Plant Comparison

Pleurisy Root vs White Dead Nettle

A side-by-side comparison of two medicinal plants — every documented constituent, action, use, safety note and cited source, assembled automatically from the Omnia Sana database.

First plant

Second plant

Plant APleurisy RootAsclepias tuberosaApocynaceaeFull monograph →

Plant BWhite Dead NettleLamium albumLamiaceaeFull monograph →

At a glance

Pleurisy Root and White Dead Nettle: they share 6 indicated uses (arthritis / joint pain, bronchitis, cough, …); 2 pharmacological actions in common.

Pleurisy RootWhite Dead Nettle

Constituents23

Pharmacological actions35

Indicated uses89

Safety notes24

Cited sources1426

Indicated uses

Only Pleurisy Root

Cold & fluFever

Shared (6)

Arthritis / joint painBronchitisCoughInflammation (general)Respiratory supportSkin irritation

Only White Dead Nettle

BruisingDiarrhoeaWounds

Pharmacological actions

Only Pleurisy Root

Diaphoretic

Shared (2)

Anti-inflammatoryExpectorant

Only White Dead Nettle

AntioxidantAstringentVulnerary (wound healing)

Evidence face-off — shared uses

Condition	Pleurisy Root	White Dead Nettle	Verdict
Arthritis / joint pain	1/10	2/10	Comparable evidence
Bronchitis	1/10	1/10	Comparable evidence
Cough	1/10	1/10	Comparable evidence
Inflammation (general)	1/10	2/10	Comparable evidence
Respiratory support	1/10	1/10	Comparable evidence
Skin irritation	2/10	2/10	Comparable evidence

Evidence scores (1–10) are computed from the tier of each cited source. “Comparable” means the two scores are within one point. Follow a score to its detailed sources.

Key Constituents

Cardiac glycosides (cardenolides such as asclepin, calactin and calotropin)^{[11, 12]}

Heart-active compounds that make dosing and safety critical.

Glycosides

Flavonoids and amino acids^[12]

Supporting constituents of the root.

Flavonoids

Phenylpropanoid and flavonoid glycosides^[13]

Verbascoside, tiliroside and quercetin/kaempferol 3-O-glucosides in the flowers.

Verbascoside (acteoside)GlycosidesKaempferolFlavonoidsQuercetin

Iridoid glycosides^[14]

Lamalbid, alboside A and B and caryoptoside; linked to antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity.

Iridoid glycosidesGlycosides

Standardisation markers (Lamii albi flos)^[15]

Lamalbid, chlorogenic acid, verbascoside, rutin and tiliroside, richest in the flowering tops.

Chlorogenic acidVerbascoside (acteoside)Rutin

Pharmacological Actions

Anti-inflammatory^[12]

Anti-inflammatory for lung inflammation (traditional)

Diaphoretic^{[9, 10, 11, 12]}

Diaphoretic - promotes sweating to support feverish illness

Expectorant^{[9, 10, 11, 12]}

Traditional expectorant - helps clear phlegm in chest conditions, bronchitis and pleurisy

Anti-inflammatory^{[1, 2, 6, 14, 15, 16, 17]}

Astringent and anti-inflammatory infusion or tincture (flowering tops)

Parts: Flower, Aerial parts

Antioxidant^{[4, 13, 14]}

Parts: Flower

Astringent^{[7, 15, 16, 17]}

Astringent (catarrh, excessive menstrual or vaginal discharge); Astringent and anti-inflammatory infusion or tincture (flowering tops)

Parts: Flower, Aerial parts

Expectorant^{[8, 16, 18]}

Parts: Flower

Vulnerary (wound healing)^{[11, 16, 17]}

Vulnerary (minor wounds), applied topically

Parts: Leaf

Traditional & Indicated Uses

Arthritis / joint pain^[12]Traditional · 1/10

inferred from anti-inflammatory action

Evidence: 1

Label: Arthritis / joint pain

Bronchitis^{[10, 11, 12]}Traditional · 1/10

Traditional expectorant - helps clear phlegm in chest conditions, bronchitis and pleurisy

Evidence: 1

Label: Bronchitis

Cold & flu^{[11, 12]}Traditional · 1/10

inferred from diaphoretic action

Evidence: 1

Label: Cold & flu

Cough^{[11, 12]}Traditional · 1/10

inferred from expectorant action

Evidence: 1

Label: Cough

Fever^{[11, 12]}Traditional · 1/10

inferred from diaphoretic action

Evidence: 1

Label: Fever

Inflammation (general)^[12]Traditional · 1/10

Anti-inflammatory for lung inflammation (traditional)

Evidence: 1

Label: Inflammation (general)

Respiratory support^{[9, 10, 11, 12]}Traditional · 1/10

inferred from expectorant action

Evidence: 1

Label: Respiratory support

Skin irritation^{[7, 12]}Traditional · 2/10

inferred from anti-inflammatory action

Evidence: 2

Label: Skin irritation

Arthritis / joint pain^{[14, 15, 16, 17]}Traditional · 2/10

inferred from anti-inflammatory action

Evidence: 2

Label: Arthritis / joint pain

Bronchitis^{[16, 18]}Traditional · 1/10

inferred from expectorant action

Evidence: 1

Label: Bronchitis

Bruising^{[16, 17]}Traditional · 1/10

inferred from vulnerary action

Evidence: 1

Label: Bruising

Cough^{[16, 17]}Traditional · 1/10

Astringent (catarrh, excessive menstrual or vaginal discharge)

Evidence: 1

Label: Cough

Diarrhoea^{[15, 16, 17]}Traditional · 2/10

inferred from astringent action

Evidence: 2

Label: Diarrhoea

Inflammation (general)^{[14, 15, 16, 17]}Traditional · 2/10

inferred from anti-inflammatory action

Evidence: 2

Label: Inflammation (general)

Respiratory support^{[16, 18]}Traditional · 1/10

inferred from expectorant action

Evidence: 1

Label: Respiratory support

Skin irritation^{[15, 16, 17]}Traditional · 2/10

inferred from astringent action

Evidence: 2

Label: Skin irritation

Wounds^{[16, 17]}Traditional · 1/10

Vulnerary (minor wounds), applied topically

Evidence: 1

Label: Wounds

Safety, Cautions & Contraindications

Safety note^{[8, 11, 12]}Caution

Contains cardiac glycosides: do NOT use in pregnancy, breastfeeding or infancy, in anyone with a heart condition, or alongside cardiac glycoside medicines (e.g. digoxin). The plant's cardenolide-rich latex is directly toxic - a documented case caused corneal injury through Na/K-ATPase inhibition.

Safety note^[12]Info

Large doses are emetic and purgative (cause vomiting and diarrhoea). There is very little modern safety or efficacy data, so use only under the guidance of a qualified practitioner.

Safety note^[19]Info

Generally regarded as safe in culinary amounts and at normal medicinal doses; unlike the stinging nettle it has no stinging hairs.

Safety note^{[16, 19]}Caution

Medicinal use during pregnancy or breastfeeding should be approached cautiously, as for any traditional astringent.

Safety note^{[17, 20]}Caution

Identify correctly before foraging (resembles stinging nettle before flowering and red dead-nettle); clinical evidence is limited, so it should not replace conventional treatment.

Safety note^{[21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26]}Info

Identification, distribution and horticultural references for Lamium album.

External Ids

Gbif: 3170305

Wikidata: Q311131

Gbif: 2926683

Wikidata: Q157626

Botanical Description

Erect perennial herb with hairy, unbranched stems and narrow, lance-shaped, alternate leaves (unlike most milkweeds, its sap is clear rather than milky). Vivid orange-red flowers are borne in showy, flat-topped umbel-like clusters at the stem tips, making it a prized butterfly and pollinator plant. The stout, fibrous, branching root is the medicinal part.^[11]

Height: 30-90 cm

Habit: Erect, hairy perennial herb

Leaves: Narrow, lance-shaped, alternate

Flowers: Vivid orange-red flowers in showy, flat-topped umbel-like clusters

Stem: Erect, hairy, unbranched, exuding clear (not milky) sap when cut

Root: Stout, fibrous, branching taproot

Fruit: Spindle-shaped seed pod (follicle) releasing silky-tufted seeds

Flowering Period: June-September

Perennial herb closely resembling stinging nettle in leaf shape but entirely without stinging hairs. Square stems bear opposite, toothed, heart-shaped leaves, and whorls of white, hooded, two-lipped flowers cluster in the upper leaf axils.^[15]

Height: 20-60 cm

Habit: Erect, clump-forming perennial herb

Leaves: Opposite, toothed, heart-shaped, resembling stinging nettle but without stinging hairs

Flowers: White, hooded, two-lipped, in dense whorls in the upper leaf axils

Stem: Square (typical of the mint family), unarmed (no stinging hairs)

Root: Creeping rhizome

Fruit: Small nutlet (typical of Lamiaceae)

Flowering Period: March-November (almost year-round in mild climates)

Habitat

Native to dry prairies, open fields, roadsides and sandy or rocky open ground across most of eastern and central North America.^[11]

Grows in hedgerows, waste ground, gardens and roadsides on nitrogen-rich soils; native to Europe and temperate Asia, widely naturalised elsewhere.

Harvesting

The root is dug in autumn after the plant has finished flowering and seeding, then cleaned and dried; given its cardiac glycoside content and near-absence of modern safety data, harvesting and use should only be undertaken with expert guidance.^[11]

Parts: Root

Season: Autumn

The flowering tops are picked as they open, largely through spring to autumn given the long flowering season, and dried in a warm, shaded, airy place; the standardisation markers are richest in the flowering tops specifically.^[15]

Parts: Flower, Leaf, Aerial parts

Season: Spring through autumn, as flowers open

Traditional Uses

Pleurisy root has a Native American and Eclectic-medicine reputation, reflected in its name, as an expectorant and diaphoretic for chest complaints, bronchitis and pleurisy, used to promote sweating during feverish illness and help clear phlegm.^{[11, 12]}

White dead-nettle flower has a long European folk history as an astringent remedy for catarrh and excessive menstrual or vaginal discharge, and topically as a vulnerary wash for minor wounds; the young leaves and shoots have also traditionally been eaten as a cooked spring pot-herb.

Preparations

Decoction^[11]

Dried root simmered in water as a traditional expectorant and diaphoretic remedy; given its cardiac glycoside content, only under qualified practitioner guidance.

Not documented

Dosage

All preparations^[12]

Because the root contains cardiac glycosides and modern safety/efficacy data are very limited, no general dose is given here; use only under the guidance of a qualified practitioner, and never in pregnancy, breastfeeding, infancy, or with a heart condition or cardiac glycoside medicines. Educational reference only, not a prescription.

Not documented

References

REF-0734, REF-0738, REF-0735, REF-1944, REF-1945, REF-1946, REF-1947, REF-0626, REF-1948, REF-1949

REF-1746, REF-1747, REF-1748, REF-1749, REF-1750, REF-1751, REF-1752, REF-1753, REF-1754, REF-1755, REF-1756, REF-1757

Lookalikes Review

Outcome: has-lookalikes

Reviewed By: Omnia Sana (owner-authorized)

Reviewed Date: 2026-07-07

Outcome: none-known

Reviewed By: Omnia Sana (owner-authorized)

Reviewed Date: 2026-07-07

Dangerous Lookalikes

Safety note^{[13, 14]}Dangerous

Dangerous Plant: apocynum-cannabinum

Confused Part: Young shoots (and the root) gathered from the wild; toxic dogbane sends up very similar shoots in the same habitat.

Confusion Context: Butterfly weed / pleurisy root (Asclepias tuberosa) is a milkweed whose young shoots and root have been used. Its main dangerous look-alike is dogbane (Apocynum cannabinum): at the shoot stage the two are easily confused and grow in similar places. Dogbane is a high-severity poison - its milky sap contains cardiac glycosides, all parts are toxic to humans, and poisoning can cause vomiting, weakness and cardiac arrest, while the sap blisters skin. Because the young shoots look alike, the bitterness test below matters.

Distinguishing Features: Taste/bitterness (decisive): dogbane is horribly, intensely bitter - an immediate warning to spit it out; edible milkweed shoots are not. Never swallow a bitter 'milkweed' shoot., Growth habit: dogbane shoots are thinner and firmer and branch early; milkweeds do not branch at the shoot stage. An early-branching, thin, firm shoot is likely dogbane., General: both milkweeds and dogbane have milky sap, so sap alone does not distinguish them - rely on bitterness and branching, and confirm the species before eating.

Key Test: Taste a tiny piece and check the branching (then spit it out). An intensely bitter shoot, or one that is thin, firm and branches early, is dogbane - toxic, do not eat. Milky sap alone does not prove it is safe; if in any doubt, discard it.

Reviewed By: Omnia Sana (owner-authorized)

Reviewed Date: 2026-07-07

Not documented

References & Sources

Warashina, T. and Miyase, T (2017) 'New 8,12;8,20-diepoxy-8,14-secopregnane hexa- and hepta-glycosides from the roots of Asclepias tuberosa', Journal of Natural Medicines, 72(1), pp. 347-356. doi:10.1007/s11418-017-1155-9 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11418-017-1155-9
Abe, F. and Yamauchi, T (2000) 'An androstane bioside and 3'-thiazolidinone derivatives of doubly-linked cardenolide glycosides from the roots of Asclepias tuberosa', Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 48(7), pp. 991-993. doi:10.1248/cpb.48.991 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1248/cpb.48.991
Lockwood, T.L (1848) 'Asclepias Tuberosa, Butterfly-Weed, Milk-Weed, Pleurisy Root, White Root', The Medical Examiner (Philadelphia), 4(42), pp. 367-368. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38120955/ Traditional / reference
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38120955/
Abe, F. and Yamauchi, T (2000) 'Pregnane glycosides from the roots of Asclepias tuberosa', Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 48(7), pp. 1017-1022. doi:10.1248/cpb.48.1017 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1248/cpb.48.1017
Warashina, T. and Noro, T (2009) '8,14-Secopregnane glycosides from the aerial parts of Asclepias tuberosa', Phytochemistry, 70(10), pp. 1294-1304. doi:10.1016/j.phytochem.2009.07.033 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2009.07.033
Warashina, T. and Noro, T (2010) '8,12;8,20-Diepoxy-8,14-secopregnane glycosides from the aerial parts of Asclepias tuberosa', Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 58(2), pp. 172-179. doi:10.1248/cpb.58.172 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1248/cpb.58.172
Warashina, T., Umehara, K., Miyase, T. and Noro, T (2011) '8,12;8,20-diepoxy-8,14-secopregnane glycosides from roots of Asclepias tuberosa and their effect on proliferation of human skin fibroblasts', Phytochemistry, 72(14-15), pp. 1865-1875. doi:10.1016/j.phytochem.2011.05.012 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2011.05.012
Mikkelsen, L.H., Hamoudi, H., Gul, C.A. and Heegaard, S (2017) 'Corneal Toxicity Following Exposure to Asclepias Tuberosa', The Open Ophthalmology Journal, pp. 1--4. doi:10.2174/1874364101711010001 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.2174/1874364101711010001
Lockwood, T.L (1848) 'Asclepias Tuberosa, Butterfly-Weed, Milk-Weed, Pleurisy Root, White Root', Medical Examiner (Philadelphia), 4(42), pp. 367-368. Traditional / reference
https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Asclepias%20Tuberosa%2C%20Butterfly-Weed%2C%20Milk-Weed%2C%20Pleurisy%20Root%2C%20White%20Root
Lockwood, T.T (1848) 'Asclepias Tuberosa, Butter-Fly-Weed, Milk Weed, Pleurisy Root, White Root', Buffalo Medical Journal and Monthly Review, 3(10), pp. 600-602. Traditional / reference
https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Asclepias%20Tuberosa%2C%20Butter-Fly-Weed%2C%20Milk%20Weed%2C%20Pleurisy%20Root%2C%20White%20Root
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https://www.herbs2000.com/herbs/herbs_pleurisy_root.htm
Forager Chef 'Foraging and Cooking Milkweed'. Available at: https://foragerchef.com/guide-to-milkweed/ Traditional / reference
https://foragerchef.com/guide-to-milkweed/
North Carolina Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox 'Apocynum cannabinum (Dogbane)'. Available at: https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/apocynum-cannabinum/ Traditional / reference
https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/apocynum-cannabinum/

Czerwinska, M.E., Swierczewska, A., Wozniak, M. and Kiss, A.K (2017) 'Bioassay-Guided Isolation of Iridoids and Phenylpropanoids from Aerial Parts of Lamium album and Their Anti-inflammatory Activity in Human Neutrophils', Planta Medica, 83(12-13), pp. 1011-1019. doi:10.1055/s-0043-107031 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0043-107031
Czerwinska, M.E., Swierczewska, A. and Granica, S (2018) 'Bioactive Constituents of Lamium album L. as Inhibitors of Cytokine Secretion in Human Neutrophils', Molecules, 23(11), pp. 2770. doi:10.3390/molecules23112770 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23112770
Czerwinska, M.E., Kalinowska, E., Popowski, D. and Bazylko, A (2020) 'Lamalbid, Chlorogenic Acid, and Verbascoside as Tools for Standardization of Lamium album Flowers - Development and Validation of HPLC-DAD Method', Molecules, 25(7), pp. 1721. doi:10.3390/molecules25071721 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25071721
Sulborska, A., Konarska, A., Matysik-Wozniak, A., Dmitruk, M., Weryszko-Chmielewska, E., Skalska-Kaminska, A. and Rejdak, R (2020) 'Phenolic Constituents of Lamium album L. subsp. album Flowers: Anatomical, Histochemical, and Phytochemical Study', Molecules, 25(24), pp. 6025. doi:10.3390/molecules25246025 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25246025
Konarska, A., Weryszko-Chmielewska, E., Matysik-Wozniak, A., Sulborska, A., Polak, B., Dmitruk, M., Piotrowska-Weryszko, K., Stefanczyk, B. and Rejdak, R (2021) 'Histochemical and Phytochemical Analysis of Lamium album subsp. album L. Corolla: Essential Oil, Triterpenes, and Iridoids', Molecules, 26(14), pp. 4166. doi:10.3390/molecules26144166 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26144166
Khanaki, K., Fekri, A., Abedinzade, M., Mohammadi, E. and Aghajanpour, F (2022) 'Potential anti-inflammatory effect of Lamium album extract through caspase-3 and cyclooxygenase-2 genes expression in a rat model of middle cerebral artery occlusion', Folia Medica, 64(2), pp. 275-282. doi:10.3897/folmed.64.e60562 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.3897/folmed.64.e60562
Bubueanu, C., Iuksel, R. and Panteli, M (2019) 'Haemostatic activity of butanolic extracts of Lamium album and Lamium purpureum aerial parts', Acta Pharmaceutica, 69(3), pp. 443-449. doi:10.2478/acph-2019-0026 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.2478/acph-2019-0026
Arefani, S., Mehran, S.M.M., Moladoust, H., Norasfard, M.R., Ghorbani, A. and Abedinzade, M (2018) 'Effects of standardized extracts of Lamium album and Urtica dioica on rat tracheal smooth muscle contraction', Journal of Pharmacopuncture, 21(2), pp. 70-75. doi:10.3831/KPI.2018.21.008 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.3831/KPI.2018.21.008
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Chipeva, V.A., Petrova, D.C., Geneva, M.E., Dimitrova, M.A., Moncheva, P.A. and Kapchina-Toteva, V.M (2013) 'Antimicrobial activity of extracts from in vivo and in vitro propagated Lamium album L. plants', African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines, 10(6), pp. 559-562. doi:10.4314/ajtcam.v10i6.30 Preclinical
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Paduch, R. and Wozniak, A (2015) 'The Effect of Lamium album Extract on Cultivated Human Corneal Epithelial Cells (10.014 pRSV-T)', Journal of Ophthalmic & Vision Research, 10(3), pp. 229-237. doi:10.4103/2008-322X.170349 Preclinical
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Abedinzade, M., Rostampour, M., Mirzajani, E., Khalesi, Z.B., Pourmirzaee, T. and Khanaki, K (2019) 'Urtica Dioica and Lamium Album Decrease Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3 beta and Increase K-Ras in Diabetic Rats', Journal of Pharmacopuncture, 22(4), pp. 248-252. doi:10.3831/KPI.2019.22.033 Preclinical
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https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(94)00727-B
Damtoft, S (1992) 'Iridoid glucosides from Lamium album', 31(1), pp. 175--178. doi:10.1016/0031-9422(91)83030-O Traditional / reference
https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(91)83030-O
Pietrzak, W. and Nowak, R (2020) 'Lamalbid, Chlorogenic Acid, and Verbascoside as Tools for Standardization of Lamium album Flowers - Development and Validation of HPLC-DAD Method', 25(8). doi:10.3390/molecules25081913 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25081913
Grieve, M (1931). Available at: https://botanical.com/botanical/mgmh/n/netwhd11.html Traditional / reference
https://botanical.com/botanical/mgmh/n/netwhd11.html
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https://www.herbalreality.com/herb/white-deadnettle/
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https://ask-ayurveda.com/wiki/article/4805-lamium-album
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https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Francis-Baker%2C%20T
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https://www.first-nature.com/flowers/lamium-album.php
Ballyrobert Gardens (n.d.) 'Lamium album'. Available at: https://www.ballyrobertgardens.com/products/lamium-album Traditional / reference
https://www.ballyrobertgardens.com/products/lamium-album
Botanical Society of Scotland (2022) 'Plant of the Week - 17 January 2022: the White Dead-nettle (Lamium album)'. Available at: https://botsocscot.wordpress.com/2022/01/16/plant-of-the-week-january-17th-2022-the-white-dead-nettle-lamium-album/ Traditional / reference
https://botsocscot.wordpress.com/2022/01/16/plant-of-the-week-january-17th-2022-the-white-dead-nettle-lamium-album/
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https://www.gardenersworld.com/plants/dead-nettles/
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https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:448792-1
Royal Horticultural Society (n.d.) 'Lamium album (white deadnettle)'. Available at: https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/9810/lamium-album/details Traditional / reference
https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/9810/lamium-album/details
The Wildlife Trusts (n.d.) 'White dead-nettle'. Available at: https://www.wildlifetrusts.org/wildlife-explorer/wildflowers/white-dead-nettle Traditional / reference
https://www.wildlifetrusts.org/wildlife-explorer/wildflowers/white-dead-nettle

Pleurisy Root monograph White Dead Nettle monograph Compare other plants

Generated automatically from the Omnia Sana plant database and its cited sources. For educational purposes only — not medical advice. Always consult a qualified practitioner before using medicinal plants.