Plant Comparison

Mugwort vs Butterbur

A side-by-side comparison of two medicinal plants — every documented constituent, action, use, safety note and cited source, assembled automatically from the Omnia Sana database.

First plant

Second plant

Plant AMugwortArtemisia vulgarisAsteraceaeFull monograph →

Plant BButterburPetasites hybridusAsteraceaeFull monograph →

At a glance

Mugwort and Butterbur: both belong to the Asteraceae family; they share 3 indicated uses (cancer (anticancer research), menstrual cramps, muscle spasm); 2 pharmacological actions in common.

MugwortButterbur

Constituents32

Pharmacological actions74

Indicated uses119

Safety notes22

Cited sources2114

Indicated uses

Only Mugwort

Arthritis / joint painBloatingIndigestionInfection (general)Inflammation (general)Insomnia / sleeplessnessSkin irritationWounds

Shared (3)

Cancer (anticancer research)Menstrual crampsMuscle spasm

Only Butterbur

Allergy / hay feverAsthmaCoughFeverHeadacheMigraine

Pharmacological actions

Only Mugwort

Anti-inflammatoryAntimicrobialAntioxidantDigestive aidSedative / sleep support

Shared (2)

Anticancer (preclinical)Antispasmodic

Only Butterbur

Antihistaminic / antiallergicBronchodilator / anti-asthmatic

Evidence face-off — shared uses

Condition	Mugwort	Butterbur	Verdict
Cancer (anticancer research)	2/10	2/10	Comparable evidence
Menstrual cramps	1/10	2/10	Comparable evidence
Muscle spasm	1/10	2/10	Comparable evidence

Evidence scores (1–10) are computed from the tier of each cited source. “Comparable” means the two scores are within one point. Follow a score to its detailed sources.

Key Constituents

Sesquiterpenoids and triterpenoids^[1]

Multiple undescribed and known sesquiterpenoids and triterpenoids isolated from the leaves, several with anti-inflammatory activity.

SesquiterpenesTerpenes / terpenoids

Essential oil (thujone, cineole, camphor)^[3]

Volatile oil containing thujone and other monoterpenes; thujone content is the basis of the caution on prolonged internal use.

Essential (volatile) oil1,8-Cineole (eucalyptol)CamphorTerpenes / terpenoids

Flavonoids and coumarins^[3]

Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory flavonoid and coumarin constituents.

FlavonoidsCoumarins

Sesquiterpenes (petasin and isopetasin)^{[2, 5, 7, 9, 10, 11]}

The anti-inflammatory and antispasmodic active principles; standardised in commercial extracts.

Sesquiterpenes

Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs)^[11]

Naturally present but hepatotoxic and carcinogenic; must be removed to make a safe product.

Alkaloids

Pharmacological Actions

Anti-inflammatory^{[1, 3, 4, 5, 14, 15, 16]}

Anticancer (preclinical)^{[3, 10, 11, 12]}

Artemisia vulgaris (mugwort) extracts inhibit BCR/ABL and induce apoptosis, ferroptosis and necroptosis in chronic myeloid leukaemia and breast cancer cells (preclinical).

Antimicrobial^{[3, 6, 7, 14, 15, 16]}

Antioxidant^{[14, 15, 16]}

Antispasmodic^{[14, 15, 16]}

Antispasmodic (cramp easing)

Digestive aid^{[4, 14, 15, 16]}

Sedative / sleep support^{[14, 15, 16]}

Anticancer (preclinical)^[5]

Antihistaminic / antiallergic^{[2, 3, 8, 11, 12]}

Relief of allergic rhinitis / hay fever (antihistaminic and leukotriene-inhibiting; systematic review found it superior to placebo and comparable to non-sedating antihistamines for intermittent allergic rhinitis)

Antispasmodic^{[2, 6, 8, 9, 11]}

Antispasmodic support in bronchial asthma

Bronchodilator / anti-asthmatic^{[6, 11]}

Antispasmodic support in bronchial asthma

Traditional & Indicated Uses

Arthritis / joint pain^{[14, 15, 16]}Traditional · 1/10

inferred from anti-inflammatory action

Evidence: 1

Label: Arthritis / joint pain

Bloating^{[14, 15, 16]}Traditional · 1/10

inferred from digestive action

Evidence: 1

Label: Bloating

Cancer (anticancer research)^{[3, 10, 11, 12]}Traditional · 2/10

Artemisia vulgaris (mugwort) extracts inhibit BCR/ABL and induce apoptosis in chronic myeloid leukaemia cells (including imatinib-resistant), and trigger tumour-selective ferroptosis/necroptosis in breast cancer and leukaemia cells via lysosomal Ca2+ signalling (preclinical).

Evidence: 2

Label: Cancer (anticancer research)

Indigestion^{[14, 15, 16]}Traditional · 1/10

inferred from digestive action

Evidence: 1

Label: Indigestion

Infection (general)^{[14, 15, 16]}Traditional · 1/10

inferred from antimicrobial action

Evidence: 1

Label: Infection (general)

Inflammation (general)^{[14, 15, 16]}Traditional · 1/10

inferred from anti-inflammatory action

Evidence: 1

Label: Inflammation (general)

Insomnia / sleeplessness^{[14, 15, 16]}Traditional · 1/10

inferred from sedative action

Evidence: 1

Label: Insomnia / sleeplessness

Menstrual cramps^{[14, 15, 16]}Traditional · 1/10

Evidence: 1

Label: Menstrual cramps

Muscle spasm^{[14, 15, 16]}Traditional · 1/10

inferred from antispasmodic action

Evidence: 1

Label: Muscle spasm

Skin irritation^{[14, 15, 16]}Traditional · 1/10

inferred from anti-inflammatory action

Evidence: 1

Label: Skin irritation

Wounds^{[14, 15, 16]}Traditional · 1/10

inferred from antimicrobial action

Evidence: 1

Label: Wounds

Allergy / hay fever^{[3, 11, 12]}Good · 8/10

Evidence: 8

Label: Allergy / hay fever

Asthma^{[6, 11]}Limited · 3/10

Antispasmodic support in bronchial asthma

Evidence: 3

Label: Asthma

Cancer (anticancer research)^[5]Traditional · 2/10

inferred from anticancer action

Evidence: 2

Label: Cancer (anticancer research)

Cough^[11]Traditional · 2/10

inferred from bronchodilator action

Evidence: 2

Label: Cough

Fever^{[11, 12]}Good · 7/10

Evidence: 7

Label: Fever

Headache^{[4, 11, 13]}Moderate · 6/10

Evidence: 6

Label: Headache

Menstrual cramps^[11]Traditional · 2/10

inferred from antispasmodic action

Evidence: 2

Label: Menstrual cramps

Migraine^{[4, 11, 13]}Moderate · 6/10

Migraine prophylaxis (reduces attack frequency; up to ~60% reduction vs placebo in a randomised controlled trial of a standardised CO2 root extract)

Evidence: 6

Label: Migraine

Muscle spasm^[11]Traditional · 2/10

inferred from antispasmodic action

Evidence: 2

Label: Muscle spasm

Safety, Cautions & Contraindications

Safety note^{[14, 15, 16]}Caution

Contains thujone; avoid high doses or prolonged use. Contraindicated in pregnancy (uterine stimulant and abortifacient). May cause allergic reactions in individuals sensitive to the Asteraceae family. Avoid in epilepsy. Not recommended for children.

Safety note^{[14, 15, 16, 17]}Caution

Duke (2002) rates mugwort as + (use with caution) and notes abortifacient (score 1), emmenagogue, aperitif (score 1), and insecticide activities. Duke clearly flags mugwort as contraindicated in pregnancy due to well-documented abortifacient and uterotonic properties. Traditional use has been as a digestive bitter, and the plant contains volatile oils, sesquiterpene lactones, and flavonoids. Duke notes that the plant may cause allergic reactions in individuals sensitive to Asteraceae and warns against long-term use due to potential neurotoxicity from thujone-containing essential oil (Duke, 2002).

Safety note^[11]Serious

Use ONLY certified pyrrolizidine-alkaloid (PA)-free, standardised extracts. Raw or unprocessed butterbur contains PAs that are toxic to the liver and potentially carcinogenic.

Safety note^[11]Caution

Avoid during pregnancy and breastfeeding. As a member of the daisy family (Asteraceae), it can cause allergic reactions in people sensitive to ragweed and related plants. Watch for and report any signs of liver problems.

External Ids

Gbif: 3120946

Wikidata: Q26663

Gbif: 9490132

Wikidata: Q375620

Botanical Description

Tall, aromatic perennial herb with deeply lobed, dark green leaves that are distinctively silvery-white and woolly beneath. Small, dull reddish-brown to yellowish flower heads are borne in dense, branched, leafy spikes. The reddish-brown, ridged stems and the leaf's contrasting silver underside are characteristic field marks.^[3]

Height: 60-150 cm

Habit: Tall, erect, aromatic perennial herb

Leaves: Deeply lobed, dark green above, distinctively silvery-white woolly beneath

Flowers: Small, dull reddish-brown to yellowish flower heads in dense, branched, leafy spikes

Stem: Reddish-brown, ridged, often woody at the base

Root: Woody, spreading rhizome

Fruit: Small achene without pappus

Flowering Period: July-September

Robust, rhizomatous perennial herb (Asteraceae) that flowers before the leaves emerge: thick, pinkish, scaly flower spikes push up from the ground in early spring, followed by enormous rounded to heart-shaped leaves - up to about 1 m across at maturity - on stout stalks, giving rise to the common name 'umbrella plant'.^[2]

Height: Flower spikes low in early spring; leaves later up to ~1 m across

Habit: Robust, rhizomatous, colony-forming perennial herb

Leaves: Enormous, rounded to heart-shaped, up to ~1 m across, on stout stalks

Flowers: Thick, pinkish, scaly flower spikes, appearing before the leaves

Stem: Thick underground rhizome; scaly flowering stalks in early spring

Root: Thick, spreading rhizome

Fruit: Small ribbed achenes with a pappus (typical Asteraceae)

Flowering Period: February-April, before the leaves emerge

Habitat

A common plant of waste ground, roadsides, hedgerows and riverbanks; native to Europe, Asia and North Africa and widely naturalised in North America.^[3]

Native to damp, marshy ground across Europe and western Asia - riverbanks, ditches, wet meadows and damp woodland margins - favouring moist, nutrient-rich soils.^[2]

Harvesting

The flowering aerial parts (leaf and stem) are cut in summer as flowering begins and dried in a warm, shaded, airy place; the root can be dug in autumn.^[3]

Parts: Leaf, Root, Stem

Season: Summer for aerial parts; autumn for root

Rhizome/root is dug in autumn or early spring; leaves are gathered during the growing season. Raw material naturally contains hepatotoxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids, so commercial products are manufactured to remove them (PA-free standardised extracts); home-gathered material should never be used medicinally.^[11]

Parts: Root/rhizome, Leaf

Season: Root/rhizome in autumn or early spring; leaf during the growing season

Traditional Uses

Mugwort is a widely used traditional bitter digestive tonic and calming nervine, and has a long reputation as an emmenagogue for menstrual complaints (reflected in its traditional use to bring on delayed menstruation, which is also why it is contraindicated in pregnancy). It has also been burned as 'moxa' in East Asian moxibustion and used as an insect repellent ('sailor's tobacco').^[3]

Butterbur has a long European folk-medicine history as a fever remedy - the name 'pestilence wort' reflects its historic use during plague outbreaks - and for asthma, cough and migraine-type headache. Modern clinical trials of standardised, pyrrolizidine-alkaloid-free extracts support its use for migraine prevention and allergic rhinitis.^{[2, 3, 4]}

Preparations

Infusion^[3]

Dried leaf and flowering tops infused in hot water as a bitter digestive and calming tea.

Moxa (external heat therapy)^[3]

Dried, processed leaf ('moxa') burned near or on the skin over acupuncture points in traditional East Asian moxibustion.

Standardised PA-free extract (tablet)^{[3, 4, 11]}

The only recommended form - e.g. the CO2-extracted root product studied for migraine prevention, or the Ze 339 leaf extract studied for allergic rhinitis. Raw root or leaf tea should never be used, as it retains hepatotoxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids.

Dosage

Infusion^[13]

Health Canada's NNHPD monograph gives 0.2-2.4 g of dried herb top, 3 times per day, for adults 18 years and older, with infusion and decoction among the accepted methods of preparation. Educational reference only, not a prescription.

Standardised PA-free extract^{[3, 4]}

Clinical trials have used standardised PA-free extracts (for example around 50-75 mg twice daily of a CO2 root extract for migraine prevention). Always use a certified PA-free commercial product, never raw plant material. Educational reference only, not a prescription.

References

REF-0731, REF-0732, REF-0733, REF-1935, REF-1936, REF-1937, REF-1938, REF-1939, REF-1940, REF-1941, REF-1942, REF-1943

REF-1476, REF-1477, REF-1478, REF-1479, REF-1480, REF-1481, REF-1482, REF-1483, REF-1484, REF-1485

Drug Class Interactions

Safety note^{[18, 19]}Caution

Drug Class: sedatives-cns-depressants

Mechanism: Mugwort is traditionally used as a calming, sedative herb; taken with sedatives, sleeping tablets or other central-nervous-system depressants (including alcohol) it may add to drowsiness and slowed reactions.

Reviewed By: Omnia Sana (owner-authorized)

Reviewed Date: 2026-07-03

Not documented

Lookalikes Review

Outcome: has-lookalikes

Reviewed By: Omnia Sana (owner-authorized)

Reviewed Date: 2026-07-07

Outcome: has-lookalikes

Reviewed By: Omnia Sana (owner-authorized)

Reviewed Date: 2026-07-07

Dangerous Lookalikes

Safety note^{[20, 21]}Fatal

Dangerous Plant: aconitum-napellus

Confused Part: Young deeply lobed leaves gathered for use; young monkshood - the most poisonous plant in Europe - has similar deeply divided leaves.

Confusion Context: Mugwort (Artemisia vulgaris) is foraged for its aromatic, deeply lobed leaves. As Totally Wild UK warns, it would be a very deadly mistake to confuse young mugwort with monkshood (Aconitum napellus), whose young leaves are similarly deeply divided. Monkshood is considered the most poisonous plant in Europe: all parts contain aconitine, the lethal dose is only 2-6 mg, and poisoning can kill within hours through respiratory and cardiac failure - the toxin is even absorbed through the skin. Although monkshood is less common, its extreme toxicity makes this confusion critical to avoid.

Distinguishing Features: Leaf underside (decisive): mugwort leaves have a distinctive silvery-white woolly underside. Monkshood leaves are green and hairless on both sides, with no silver felt. No silver underside = not mugwort., Flowers: mugwort has small, dull reddish-brown flower spikes; monkshood has tall spikes of unmistakable hooded blue-purple flowers., Handling: do not handle a suspected monkshood with bare hands - aconitine can be absorbed through the skin.

Key Test: Turn the leaf over. A silvery-white woolly underside (with small dull flowers) = mugwort. Green, hairless undersides - and especially any hooded blue-purple flowers - mean monkshood, the most poisonous plant in Europe; do not gather or even handle it with bare hands.

Reviewed By: Omnia Sana (owner-authorized)

Reviewed Date: 2026-07-07

Safety note^[14]Dangerous

Dangerous Plant: adenostyles-alliariae

Confused Part: Very large rounded leaves and rhizome gathered for use; alpendost has similar large rounded leaves and the same hepatotoxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids.

Confusion Context: Butterbur (Petasites hybridus) has very large rounded leaves and is used medicinally (as pyrrolizidine-free standardised extracts). In the wild its foliage is confused with alpendost (Adenostyles alliariae) and coltsfoot, all large-leaved damp-ground plants. Alpendost contains hepatotoxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids and, gathered in mistake for coltsfoot/butterbur and brewed as tea, has caused liver veno-occlusive disease (Sperl et al., 1995). Butterbur's own raw leaves also contain pyrrolizidine alkaloids, so wild butterbur should only be used as tested, PA-free products rather than home-gathered material.

Distinguishing Features: Leaf: butterbur has enormous rounded leaves (up to about 1 m across when mature) on stout stalks; alpendost leaves are large but smaller and more coarsely toothed. Neither should be brewed from home-gathered material., Flowers: butterbur pushes up thick pinkish flower spikes in early spring before the leaves; alpendost has fluffy whitish-pink flower clusters among its leaves in summer., Best practice: do not brew wild butterbur or its large-leaved lookalikes at all - use only standardised, pyrrolizidine-free commercial butterbur preparations.

Key Test: Do not gather large rounded 'butterbur' leaves for tea - butterbur, alpendost and coltsfoot all look alike and carry liver-damaging pyrrolizidine alkaloids. Use only standardised, pyrrolizidine-free commercial butterbur products rather than home-collected leaves.

Reviewed By: Omnia Sana (owner-authorized)

Reviewed Date: 2026-07-07

References & Sources

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Guo, R. and Pittler, M.H. and Ernst, E (2007) 'Herbal medicines for the treatment of allergic rhinitis: a systematic review', Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology, 99(6), pp. 483--495. doi:10.1016/S1081-1206(10)60375-4 Meta-analysis / review
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Grossmann, M. and Schmidramsl, H (2000) 'An extract of Petasites hybridus is effective in the prophylaxis of migraine', International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 38(9), pp. 430--435. doi:10.5414/cpp38430 Randomized trial
https://doi.org/10.5414/cpp38430
Sperl, W. and Stuppner, H. and Gassner, I. and Judmaier, W. and Dietze, O. and Vogel, W (1995) 'Reversible hepatic veno-occlusive disease in an infant after consumption of pyrrolizidine-containing herbal tea', European Journal of Pediatrics, 154(2), pp. 112-6. doi:10.1007/BF01991912 Clinical study
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Generated automatically from the Omnia Sana plant database and its cited sources. For educational purposes only — not medical advice. Always consult a qualified practitioner before using medicinal plants.