Omnia SanaPlant Comparison
Ribwort Plantain vs Greater Plantain
A side-by-side comparison of two medicinal plants — every documented constituent, action, use, safety note and cited source, assembled automatically from the Omnia Sana database.
At a glance
Ribwort Plantain and Greater Plantain: both belong to the Plantaginaceae family; they share 10 indicated uses (arthritis / joint pain, bronchitis, bruising, …); 6 pharmacological actions in common.
Evidence face-off — shared uses
| Condition | Ribwort Plantain | Greater Plantain | Verdict |
|---|---|---|---|
| Arthritis / joint pain | 1/10 | 1/10 | Comparable evidence |
| Bronchitis | 1/10 | 1/10 | Comparable evidence |
| Bruising | 1/10 | 1/10 | Comparable evidence |
| Cough | 1/10 | 1/10 | Comparable evidence |
| Immune support | 1/10 | 2/10 | Comparable evidence |
| Infection (general) | 2/10 | 1/10 | Comparable evidence |
| Inflammation (general) | 1/10 | 1/10 | Comparable evidence |
| Skin irritation | 1/10 | 1/10 | Comparable evidence |
| Sore throat | 1/10 | 1/10 | Comparable evidence |
| Wounds | 2/10 | 2/10 | Comparable evidence |
Evidence scores (1–10) are computed from the tier of each cited source. “Comparable” means the two scores are within one point. Follow a score to its detailed sources.
Key Constituents
Anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial constituents.
Coat and protect inflamed mucous membranes and reduce cough-receptor sensitivity.
Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory constituents.
Characteristic iridoids of Plantago major.
Polyphenolic esters contributing to antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity.
Flavonoid constituents of the leaf.
Pharmacological Actions
Anti-inflammatory for temporary mild inflammation of the mouth and throat (sore throat); in vitro the extract inhibits nitric oxide production and inducible NOS in macrophages, supporting its traditional respiratory anti-inflammatory use
Demulcent for catarrh of the respiratory tract and dry, irritating cough / bronchitis (mucilage soothes and protects irritated airways)
Traditional & Indicated Uses
inferred from anti-inflammatory action
Demulcent for catarrh of the respiratory tract and dry, irritating cough / bronchitis (mucilage soothes and protects irritated airways)
inferred from immunomodulator action
Demulcent for catarrh of the respiratory tract and dry, irritating cough / bronchitis (mucilage soothes and protects irritated airways)
inferred from immunomodulator action
inferred from antimicrobial action
Anti-inflammatory for temporary mild inflammation of the mouth and throat (sore throat); in vitro the extract inhibits nitric oxide production and inducible NOS in macrophages, supporting its traditional respiratory anti-inflammatory use
inferred from demulcent action
Anti-inflammatory for temporary mild inflammation of the mouth and throat (sore throat); in vitro the extract inhibits nitric oxide production and inducible NOS in macrophages, supporting its traditional respiratory anti-inflammatory use
inferred from anti-inflammatory action
inferred from expectorant action
inferred from vulnerary action
Demulcent / expectorant (coughs, catarrh, irritated airways)
inferred from antimicrobial action
inferred from anti-inflammatory action
inferred from expectorant action
inferred from anti-inflammatory action
inferred from vulnerary action
P. major extract showed immunomodulatory, antiviral and cytotoxic effects in vitro.
P. major extracts/compounds inhibited proliferation of cancer cell lines (preclinical).
Safety, Cautions & Contraindications
Extremely safe; one of the most widely used edible and medicinal plants in the world. Psyllium seeds (closely related) are well-studied as a bulk laxative but should always be taken with adequate water. Allergic reactions are rare but possible. No significant drug interactions documented at normal doses.
Duke (2002) rates plantain as ++ and notes anti-inflammatory, antitussive, antiatherosclerotic, and COX-2-inhibitory activities at the experimental level (score 1). The seeds (psyllium) of related species have clinical evidence for cholesterol reduction and as bulk laxatives, though entries here apply to the leaf. Dose: leaf as tea or poultice for wounds, sore throat, and bronchial conditions. Duke notes the plant is generally safe with anti-inflammatory topical use well-supported in traditional practice. Commission E approved plantain (ribwort species) for catarrh and wound healing (Duke, 2002).
Generally regarded as safe as food and in customary medicinal use; allergic reactions are uncommon, though the abundant wind-borne pollen can aggravate hay fever in sensitive people.
Correct identification is essential and material should be gathered away from roadsides, sprayed lawns and other contaminated ground; deep or infected wounds warrant proper medical care.
External Ids
Botanical Description
Perennial herb (Plantaginaceae) forming a low rosette of narrow, lance-shaped leaves with prominent parallel ribs (hence 'ribwort'). Slender, furrowed, leafless flowering stalks rise from the rosette bearing a dense, short, dark brown-black ovoid to cylindrical flower spike ringed by a 'collar' of protruding cream-white stamens.[11]
Low, rosette-forming perennial herb (Plantaginaceae) with broad, oval to rounded leaves marked by 5-9 prominent parallel ribs, borne on long, channelled petioles. Slender, leafless flowering spikes rise from the rosette bearing tiny, densely packed greenish flowers, followed by small seed capsules.[36]
Habitat
Native throughout Europe and temperate Asia and naturalised worldwide; common in grassland, meadows, lawns, roadsides and waste ground, tolerating trampling and a wide range of soils.[11]
Native to Europe and temperate Asia and now one of the most widespread naturalised weeds worldwide (the name 'waybread', or historically 'white man's foot', reflects its spread along paths and trails); thrives on compacted, disturbed ground such as paths, lawns and roadsides.[36]
Harvesting
Leaves and aerial parts are gathered during the growing season, ideally before or during flowering, and dried quickly.[11]
Leaves are gathered fresh throughout the growing season, especially for poultice use; seed is collected in autumn once ripe.[36]
Traditional Uses
Ribwort plantain has an official European herbal-monograph tradition for the temporary relief of dry cough and irritation of the mouth and throat, and for minor skin wounds, reflecting its long folk use as a demulcent respiratory remedy and wound herb. Modern research confirms mucilage-driven demulcent action alongside antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activity.[11, 12]
Greater plantain is one of the most widely used wound herbs across world folk-medicine traditions, applied fresh as a poultice to cuts, stings and insect bites, and taken as a tea for cough, digestive upset and mild diarrhoea. Modern reviews confirm broad anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant and wound-healing activity supporting these traditional uses.[1, 36]
Preparations
Crushed or chewed fresh leaf applied directly to wounds, stings and insect bites - the classic traditional first-aid use.
Dried leaf steeped in hot water for cough, digestive complaints and mild diarrhoea.
The mucilaginous seed, related to psyllium, used traditionally as a mild bulk laxative.
Dosage
References
Lookalikes Review
References & Sources
- Laanet, P.R., Bragina, O., Joul, P. and Vaher, M (2024) 'Plantago lanceolata and Plantago major Exhibit Antioxidant and Borrelia burgdorferi Inhibiting Activities', International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 25(13), pp. 7112. doi:10.3390/ijms25137112 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25137112 - Budzianowska, A. and Budzianowski, J (2022) 'A new flavonoid, a new phenylethanoid glycoside and related compounds isolated from the inflorescences of Plantago lanceolata L', Natural Product Research, 36(15), pp. 3813-3824. doi:10.1080/14786419.2021.1888289 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2021.1888289 - Gadermaier, G., Eichhorn, S., Vejvar, E., Weilnbock, L. and others (2014) 'Plantago lanceolata: an important trigger of summer pollinosis with limited IgE cross-reactivity', Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 134(2), pp. 472-475. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2014.02.016 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2014.02.016 - Sousa, R., Osorio, H., Duque, L., Ribeiro, H., Cruz, A. and Abreu, I (2014) 'Identification of Plantago lanceolata pollen allergens using an immunoproteomic approach', Journal of Investigational Allergology and Clinical Immunology, 24(3), pp. 177-183. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25011355/ Preclinical
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25011355/ - Reza, M.M., Redoy, M.R.A., Rahman, M.A., Ety, S. and others (2021) 'Response of plantain (Plantago lanceolata L.) supplementation on nutritional, endo-parasitic, and endocrine status in lambs', Tropical Animal Health and Production, 53(1), pp. 82. doi:10.1007/s11250-020-02514-0 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-020-02514-0 - Rahamouz-Haghighi, S., Bagheri, K., Mohsen-Pour, N. and Sharafi, A (2022) 'Evaluation of Cytotoxicity and Antibacterial Activities of Ribwort Plantain (Plantago lanceolata L.) Root Fractions and Phytochemical Analysis by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry', Archives of Razi Institute, 77(6), pp. 2131-2143. doi:10.22092/ARI.2022.358045.2143 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.22092/ARI.2022.358045.2143 - Kovac, I., Durkac, J., Holly, M., Jakubcova, K. and others (2015) 'Plantago lanceolata L. water extract induces transition of fibroblasts into myofibroblasts and increases tensile strength of healing skin wounds', Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 67(1), pp. 117-125. doi:10.1111/jphp.12316 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1111/jphp.12316 - Jaric, S., Kostic, O., Mataruga, Z., Pavlovic, D. and others (2017) 'Traditional wound-healing plants used in the Balkan region (Southeast Europe)', Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 211, pp. 311-328. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2017.09.018 Traditional / reference
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2017.09.018 - Zeng, X., Guo, F. and Ouyang, D (2019) 'A review of the pharmacology and toxicology of aucubin', Fitoterapia, 140, pp. 104443. doi:10.1016/j.fitote.2019.104443 Traditional / reference
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fitote.2019.104443 - Drava, G., Cornara, L., Giordani, P. and Minganti, V (2019) 'Trace elements in Plantago lanceolata L., a plant used for herbal and food preparations: new data and literature review', Environmental Science and Pollution Research International, 26(3), pp. 2305-2313. doi:10.1007/s11356-018-3740-1 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-3740-1 - European Medicines Agency (HMPC) (n.d.) 'European Union herbal monograph on Plantago lanceolata L., folium (Plantaginis lanceolatae folium)'. Available at: https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/herbal/plantaginis-lanceolatae-folium Traditional / reference
https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/herbal/plantaginis-lanceolatae-folium - ESCOP (European Scientific Cooperative on Phytotherapy) (n.d.) 'Plantaginis lanceolatae folium-herba (Ribwort Plantain Leaf/Herb) monograph', pp. com. Available at: https://www.escop.com/downloads/ribwort-plantain-leaf-herb/ Traditional / reference
https://www.escop.com/downloads/ribwort-plantain-leaf-herb/ - Vigo, E., Cepeda, A., Gualillo, O. and Perez-Fernandez, R (2005) 'In-vitro anti-inflammatory activity of Pinus sylvestris and Plantago lanceolata extracts: effect on inducible NOS, COX-1, COX-2 and their products in J774A.1 murine macrophages', Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 57(3), pp. 383--391. doi:10.1211/0022357055605 Traditional / reference
https://doi.org/10.1211/0022357055605
- Adom, M.B., Taher, M., Mutalabisin, M.F., Amri, M.S., Abdul Kudos, M.B., Wan Sulaiman, M.W.A., Sengupta, P. and Susanti, D (2017) 'Chemical constituents and medical benefits of Plantago major', pp. 348--360. doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2017.09.152 Traditional / reference
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2017.09.152 - Najafian, Y., Hamedi, S.S., Farshchi, M.K. and Feyzabadi, Z (2018) 'Plantago major in Traditional Persian Medicine and modern phytotherapy: a narrative review', Electronic Physician, 10(2), pp. 6390-6399. doi:10.19082/6390 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.19082/6390 - Cardoso, F.C.I., Breder, J.C., Apolinario, P.P., Oliveira, H.C., Saidel, M.G.B., Dini, A.P., Oliveira-Kumakura, A.R. and Lima, M.H.M (2021) 'The Effect of Plantago major on Wound Healing in Preclinical Studies: A Systematic Review', Wound Management & Prevention, 67(1), pp. 27-34. doi:10.25270/wmp.2021.1.2734 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.25270/wmp.2021.1.2734 - Ghanadian, M., Soltani, R., Homayouni, A., Khorvash, F., Jouabadi, S.M. and Abdollahzadeh, M (2022) 'The Effect of Plantago major Hydroalcoholic Extract on the Healing of Diabetic Foot and Pressure Ulcers: A Randomized Open-Label Controlled Clinical Trial', The International Journal of Lower Extremity Wounds, 23(3), pp. 475-481. doi:10.1177/15347346211070723 Randomized trial
https://doi.org/10.1177/15347346211070723 - Ghiasian, M., Niroomandi, Z., Dastan, D., Poorolajal, J., Zare, F. and Ataei, S (2021) 'Clinical and phytochemical studies of Plantago major in pressure ulcer treatment: A randomized controlled trial', Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice, 43, pp. 101325. doi:10.1016/j.ctcp.2021.101325 Randomized trial
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctcp.2021.101325 - Cabrera-Jaime, S., Martinez, C., Ferro-Garcia, T., Giner-Boya, P., Icart-Isern, T., Estrada-Masllorens, J.M. and Fernandez-Ortega, P (2017) 'Efficacy of Plantago major, chlorhexidine 0.12% and sodium bicarbonate 5% solution in the treatment of oral mucositis in cancer patients with solid tumour: A feasibility randomised triple-blind phase III clinical trial', European Journal of Oncology Nursing, 32, pp. 40-47. doi:10.1016/j.ejon.2017.11.006 Randomized trial
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejon.2017.11.006 - Zubair, M., Widen, C., Renvert, S. and Rumpunen, K (2018) 'Water and ethanol extracts of Plantago major leaves show anti-inflammatory activity on oral epithelial cells', Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine, 9(3), pp. 169-171. doi:10.1016/j.jtcme.2017.09.002 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtcme.2017.09.002 - Turel, I., Ozbek, H., Erten, R., Oner, A.C., Cengiz, N. and Yilmaz, O (2009) 'Hepatoprotective and anti-inflammatory activities of Plantago major L', Indian Journal of Pharmacology, 41(3), pp. 120-124. doi:10.4103/0253-7613.55211 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.4103/0253-7613.55211 - Turki Monawer, A. and Mohammed Abdulkahar Mammani, I (2023) 'Antibacterial activity of ethanolic extracts of Plantago major leaves against Pseudomonas aeruginosa from burn infections', Journal of Infection in Developing Countries, 17(2), pp. 276-280. doi:10.3855/jidc.17576 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.3855/jidc.17576 - Boskabadi, J., Saadat, S. and Boskabady, M.H (2020) 'The Relaxant Effect of Plantago Major on Rat Tracheal Smooth Muscles and Its Possible Mechanisms', Iranian Journal of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology, 19(4), pp. 386-396. doi:10.18502/ijaai.v19i4.4113 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.18502/ijaai.v19i4.4113 - Parhizgar, S., Hosseinian, S., Soukhtanloo, M., Bideskan, A.E., Hadjzadeh, M., Shahraki, S., Noshahr, Z.S., Heravi, N.E., Haghshenas, M. and Rad, A.K (2018) 'Plantago major protects against cisplatin-induced renal dysfunction and tissue damage in rats', Saudi Journal of Kidney Diseases and Transplantation, 29(5), pp. 1057-1064. doi:10.4103/1319-2442.243960 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.4103/1319-2442.243960 - Naji Ebrahimi Yazd, Z., Shahraki, S., Hosseinian, S., Shafei, M.N., Bideskan, A.E., Mohebbati, R., Heravi, N.E., Mahzari, S. and Rad, A.K (2019) 'Renoprotective Effect of Plantago major Against Proteinuria and Apoptosis Induced by Adriamycin in Rat', Journal of Pharmacopuncture, 22(1), pp. 35-40. doi:10.3831/KPI.2019.22.004 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.3831/KPI.2019.22.004 - Alizadeh Behbahani, B., Tabatabaei Yazdi, F., Shahidi, F., Hesarinejad, M.A., Mortazavi, S.A. and Mohebbi, M (2016) 'Plantago major seed mucilage: Optimization of extraction and some physicochemical and rheological aspects', Carbohydrate Polymers, 155, pp. 68-77. doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.08.051 Preclinical
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https://doi.org/10.4103/apjtb.apjtb_644_25 - Akram, M. and Hamid, A. and Khalil, A. and Ghaffar, A. and Tayyaba, N. and Saeed, A. and Ali, M. and Naveed, A (2014) 'Review on Medicinal Uses, Pharmacological, Phytochemistry and Immunomodulatory Activity of Plants', International Journal of Immunopathology and Pharmacology. doi:10.1177/039463201402700301 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.1177/039463201402700301 - Chiang, L. and Chiang, W.C. and Chang, M. and Lin, C (2003) 'In Vitro Cytotoxic, Antiviral and Immunomodulatory Effects of Plantago major and Plantago asiatica', The American Journal of Chinese Medicine. doi:10.1142/s0192415x03000874 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1142/s0192415x03000874 - Gomez‐Flores, R. and Calderón, C.L. and Scheibel, L.W. and Tamez‐Guerra, P. and Rodrı́guez-Padilla, C. and Támez-Guerra, R. and Wéber, R (2000) 'Immunoenhancing properties ofPlantago major leaf extract', Phytotherapy Research. doi:10.1002/1099-1573(200012)14:8<617::aid-ptr674>3.0.co;2-n Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1002/1099-1573(200012)14:8<617::aid-ptr674>3.0.co;2-n - Samuelsen, A.B. and Paulsen, B.S. and Wold, J.K. and Otsuka, H. and Yamada, H. and Espevik, T (1995) 'Isolation and partial characterization of biologically active polysaccharides from Plantago major L', Phytotherapy Research. doi:10.1002/ptr.2650090312 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.2650090312 - Reina, E. and Al‐Shibani, N. and Allam, E. and Gregson, K.S. and Kowolik, M.J. and Windsor, L.J (2013) 'The Effects of Plantago major on the Activation of the Neutrophil Respiratory Burst', Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine. doi:10.4103/2225-4110.119706 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.4103/2225-4110.119706 - Lukova, P. and Karcheva‐Bahchevanska, D. and Bivolarski, V. and Mladenov, R. and Iliev, I. and Nikolova, M (2017) 'Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Water Extractable Polysaccharides from Leaves of Plantago major L', Folia Medica. doi:10.1515/folmed-2017-0023 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1515/folmed-2017-0023 - Kartini, K. and Piyaviriyakul, S. and Thongpraditchote, S. and Siripong, P. and Vallisuta, O (2017) 'Effects of Plantago major extracts and its chemical compounds on proliferation of cancer cells and cytokines production of lipopolysaccharide-activated THP-1 macrophages', Pharmacognosy Magazine. doi:10.4103/pm.pm_406_16 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.4103/pm.pm_406_16 - Zuo, X. and Li, L. and Sun, L (2020) 'Plantamajoside inhibits hypoxia-induced migration and invasion of human cervical cancer cells through the NF-κB and PI3K/akt pathways', Journal of Receptors and Signal Transduction. doi:10.1080/10799893.2020.1808679 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1080/10799893.2020.1808679 - Zhang, L. and Guo, Y. and Liu, J. and Wang, L. and Wang, L. and Wu, H. and Wang, T. and Deng, B. and Wang, J. and Lu, L. and Chen, Z. and He, J. and Liang, B. and Li, H. and Huang, Y (2022) 'Plantamajoside attenuates cardiac fibrosis via inhibiting AGEs activated‐RAGE/autophagy/EndMT pathway', Phytotherapy Research. doi:10.1002/ptr.7663 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.7663 - Zeng, G. and An, H. and Fang, D. and Wang, W. and Han, Y. and Lian, C (2020) 'Plantamajoside protects H9c2 cells against hypoxia/reoxygenation-induced injury through regulating the akt/Nrf2/HO-1 and NF-κB signaling pathways', Journal of Receptors and Signal Transduction. doi:10.1080/10799893.2020.1859534 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1080/10799893.2020.1859534 - Amini, M. and Kherad, M. and Mehrabani, D. and Azarpira, N. and Panjehshahin, M.R. and Tanideh, N (2010) 'Effect ofPlantago majoron Burn Wound Healing in Rat', Journal of Applied Animal Research. doi:10.1080/09712119.2010.9707093 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1080/09712119.2010.9707093 - Zubaır, M. and Nybom, H. and Lindholm, C. and Brandner, J.M. and Rumpunen, K (2015) 'Promotion of wound healing byPlantago majorL. leaf extracts –ex-vivoexperiments confirm experiences from traditional medicine', Natural Product Research. doi:10.1080/14786419.2015.1034714 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2015.1034714 - Rad, N. and Shafie, F. and Chaghervand, M.M. and Kashfi, S. and Rashidipour, M. and Chehelcheraghi, F. and Mozaffarpur, S.A. and Rasoulian, B (2018) 'The Wound Healing Effect of Plantago Major Leaf Extract in a Rat Model: An Experimental Confirmation of a Traditional Belief in Persian Medicine', DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals). doi:10.22087/hmj.v3i1.702 Preclinical
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https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-019-1255-6 - Ringbom, T. and Segura, L. and Noreen, Y. and Perera, P. and Bohlin, L (1998) 'Ursolic Acid fromPlantagomajor, a Selective Inhibitor of Cyclooxygenase-2 Catalyzed Prostaglandin Biosynthesis', Journal of Natural Products. doi:10.1021/np980088i Preclinical
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https://doi.org/10.1076/phbi.35.2.99.13288 - Atibayeva, А.E. and Тыныкулов, М (2024) 'ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY OF PLANTAGO MAJOR LEAF EXTRACTS IN VITRO ON EPITHELIAL CELLS OF THE ORAL CAVITY', Vestnik of M Kozybayev North Kazakhstan University. doi:10.54596/2958-0048-2024-2-48-53 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.54596/2958-0048-2024-2-48-53 - Zhakipbekov, K. and Turgumbayeva, A. and Issayeva, R. and Kipchakbayeva, A. and Kadyrbayeva, G. and Tleubayeva, M.I. and Akhayeva, T. and Тастамбек, К. and Sainova, G.A. and Serikbayeva, E. and Tolenova, K. and Махатова, Б. and Anarbayeva, R. and Shimirova, Z. and Tileuberdi, Y (2023) 'Antimicrobial and Other Biomedical Properties of Extracts from Plantago major, Plantaginaceae', Pharmaceuticals. doi:10.3390/ph16081092 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.3390/ph16081092 - Povnitsa, O. and Bilyavska, L. and Pankivska, Y. and Likhanov, A. and Dorovskyh, A. and Лысенко, В.С. and Lokshin, M.M. and Zahorodnia, S (2021) 'In vitro Antiviral Activity of Leaf Extracts Plantago major, Plantago lanceolata, Rubus idaeus', Mikrobiolohichnyi Zhurnal. doi:10.15407/microbiolj84.01.044 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.15407/microbiolj84.01.044 - Han, A.Y. and Nam, M. and Lee, K (2016) 'Plantamajoside Inhibits UVB and Advanced Glycation End Products‐Induced MMP‐1 Expression by Suppressing the MAPK and NF‐κB Pathways in HaCaT Cells', Photochemistry and Photobiology. doi:10.1111/php.12615 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1111/php.12615 - Shirley, K.P. and Windsor, L.J. and Eckert, G.J. and Gregory, R.L (2015) 'In Vitro Effects of Plantago Major Extract, Aucubin, and Baicalein on Candida albicans Biofilm Formation, Metabolic Activity, and Cell Surface Hydrophobicity', Journal of Prosthodontics. doi:10.1111/jopr.12411 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1111/jopr.12411 - Samuelsen, A.B (2000) 'The traditional uses, chemical constituents and biological activities of Plantago major L. A review', 8741(00), pp. 1--21. doi:10.1016/s0378-8741(00)00212-9 Traditional / reference
https://doi.org/10.1016/s0378-8741(00)00212-9 - Grieve, M (1931). Available at: https://botanical.com/botanical/mgmh/p/planta14.html Traditional / reference
https://botanical.com/botanical/mgmh/p/planta14.html - Herbal Reality (n.d.) 'Plantain (Plantago major): Benefits, Safety, Uses'. Available at: https://www.herbalreality.com/herb/plantain/ Traditional / reference
https://www.herbalreality.com/herb/plantain/ - Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew (n.d.). Available at: https://powo.science.kew.org Traditional / reference
https://powo.science.kew.org - Samuelsen, A.B (2000) 'The traditional uses, chemical constituents and biological activities of Plantago major L.: a review', pp. 1--21. Traditional / reference
https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=The%20traditional%20uses%2C%20chemical%20constituents%20and%20biological%20activities%20of%20Plantago%20major%20L.%3A%20a%20review - World Health Organization (2002) 'WHO Monographs on Selected Medicinal Plants'. Traditional / reference
https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=WHO%20Monographs%20on%20Selected%20Medicinal%20Plants - Zubair, M., Ekholm, A., Nybom, H., Renvert, S., Widen, C. and Rumpunen, K (2012) 'Effects of Plantago major L. leaf extracts on oral epithelial cells in a scratch assay', 141(3), pp. 825--830. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2012.03.016 Traditional / reference
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2012.03.016 - Duke, J.A (2002) 'Handbook of Medicinal Herbs, Second Edition'. Traditional / reference
https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Handbook%20of%20Medicinal%20Herbs%2C%20Second%20Edition - The Herbal Medic (n.d.) 'Plantain (Plantago lanceolata) - Wound Healing & Respiratory Support Herb'. Available at: https://theherbalmedic.co.uk/plantain-plantago-lanceolate Traditional / reference
https://theherbalmedic.co.uk/plantain-plantago-lanceolate - A Wandering Botanist (2013) 'Plant Story - Plantains (Plantago), Tracking Your Footsteps All Over the World'. Available at: http://khkeeler.blogspot.com/2013/11/plant-story-plantains-plantago-tracking.html Traditional / reference
http://khkeeler.blogspot.com/2013/11/plant-story-plantains-plantago-tracking.html - Edible Wild Food (n.d.) 'Broadleaf Plantain (Plantago major)'. Available at: https://www.ediblewildfood.com/broadleaf-plantain.aspx Traditional / reference
https://www.ediblewildfood.com/broadleaf-plantain.aspx - Florida School of Holistic Living (n.d.). Available at: https://www.holisticlivingschool.org/2020/02/25/march-plantain/ Traditional / reference
https://www.holisticlivingschool.org/2020/02/25/march-plantain/ - Living Plant Wisdom (n.d.) 'Living Plant Wisdom Profile: Plantain (Plantago major)'. Available at: https://holisticfarming.substack.com/p/living-plant-wisdom-profile-plantain Traditional / reference
https://holisticfarming.substack.com/p/living-plant-wisdom-profile-plantain - Nine Herbs Charm (n.d.). Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nine_Herbs_Charm Traditional / reference
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nine_Herbs_Charm - North Carolina Extension (n.d.) 'Plantago major'. Available at: https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/plantago-major/ Traditional / reference
https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/plantago-major/ - Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew (n.d.) 'Plantago major L'. Available at: https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:677229-1 Traditional / reference
https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:677229-1 - Royal Horticultural Society (n.d.) 'Plantago major (common plantain)'. Available at: https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/42126/plantago-major/details Traditional / reference
https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/42126/plantago-major/details - The Wildlife Trusts (n.d.) 'Greater plantain'. Available at: https://www.wildlifetrusts.org/wildlife-explorer/wildflowers/greater-plantain Traditional / reference
https://www.wildlifetrusts.org/wildlife-explorer/wildflowers/greater-plantain - Zubair, M (2012). Available at: https://research.slu.se/en/publications/genetic-variation-biochemical-contents-and-wound-healing-activity/ Traditional / reference
https://research.slu.se/en/publications/genetic-variation-biochemical-contents-and-wound-healing-activity/
Generated automatically from the Omnia Sana plant database and its cited sources. For educational purposes only — not medical advice. Always consult a qualified practitioner before using medicinal plants.