Plant Comparison

Ground Elder vs Vervain

A side-by-side comparison of two medicinal plants — every documented constituent, action, use, safety note and cited source, assembled automatically from the Omnia Sana database.

First plant

Second plant

Plant AGround ElderAegopodium podagrariaApiaceaeFull monograph →

Plant BVervainVerbena officinalisVerbenaceaeFull monograph →

At a glance

Ground Elder and Vervain: they share 6 indicated uses (arthritis / joint pain, back pain, headache, …); 2 pharmacological actions in common.

Ground ElderVervain

Constituents33

Pharmacological actions47

Indicated uses913

Safety notes22

Cited sources1914

Indicated uses

Only Ground Elder

Swelling / fluid retentionUrinary supportUrinary tract infection (UTI)

Shared (6)

Arthritis / joint painBack painHeadacheInflammation (general)Pain (general)Skin irritation

Only Vervain

AnxietyBloatingLow mood / depressionIndigestionInsomnia / sleeplessnessNervous tensionStress

Pharmacological actions

Only Ground Elder

Anti-rheumatic / anti-arthriticDiuretic

Shared (2)

Analgesic (pain relief)Anti-inflammatory

Only Vervain

AnticonvulsantAntidepressant / mood supportAnxiolytic / calmingDigestive aidSedative / sleep support

Evidence face-off — shared uses

Condition	Ground Elder	Vervain	Verdict
Arthritis / joint pain	1/10	1/10	Comparable evidence
Back pain	1/10	1/10	Comparable evidence
Headache	1/10	1/10	Comparable evidence
Inflammation (general)	1/10	2/10	Comparable evidence
Pain (general)	1/10	1/10	Comparable evidence
Skin irritation	1/10	1/10	Comparable evidence

Evidence scores (1–10) are computed from the tier of each cited source. “Comparable” means the two scores are within one point. Follow a score to its detailed sources.

Key Constituents

Polyacetylenes (falcarindiol)^{[6, 10]}

Falcarindiol, a potent COX-1 inhibitor (IC50 0.3 microM), identified as a key anti-inflammatory constituent underlying the plant's traditional anti-rheumatic and analgesic use.

Flavonoids and phenolic compounds^[1]

Contribute to the plant's antioxidant activity.

FlavonoidsPhenolic compounds

Coumarins and essential oil^[1]

Minor aromatic and coumarin constituents of the aerial parts.

CoumarinsEssential (volatile) oil

Iridoid glycosides (verbenalin, hastatoside)^{[3, 11]}

Characteristic constituents; verbenalin has a dopaminergic effect.

Iridoid glycosidesGlycosides

Phenylpropanoid glycosides (verbascoside/acteoside)^{[7, 11]}

Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory constituents.

Verbascoside (acteoside)Glycosides

Flavonoids, phenolic acids and essential oil^[11]

Supporting antioxidant and aromatic constituents.

Phenolic acidsEssential (volatile) oilFlavonoids

Pharmacological Actions

Analgesic (pain relief)^{[11, 12, 13]}

Anti-inflammatory^{[1, 3, 6, 10, 11, 12, 13]}

Anti-rheumatic / anti-arthritic^{[1, 11, 12, 13]}

Diuretic^{[1, 11, 12, 13]}

Analgesic (pain relief)^[11]

Anti-inflammatory and analgesic

Anti-inflammatory^{[5, 6, 11]}

Anti-inflammatory and analgesic

Anticonvulsant^{[11, 12]}

Nervine / anxiolytic for nervous tension and mild anxiety; supports sleep (traditional) - a crude extract showed anxiolytic, sedative and anticonvulsant activity in animal models

Antidepressant / mood support^{[1, 11]}

Mild mood support / antidepressant (traditional)

Anxiolytic / calming^{[11, 12]}

Nervine / anxiolytic for nervous tension and mild anxiety; supports sleep (traditional) - a crude extract showed anxiolytic, sedative and anticonvulsant activity in animal models

Digestive aid^[11]

Digestive bitter and relief of mild mental stress

Sedative / sleep support^{[10, 11, 12]}

Nervine / anxiolytic for nervous tension and mild anxiety; supports sleep (traditional) - a crude extract showed anxiolytic, sedative and anticonvulsant activity in animal models

Traditional & Indicated Uses

Arthritis / joint pain^{[11, 12, 13]}Traditional · 1/10

inferred from anti-inflammatory action

Evidence: 1

Label: Arthritis / joint pain

Back pain^{[11, 12, 13]}Traditional · 1/10

inferred from anti-rheumatic action

Evidence: 1

Label: Back pain

Headache^{[11, 12, 13]}Traditional · 1/10

inferred from analgesic action

Evidence: 1

Label: Headache

Inflammation (general)^{[11, 12, 13]}Traditional · 1/10

inferred from anti-inflammatory action

Evidence: 1

Label: Inflammation (general)

Pain (general)^{[11, 12, 13]}Traditional · 1/10

Evidence: 1

Label: Pain (general)

Skin irritation^{[11, 12, 13]}Traditional · 1/10

inferred from anti-inflammatory action

Evidence: 1

Label: Skin irritation

Swelling / fluid retention^{[11, 12, 13]}Traditional · 1/10

inferred from diuretic action

Evidence: 1

Label: Swelling / fluid retention

Urinary support^{[11, 12, 13]}Traditional · 1/10

inferred from diuretic action

Evidence: 1

Label: Urinary support

Urinary tract infection (UTI)^{[11, 12, 13]}Traditional · 1/10

inferred from diuretic action

Evidence: 1

Label: Urinary tract infection (UTI)

Anxiety^{[11, 12]}Traditional · 2/10

Nervine / anxiolytic for nervous tension and mild anxiety; supports sleep (traditional) - a crude extract showed anxiolytic, sedative and anticonvulsant activity in animal models

Evidence: 2

Label: Anxiety

Arthritis / joint pain^[11]Traditional · 1/10

inferred from anti-inflammatory action

Evidence: 1

Label: Arthritis / joint pain

Back pain^[11]Traditional · 1/10

inferred from analgesic action

Evidence: 1

Label: Back pain

Bloating^[11]Traditional · 1/10

inferred from digestive action

Evidence: 1

Label: Bloating

Low mood / depression^{[1, 11]}Traditional · 2/10

inferred from antidepressant action

Evidence: 2

Label: Low mood / depression

Headache^[11]Traditional · 1/10

inferred from analgesic action

Evidence: 1

Label: Headache

Indigestion^[11]Traditional · 1/10

inferred from digestive action

Evidence: 1

Label: Indigestion

Inflammation (general)^{[5, 11]}Traditional · 2/10

inferred from anti-inflammatory action

Evidence: 2

Label: Inflammation (general)

Insomnia / sleeplessness^{[11, 12]}Traditional · 2/10

inferred from sedative action

Evidence: 2

Label: Insomnia / sleeplessness

Nervous tension^{[11, 12]}Traditional · 2/10

Nervine / anxiolytic for nervous tension and mild anxiety; supports sleep (traditional) - a crude extract showed anxiolytic, sedative and anticonvulsant activity in animal models

Evidence: 2

Label: Nervous tension

Pain (general)^[11]Traditional · 1/10

inferred from analgesic action

Evidence: 1

Label: Pain (general)

Skin irritation^[11]Traditional · 1/10

inferred from anti-inflammatory action

Evidence: 1

Label: Skin irritation

Stress^[11]Traditional · 1/10

Digestive bitter and relief of mild mental stress

Evidence: 1

Label: Stress

Safety, Cautions & Contraindications

Safety note^{[9, 11, 12, 13]}Caution

Generally safe as a food plant when young leaves are harvested. Contains furocoumarins (photosensitising compounds) — handling large quantities in bright sunlight may cause skin irritation. Individuals with Apiaceae allergies should exercise caution. Not recommended in therapeutic doses during pregnancy.

Safety note^{[11, 12, 13, 14]}Info

Duke (2002) does not appear to include a dedicated entry for ground elder (Aegopodium podagraria) in the Handbook of Medicinal Herbs, Second Edition.

Safety note^[11]Caution

Generally well tolerated in traditional use. Avoid during pregnancy - vervain has a traditional uterine-stimulant (oxytocic) reputation linked to verbenalin.

Safety note^[11]Info

May add to the effect of sedatives; use in breastfeeding is not recommended in the absence of data.

External Ids

Gbif: 3034620

Wikidata: Q217778

Gbif: 2925529

Powo: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:330554-2

Wikidata: Q161417

Botanical Description

Vigorous, low, patch-forming perennial herb spreading rapidly by white, brittle, creeping rhizomes. The leaves are broad and twice-ternate (in threes of threes), with oval, sharply toothed leaflets, borne on long stalks. In summer it sends up hollow, grooved, unspotted green stems topped with flat umbels of small white flowers, typical of the carrot family. The whole plant smells mildly of parsley or carrot when crushed.^[1]

Height: 30-100 cm

Habit: Low, mat-forming, rhizomatous perennial herb

Leaves: Broad, twice-ternate, with oval sharply toothed leaflets in groups of three

Flowers: Small white flowers in flat compound umbels

Stem: Hollow, grooved, plain green (never purple-spotted)

Root: Thin, white, brittle, fast-spreading creeping rhizome

Fruit: Small ridged schizocarp typical of the carrot family

Flowering Period: May-July

Slender, upright perennial herb with wiry, square, sparsely hairy stems and deeply lobed, toothed leaves. Tiny, pale lilac to pale purple, five-lobed flowers are borne sparsely along thin, wiry spikes at the ends of the branches, opening a few at a time.^[11]

Height: 30-90 cm

Habit: Slender, upright, wiry-stemmed perennial herb

Leaves: Deeply lobed, toothed, opposite

Flowers: Tiny, pale lilac to pale purple, five-lobed, sparsely arranged along thin wiry spikes

Stem: Wiry, square, sparsely hairy, branching

Root: Fibrous rootstock

Fruit: Small nutlet, splitting into four when ripe

Flowering Period: June-September

Habitat

A common weed of gardens, hedgerows, shaded waste ground and disturbed soil, often near old dwellings; native to Europe and temperate Asia and widely naturalised elsewhere, where its invasive spreading rhizomes make it a persistent garden weed.^[1]

Grows on dry waste ground, roadsides, field margins and disturbed soil; native to Europe, North Africa and temperate Asia and widely naturalised elsewhere.^[11]

Harvesting

The young leaves and stems are gathered in spring, before flowering, when they are most tender and least bitter; the root can be dug at the same time. Careful identification against poisonous Apiaceae look-alikes (poison hemlock, hemlock water-dropwort, fool's parsley) is essential before harvesting.^[1]

Parts: Leaf, Root, Stem

Season: Spring, before flowering

The flowering aerial parts are cut in summer as the plant comes into flower and dried in a warm, shaded, airy place.

Parts: Aerial parts (flowering herb)

Season: Summer, at flowering

Traditional Uses

Ground elder has long been used in European folk medicine as a remedy for gout and rheumatic and arthritic joint pain (reflected in the name 'podagraria', from podagra, gout), typically applied as a poultice or taken as a decoction. The young leaves have also been eaten as a spring pot-herb, valued for their nutrient content as well as their medicinal reputation.^[1]

Vervain has an ancient European reputation, reflected in its old names 'holy herb' and 'herb of the cross', as a calming nervine for nervous tension, anxiety and sleeplessness, and as a bitter digestive tonic; it has also traditionally been used topically and internally for aches, pains and mild inflammation.^[11]

Preparations

Decoction^[1]

Dried or fresh leaf, stem and root simmered in water as a traditional remedy for gout and rheumatic pain.

Poultice^[1]

Fresh leaves crushed or boiled and applied directly to gouty or arthritic joints.

Fresh leaf (culinary/medicinal)^[1]

Young spring leaves eaten as a cooked pot-herb, similarly to spinach, continuing the traditional food-medicine use.

Not documented

References

REF-0719, REF-0720, REF-0721, REF-1688, REF-1689, REF-1690, REF-1691, REF-2560, REF-2561, REF-2562

REF-1358, REF-1359, REF-1360, REF-1361, REF-1362, REF-1363, REF-1364, REF-1365, REF-1366, REF-1367

Lookalikes Review

Outcome: has-lookalikes

Reviewed By: Omnia Sana (owner-authorized)

Reviewed Date: 2026-07-06

Outcome: none-known

Reviewed By: Omnia Sana (owner-authorized)

Reviewed Date: 2026-07-07

Dangerous Lookalikes

Safety note^{[15, 16]}Fatal

Dangerous Plant: conium-maculatum

Confused Part: Young leaves and foliage gathered in spring, before flowering.

Confusion Context: Poison hemlock is a carrot-family plant with lacy foliage that can be mistaken for edible umbellifer greens; its alkaloid coniine causes an ascending paralysis that stops breathing, and even a small amount can be fatal. It grows in the same disturbed ground, hedgerows and waste places as ground elder.

Distinguishing Features: Ground elder leaves are in neat groups of three (twice-ternate) with broad, oval, sharply toothed leaflets. Poison hemlock leaves are finely divided, feathery and fern-like — not in groups of three., Poison hemlock has a hairless stem blotched and streaked with purple; ground elder's stem is plain green and grooved, never purple-spotted., Crushed ground elder smells mildly of parsley or carrot; crushed poison hemlock smells foul and musty ('mousy').

Key Test: Check the stem: purple blotches or streaks on a smooth, hairless stem = poison hemlock — do not eat. Ground elder has a plain green grooved stem, broad toothed leaflets in threes, and a mild parsley smell (never mousy).

Reviewed By: Omnia Sana (owner-authorized)

Reviewed Date: 2026-07-06

Safety note^[17]Fatal

Dangerous Plant: oenanthe-crocata

Confused Part: Foliage (mistaken for celery or parsley) and roots (mistaken for parsnip), where the plant grows near water.

Confusion Context: Hemlock water-dropwort is probably the most poisonous plant in Britain; its toxin oenanthotoxin causes violent convulsions, and its parsnip-like roots and celery-like leaves have repeatedly been eaten by mistake, often fatally. It grows in and beside water.

Distinguishing Features: Habitat is the first filter: hemlock water-dropwort grows in or right beside water (wet ditches, streams, marshes); ground elder grows in dry gardens, hedgerows and disturbed ground., Hemlock water-dropwort has a cluster of pale, swollen, finger-like root tubers ('dead man's fingers'); ground elder spreads by thin white creeping rhizomes, not fleshy tubers.

Key Test: If the plant is growing in or at the edge of water and has a cluster of swollen finger-like root tubers, treat it as hemlock water-dropwort — do not touch the roots. Ground elder grows in dry ground from thin creeping rhizomes.

Reviewed By: Omnia Sana (owner-authorized)

Reviewed Date: 2026-07-06

Safety note^{[18, 19]}Dangerous

Dangerous Plant: aethusa-cynapium

Confused Part: Young leaves and foliage in spring.

Confusion Context: Fool's parsley is a common carrot-family weed of gardens and disturbed ground — named for being mistaken for parsley — that contains toxic polyacetylenes and can cause burning of the mouth, vomiting and neurological effects, especially in children.

Distinguishing Features: Fool's parsley leaves are finely dissected, thin, dark green and fern-like; ground elder leaves are broad, oval, toothed leaflets in neat groups of three — a coarser, very different leaf., In flower, fool's parsley shows three long, narrow bracteoles hanging down beneath each small flower cluster (a 'beard'); ground elder umbels have no such drooping beard., Crushed fool's parsley smells foul and acrid ('mousy'); ground elder smells mildly of parsley or carrot.

Key Test: Finely dissected fern-like leaves with a foul mousy smell — and, if flowering, a drooping three-part 'beard' under each little umbel — mean fool's parsley, not ground elder (which has broad toothed leaflets in threes and a mild parsley scent).

Reviewed By: Omnia Sana (owner-authorized)

Reviewed Date: 2026-07-06

Not documented

Drug Class Interactions

Not documented

Safety note^{[13, 14]}Caution

Drug Class: sedatives-cns-depressants

Mechanism: Vervain is traditionally used as a calming, sedative herb; taken with sedatives, sleeping tablets or other central-nervous-system depressants (including alcohol) it may add to drowsiness and slowed reactions.

Reviewed By: Omnia Sana (owner-authorized)

Reviewed Date: 2026-07-03

References & Sources

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Ground Elder monograph Vervain monograph Compare other plants

Generated automatically from the Omnia Sana plant database and its cited sources. For educational purposes only — not medical advice. Always consult a qualified practitioner before using medicinal plants.