meta-analysis', Journal of Affective Disorders, 210, pp. 211-221. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2016.12.048 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2016.12.048 - Kholghi, G., Arjmandi-Rad, S., Zarrindast, M.R. and Vaseghi, S (2022) 'St. John's wort (Hypericum perforatum) and depression: what happens to the neurotransmitter systems?', Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology, 395(6), pp. 629-642. doi:10.1007/s00210-022-02229-z Traditional / reference
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00210-022-02229-z - Fugh-Berman, A (2000) 'Herb-drug interactions', Lancet, 355(9198), pp. 134-138. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(99)06457-0 Traditional / reference
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(99)06457-0 - Nobakht, S.Z., Akaberi, M., Mohammadpour, A.H., Tafazoli Moghadam, A. and Emami, S.A (2022) 'Hypericum perforatum: Traditional uses, clinical trials, and drug interactions', Iranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences, 25(9), pp. 1045-1058. doi:10.22038/IJBMS.2022.65112.14338 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.22038/IJBMS.2022.65112.14338 - Jiang, Z., Wang, F., Zhao, Y., Lu, L., Jiang, X., Huang, T., Lin, Y., Guo, L., Weng, Z. and Liu, E (2024) 'Hypericum perforatum L. attenuates depression by regulating Akkermansia muciniphila, tryptophan metabolism and NFkB-NLRP2-Caspase1-IL1beta pathway', Phytomedicine, 132, pp. 155847. doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2024.155847 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2024.155847 - Oliveira, A.I., Pinho, C., Sarmento, B. and Dias, A.C.P (2016) 'Neuroprotective Activity of Hypericum perforatum and Its Major Components', Frontiers in Plant Science, 7, pp. 1004. doi:10.3389/fpls.2016.01004 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2016.01004 - Russo, E., Scicchitano, F., Whalley, B.J., Mazzitello, C., Ciriaco, M., Esposito, S., Patane, M., Upton, R., Pugliese, M., Chimirri, S., Mammi, M., Palleria, C. and De Sarro, G (2013) 'Hypericum perforatum: pharmacokinetic, mechanism of action, tolerability, and clinical drug-drug interactions', Phytotherapy Research, 28(5), pp. 643-655. doi:10.1002/ptr.5050 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.5050 - Saddiqe, Z., Naeem, I. and Maimoona, A (2010) 'A review of the antibacterial activity of Hypericum perforatum L', Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 131(3), pp. 511-521. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2010.07.034 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2010.07.034 - Mennini, T. and Gobbi, M (2004) 'The antidepressant mechanism of Hypericum perforatum', Life Sciences, 75(9), pp. 1021-1027. doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2004.04.005 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2004.04.005 - Liu, Y., Jiang, Y., Huang, R., Yang, J., Xiao, B. and Dong, J (2013) 'Hypericum perforatum L. preparations for menopause: a meta-analysis of efficacy and safety', Climacteric, 17(4), pp. 325-335. doi:10.3109/13697137.2013.861814 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.3109/13697137.2013.861814 - Wurglics, M. and Schubert-Zsilavecz, M (2006) 'Hypericum perforatum: a 'modern' herbal antidepressant: pharmacokinetics of active ingredients', Clinical Pharmacokinetics, 45(5), pp. 449-468. doi:10.2165/00003088-200645050-00002 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.2165/00003088-200645050-00002 - Kasper, S (2001) 'Hypericum perforatum - a review of clinical studies', Pharmacopsychiatry, 34(Suppl 1), pp. S51-S55. doi:10.1055/s-2001-15467 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2001-15467 - Nathan, P (1999) 'The experimental and clinical pharmacology of St John's Wort (Hypericum perforatum L.)', Molecular Psychiatry, 4(4), pp. 333-338. doi:10.1038/sj.mp.4000557 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.mp.4000557 - Verotta, L (2003) 'Hypericum perforatum, a source of neuroactive lead structures', Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry, 3(2), pp. 187-201. doi:10.2174/1568026033392589 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.2174/1568026033392589 - Linde, K. et al (2008) 'St John'. Traditional / reference
https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=St%20John - Natural Standard (2013) 'Hypericum perforatum (St'. Traditional / reference
https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Hypericum%20perforatum%20%28St - Duke, J.A (2002) 'Handbook of Medicinal Herbs, Second Edition'. Traditional / reference
https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Handbook%20of%20Medicinal%20Herbs%2C%20Second%20Edition - Zhou, S., Chan, E., Pan, S.Q., Huang, M. and Lee, E.J.D (2004) 'Pharmacokinetic interactions of drugs with St John's wort', Journal of Psychopharmacology, 18(2), pp. 262-276. doi:10.1177/0269881104042632 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881104042632 - Izzo, A.A. and Ernst, E (2009) 'Interactions between herbal medicines and prescribed drugs: an updated systematic review', Drugs, 69(13), pp. 1777-1798. doi:10.2165/11317010-000000000-00000 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.2165/11317010-000000000-00000 - Borrelli, F. and Izzo, A.A (2009) 'Herb-drug interactions with St John's wort (Hypericum perforatum): an update on clinical observations', The AAPS Journal, 11(4), pp. 710-727. doi:10.1208/s12248-009-9146-8 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.1208/s12248-009-9146-8 - Nicolussi, S., Drewe, J., Butterweck, V. and Meyer zu Schwabedissen, H.E (2020) 'Clinical relevance of St. John's wort drug interactions revisited', British Journal of Pharmacology, 177(6), pp. 1212-1226. doi:10.1111/bph.14936 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.1111/bph.14936 - Piscitelli, S.C., Burstein, A.H., Chaitt, D., Alfaro, R.M. and Falloon, J (2000) 'Indinavir concentrations and St John's wort', Lancet, 355(9203), pp. 547-548. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(99)05712-8 Clinical study
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(99)05712-8 - Barone, G.W., Gurley, B.J., Ketel, B.L., Lightfoot, M.L. and Abul-Ezz, S.R (2000) 'Drug interaction between St. John's wort and cyclosporine', Annals of Pharmacotherapy, 34(9), pp. 1013-1016. doi:10.1345/aph.10088 Clinical study
https://doi.org/10.1345/aph.10088 - Murphy, P.A., Kern, S.E., Stanczyk, F.Z. and Westhoff, C.L (2005) 'Interaction of St. John's Wort with oral contraceptives: effects on the pharmacokinetics of norethindrone and ethinyl estradiol, ovarian activity and breakthrough bleeding', Contraception, 71(6), pp. 402-408. doi:10.1016/j.contraception.2004.11.004 Clinical study
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.contraception.2004.11.004 - Murphy, P.A., Kern, S.E., Stanczyk, F.Z. and Westhoff, C.L (2005) 'Interaction of St. John's Wort with oral contraceptives: effects on the pharmacokinetics of norethindrone and ethinyl estradiol, ovarian activity and breakthrough bleeding', Contraception, 71(6), pp. 402-408. doi:10.1016/j.contraception.2004.11.004 Clinical study
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.contraception.2004.11.004 - Pfrunder, A., Schiesser, M., Gerber, S., Haschke, M., Bitzer, J. and Drewe, J (2003) 'Interaction of St John's wort with low-dose oral contraceptive therapy: a randomized controlled trial', British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 56(6), pp. 683-690. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2125.2003.02005.x Randomized trial
https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2125.2003.02005.x - Johne, A., Brockmoller, J., Bauer, S., Maurer, A., Langheinrich, M. and Roots, I (1999) 'Pharmacokinetic interaction of digoxin with an herbal extract from St John's wort (Hypericum perforatum)', Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 66(4), pp. 338-345. doi:10.1053/cp.1999.v66.a101944 Clinical study
https://doi.org/10.1053/cp.1999.v66.a101944 - Mathijssen, R.H.J., Verweij, J., de Bruijn, P., Loos, W.J. and Sparreboom, A (2002) 'Effects of St. John's wort on irinotecan metabolism', Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 94(16), pp. 1247-1249. doi:10.1093/jnci/94.16.1247 Randomized trial
https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/94.16.1247 - Smith, P., Bullock, J.M., Booker, B.M., Haas, C.E., Berenson, C.S. and Jusko, W.J (2004) 'The influence of St. John's wort on the pharmacokinetics and protein binding of imatinib mesylate', Pharmacotherapy, 24(11), pp. 1508-1514. doi:10.1592/phco.24.16.1508.50958 Clinical study
https://doi.org/10.1592/phco.24.16.1508.50958 - Izzo, A.A (2004) 'Drug interactions with St. John's Wort (Hypericum perforatum): a review of the clinical evidence', International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 42(3), pp. 139-148. doi:10.5414/cpp42139 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.5414/cpp42139 - Caus, M.N., Lupoae, M. and Chitescu, C.L (2026) 'Efficacy and Safety of Herbal Supplements with Anxiolytic, Antidepressant, and Sedative Action: A Review of Clinical Data and Toxicological Risks', Pharmaceuticals, 19(3), pp. 399. doi:10.3390/ph19030399 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.3390/ph19030399
Generated automatically from the Omnia Sana plant database and its cited sources. For educational purposes only — not medical advice. Always consult a qualified practitioner before using medicinal plants.