Plant Comparison

White clover vs Fenugreek

A side-by-side comparison of two medicinal plants — every documented constituent, action, use, safety note and cited source, assembled automatically from the Omnia Sana database.

First plant
Second plant
Show:
Plant AWhite cloverTrifolium repensFabaceaeFull monograph →
Plant BFenugreekTrigonella foenum-graecumFabaceaeFull monograph →

At a glance

White clover and Fenugreek: both belong to the Fabaceae family; they share 5 indicated uses (arthritis / joint pain, cancer (anticancer research), inflammation (general), …); 3 pharmacological actions in common.

White cloverFenugreek
Constituents34
Pharmacological actions114
Indicated uses158
Safety notes23
Cited sources3317
Indicated uses
Only White clover
BruisingCold & fluImmune supportMenstrual crampsMuscle spasmWoundsKidney supportLiver supportInfection (general)Cognitive function
Shared (5)
Arthritis / joint painCancer (anticancer research)Inflammation (general)Skin irritationBlood sugar / diabetes support
Only Fenugreek
Cardiovascular / heart healthFertilityMetabolic support
Pharmacological actions
Only White clover
AntioxidantAntispasmodicImmunomodulator / immune supportVulnerary (wound healing)Nephroprotective (kidney support)Hepatoprotective (liver support)AntimicrobialNeuroprotective / cognition support
Shared (3)
Anti-inflammatoryAnticancer (preclinical)Antidiabetic (blood-sugar lowering)
Only Fenugreek
Aphrodisiac

Evidence face-off — shared uses

ConditionWhite cloverFenugreekVerdict
Arthritis / joint pain1/108/10Stronger for Fenugreek
Cancer (anticancer research)2/107/10Stronger for Fenugreek
Inflammation (general)2/107/10Stronger for Fenugreek
Skin irritation1/107/10Stronger for Fenugreek
Blood sugar / diabetes support2/107/10Stronger for Fenugreek

Evidence scores (1–10) are computed from the tier of each cited source. “Comparable” means the two scores are within one point. Follow a score to its detailed sources.

Key Constituents

Isoflavones[32]

Phytoestrogenic isoflavones, present at lower levels than in red clover.

Flavonoids
Cyanogenic glycosides (trace)[30]

Present in small amounts; not significant in normal food or tea use.

Glycosides
Phenolic acids and flavonoids[32]

Contribute to antioxidant activity.

Phenolic acidsFlavonoids
Steroidal saponins (diosgenin)[12]

Thought to contribute to the antidiabetic and cholesterol-lowering effects.

Saponins
Galactomannan (soluble fiber)[5]

Mucilaginous soluble fiber that slows carbohydrate absorption, a key mechanism behind the blood-sugar-lowering effect.

Polysaccharides
4-hydroxyisoleucine (amino acid)[12]

An unusual amino acid studied for insulin-potentiating activity.

Sotolon (flavor compound)[11]

Aromatic lactone responsible for fenugreek's characteristic maple-syrup smell, including the body-odor effect reported with supplementation.

Pharmacological Actions

Anti-inflammatory[1, 2, 5, 6, 22, 28, 30, 31, 32]
Antioxidant[1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 14, 16, 17, 20, 21, 23, 24, 25, 28, 30, 31, 32]
Antispasmodic[30, 31, 32]

Antispasmodic (cramp easing)

Immunomodulator / immune support[2, 30, 31, 32]
Vulnerary (wound healing)[1, 7, 13, 30, 31, 32]
Nephroprotective (kidney support)[4]
Anticancer (preclinical)[3, 10]
Hepatoprotective (liver support)[9]
Antimicrobial[12, 18, 22, 26, 28]
Antidiabetic (blood-sugar lowering)[10, 20]
Neuroprotective / cognition support[22, 23]
Anti-inflammatory[1, 5, 6, 9, 10, 11, 12]
Anticancer (preclinical)[8]
Antidiabetic (blood-sugar lowering)[4, 5, 6, 11, 12]
Aphrodisiac[3, 5, 11, 12]

Traditional & Indicated Uses

Arthritis / joint pain[30, 31, 32]Traditional · 1/10

inferred from anti-inflammatory action

Evidence: 1
Label: Arthritis / joint pain
Bruising[30, 31, 32]Traditional · 1/10

inferred from vulnerary action

Evidence: 1
Label: Bruising
Cancer (anticancer research)[3, 10]Traditional · 2/10

inferred from anticancer action

Evidence: 2
Label: Cancer (anticancer research)
Cold & flu[30, 31, 32]Traditional · 1/10

inferred from immunomodulator action

Evidence: 1
Label: Cold & flu
Immune support[30, 31, 32]Traditional · 1/10
Evidence: 1
Label: Immune support
Inflammation (general)[6, 30, 31, 32]Traditional · 2/10

inferred from anti-inflammatory action

Evidence: 2
Label: Inflammation (general)
Menstrual cramps[30, 31, 32]Traditional · 1/10

inferred from antispasmodic action

Evidence: 1
Label: Menstrual cramps
Muscle spasm[30, 31, 32]Traditional · 1/10

inferred from antispasmodic action

Evidence: 1
Label: Muscle spasm
Skin irritation[30, 31, 32]Traditional · 1/10

inferred from anti-inflammatory action

Evidence: 1
Label: Skin irritation
Wounds[1, 7, 13, 30, 31, 32]Good · 7/10

inferred from vulnerary action

Evidence: 7
Label: Wounds
Kidney support[4]Traditional · 2/10
Evidence: 2
Label: Kidney support
Liver support[9]Traditional · 2/10
Evidence: 2
Label: Liver support
Blood sugar / diabetes support[10, 20]Traditional · 2/10
Evidence: 2
Label: Blood sugar / diabetes support
Infection (general)[12, 18, 22, 26]Traditional · 2/10

inferred from antimicrobial action

Evidence: 2
Label: Infection (general)
Cognitive function[22, 23]Traditional · 2/10
Evidence: 2
Label: Cognitive function
Arthritis / joint pain[1, 5, 11, 12]Good · 8/10

inferred from anti-inflammatory action

Evidence: 8
Label: Arthritis / joint pain
Blood sugar / diabetes support[4, 5, 11, 12]Good · 7/10

inferred from antidiabetic action

Evidence: 7
Label: Blood sugar / diabetes support
Cancer (anticancer research)[8]Good · 7/10

inferred from anticancer action

Evidence: 7
Label: Cancer (anticancer research)
Cardiovascular / heart health[5, 11, 12]Good · 7/10
Evidence: 7
Label: Cardiovascular / heart health
Fertility[3, 5, 11, 12]Good · 8/10
Evidence: 8
Label: Fertility
Inflammation (general)[5, 9, 10, 11, 12]Good · 7/10

inferred from anti-inflammatory action

Evidence: 7
Label: Inflammation (general)
Metabolic support[5, 11, 12]Good · 7/10
Evidence: 7
Label: Metabolic support
Skin irritation[5, 11, 12]Good · 7/10

inferred from anti-inflammatory action

Evidence: 7
Label: Skin irritation

Safety, Cautions & Contraindications

Safety note[30, 31, 32]Caution

Generally very safe as a food and in moderate herbal use. Cyanogenic glucosides present in very small amounts — not significant in normal food or tea use. Isoflavones are phytoestrogens (as in red clover) — same precautions apply in hormone-sensitive conditions. Well tolerated by most people.

Safety note[30, 31, 32, 33]Info

Duke (2002) does not include a dedicated entry for white clover (Trifolium repens) in the Handbook of Medicinal Herbs, Second Edition.

Safety note[5, 11, 12]Info

Fenugreek appears https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/fenugreek for most people.

Safety note[5, 11, 12]Caution

Less serious side effects like diarrhea and indigestion have been reported anecdotally. You may also experience https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26251835/, which could be harmful if you have an eating disorder or are trying to https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/how-to-gain-weight. Moreover, some people report a strange and slightly sweet body odor when supplementing, but this is unconfirmed. Given its effect on blood sugar, fenugreek should be used with caution if you’re taking diabetes medication or other supplements that lower blood sugar levels.

Safety note[5, 11, 12, 13]Caution

Duke (2002) provides strong clinical evidence (score 2) for fenugreek's hypoglycemic and hypocholesterolemic activities — among the best-evidenced herbal treatments for blood sugar and lipid management. Anti-inflammatory and demulcent activities also have clinical support. The seed is Commission E approved as an appetite stimulant. Dose: 6–50 g of ground seeds daily for blood sugar management; 1–4 g seeds in tea for digestive use. The plant has lactagogue effects and can cause maple syrup-like body odor due to sotolon content. Contraindicated in pregnancy at medicinal doses due to uterotonic effects (Duke, 2002).

External Ids

Gbif: 5358748
Wikidata: Q148675
Gbif: 5360475
Wikidata: Q133205

Botanical Description

Low, creeping perennial herb rooting at the nodes, with trifoliate leaves, each leaflet oval and often marked with a pale chevron. Rounded white (sometimes pink-tinged) flower heads are borne on long stalks above the foliage.[30]

Height: 5-15 cm (creeping, flower stalks slightly taller)
Habit: Low, creeping, mat-forming perennial herb
Leaves: Trifoliate, each leaflet oval, often marked with a pale chevron
Flowers: Rounded white (sometimes pink-tinged) heads of small pea-like flowers on long stalks
Stem: Creeping, rooting at the nodes
Root: Fibrous roots with nitrogen-fixing nodules
Fruit: Small pod containing 3-4 seeds
Flowering Period: May-October

Erect annual herb with trifoliate leaves, each leaflet oblong and finely toothed toward the tip. Small, pale yellow to white, pea-like flowers are borne singly or in pairs in the leaf axils, followed by long, slender, curved seed pods.[11]

Height: 30-80 cm
Habit: Erect annual herb
Leaves: Trifoliate, each leaflet oblong, finely toothed toward the tip
Flowers: Small, pale yellow to white, pea-like, borne singly or in pairs in leaf axils
Stem: Erect, branching, slightly hairy
Root: Taproot with nitrogen-fixing nodules
Fruit: Long, slender, curved seed pod (10-15 cm) containing 10-20 hard, angular, yellow-brown seeds
Flowering Period: May-June

Habitat

Grows in lawns, pastures, meadows and grassy waste ground; native to Europe and western Asia and now naturalised worldwide, including as a common lawn and forage plant.[30]

Cultivated widely as a food and forage crop; native to the eastern Mediterranean and western Asia, now grown throughout South Asia, the Middle East and North Africa.[11]

Harvesting

Flowering heads and leaves are picked through the flowering season and dried in a warm, shaded, airy place.[30]

Parts: Flower, Leaf
Season: May-October

Leaves and young sprouts are harvested throughout the growing season; seed pods are collected when fully mature and dried, then the hard seeds are threshed out.[11]

Parts: Leaf, Seed, Young sprouts
Season: Leaf/sprouts through growing season; seed at maturity

Traditional Uses

White clover has a folk tradition, similar to but lighter than its relative red clover, as an anti-inflammatory and wound-healing remedy and mild expectorant, and modern research on its isoflavones and phenolics has additionally investigated antioxidant, kidney-protective and liver-protective activity.[30, 31, 32]

Fenugreek seed has an ancient tradition across the Mediterranean, Middle East and South Asia as a digestive and appetite-stimulant remedy and lactation aid, and modern clinical research strongly supports its traditional use for blood sugar and cholesterol management, formalised in Commission E approval as an appetite stimulant.[5, 11, 12]

Preparations

Infusion (flower/leaf)[30]

Dried flower and leaf infused in hot water as a traditional mild tonic and expectorant tea.

Ground seed / seed tea[5]

Ground seeds taken with food, or whole seeds soaked/simmered as a tea, the traditional preparation for digestive and blood sugar support.

Standardized extract (capsule)[5]

Standardized seed extract in capsule form, the form most used in clinical trials on blood sugar and cholesterol.

References

REF-1323, REF-1324, REF-1325, REF-1326, REF-1327, REF-2366, REF-2367, REF-2368, REF-2369, REF-2901, REF-2902, REF-2903, REF-2904, REF-2905, REF-2906, REF-2907, REF-2908, REF-2909, REF-2910, REF-2935, REF-2936, REF-2937, REF-2938, REF-2939, REF-2940, REF-2941, REF-2942, REF-2943, REF-2944
REF-1114, REF-1115, REF-1116, REF-1117, REF-0182, REF-1118, REF-1119, REF-1120, REF-1121, REF-1122

Lookalikes Review

Outcome: none-known
Reviewed By: Omnia Sana (owner-authorized)
Reviewed Date: 2026-07-07
Outcome: none-known
Reviewed By: Omnia Sana (owner-authorized)
Reviewed Date: 2026-07-07

Dosage

Not documented

Seed[5, 12]

Clinical research and traditional sources suggest around 6-50 g of ground seed daily (higher end for blood sugar management), or 1-4 g in tea for digestive use. Educational reference only, not a prescription.

Drug Class Interactions

Not documented

Safety note[14, 15]Caution
Drug Class: antidiabetics
Mechanism: Fenugreek seed lowers fasting and post-meal blood sugar (confirmed by a meta-analysis of randomised trials in type 2 diabetes and prediabetes), so taken with diabetes medicines it may add to their effect and increase the risk of hypoglycaemia; monitor blood glucose.
Reviewed By: Omnia Sana (owner-authorized)
Reviewed Date: 2026-07-03

Pairings

Not documented

Fenugreek and bitter melon can each lower blood sugar, so taking them together — especially alongside diabetes medicines — may add up and increase the risk of hypoglycaemia. Monitor your blood glucose.[15, 16]

Partner Id: momordica-charantia
Type: caution
Reviewed By: Omnia Sana (owner-authorized)
Reviewed Date: 2026-07-03

Fenugreek and black seed (Nigella sativa) can each lower blood sugar, so taking them together — especially alongside diabetes medicines — may add up and increase the risk of hypoglycaemia. Monitor your blood glucose.[15, 17]

Partner Id: nigella-sativa
Type: caution
Reviewed By: Omnia Sana (owner-authorized)
Reviewed Date: 2026-07-03

References & Sources

  1. Ngangom, L., Venugopal, D. and Pandey, N (2024) 'Investigation of Trifolium repens L. from the Indian Himalayan region as a phyto-therapeutic agent', Natural Product Research, 38(24), pp. 4468-4478. doi:10.1080/14786419.2023.2299319 Meta-analysis / review
    https://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2023.2299319
  2. Ahmad, S. and Zeb, A (2020) 'Phytochemical profile and pharmacological properties of Trifolium repens', Journal of Basic and Clinical Physiology and Pharmacology, 32(3), pp. 20200015. doi:10.1515/jbcpp-2020-0015 Meta-analysis / review
    https://doi.org/10.1515/jbcpp-2020-0015
  3. Sarno, F., Pepe, G., Termolino, P., Carafa, V. and others (2020) 'Trifolium repens Blocks Proliferation in Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia via the BCR-ABL/STAT5 Pathway', Cells, 9(2), pp. 379. doi:10.3390/cells9020379 Preclinical
    https://doi.org/10.3390/cells9020379
  4. Ahmad, S. and Zeb, A (2020) 'Nephroprotective property of Trifolium repens leaf extract against paracetamol-induced kidney damage in mice', 3 Biotech, 10(12), pp. 541. doi:10.1007/s13205-020-02539-0 Preclinical
    https://doi.org/10.1007/s13205-020-02539-0
  5. Kolodziejczyk-Czepas, J (2012) 'Trifolium species-derived substances and extracts--biological activity and prospects for medicinal applications', Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 143(1), pp. 14-23. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2012.06.048 Meta-analysis / review
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2012.06.048
  6. Chen, Y.H., Chen, P., Wang, Y., Yang, C.H., Wu, X., Wu, C.J., Luo, L., Wang, Q., Niu, C. and Yao, J.Y (2019) 'Structural characterization and anti-inflammatory activity evaluation of chemical constituents in the extract of Trifolium repens L', Journal of Food Biochemistry, 43(9), pp. e12981. doi:10.1111/jfbc.12981 Preclinical
    https://doi.org/10.1111/jfbc.12981
  7. Habibi Zadeh, S.K., Farahpour, M.R. and Kar, H.H (2020) 'The effect of topical administration of an ointment prepared from Trifolium repens hydroethanolic extract on the acceleration of excisional cutaneous wound healing', Wounds, 32(9), pp. 253-261. doi:10.25270/wnds/2020.253261 Preclinical
    https://doi.org/10.25270/wnds/2020.253261
  8. Kicel, A. and Wolbis, M (2012) 'Study on the phenolic constituents of the flowers and leaves of Trifolium repens L', Natural Product Research, 26(21), pp. 2050-2054. doi:10.1080/14786419.2011.637217 Preclinical
    https://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2011.637217
  9. Ahmad, S. and Zeb, A (2019) 'Effects of phenolic compounds from aqueous extract of Trifolium repens against acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity in mice', Journal of Food Biochemistry, 43(9), pp. e12963. doi:10.1111/jfbc.12963 Preclinical
    https://doi.org/10.1111/jfbc.12963
  10. Borczak, B. and Szewczyk, A. and Domagała, D. and Kapusta-Duch, J. and Leszczyńska, T. and Kotuła, M. and Grulova, D (2024) 'Potential Antidiabetic, Antioxidative and Antiproliferative Properties of Functional Wheat Flour Muffins Enriched with White Clover Flowers (Trifolium repens L.)', Int J Mol Sci, 25(18). doi:10.3390/ijms25189909 Preclinical
    https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25189909
  11. Rawat, P. and Kumar, B. and Misra, A. and Singh, S.P. and Singh, S.P. and Srivastava, S (2025) 'Effect of hydrolysed Trifolium repens L. extract on menopause-induced obesity and depressive symptoms: an in vitro and in vivo approach', Nat Prod Res, pp. 1-8. doi:10.1080/14786419.2025.2560636 Preclinical
    https://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2025.2560636
  12. Parić, A. and Mesic, A. and Mahmutović-Dizdarević, I. and Jerković-Mujkić, A. and Žujo, B. and Bašić, N. and Pustahija, F (2024) 'Bioactive potential of Trifolium repens L. essential oil', J Environ Sci Health B, 59(9), pp. 584-594. doi:10.1080/03601234.2024.2396730 Preclinical
    https://doi.org/10.1080/03601234.2024.2396730
  13. Renda, G. and Yalçın, F.N. and Nemutlu, E. and Akkol, E.K. and Süntar, I. and Keleş, H. and Ina, H. and Çalış, I. and Ersöz, T (2013) 'Comparative assessment of dermal wound healing potentials of various Trifolium L. extracts and determination of their isoflavone contents as potential active ingredients', J Ethnopharmacol, 148(2), pp. 423-32. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2013.04.031 Preclinical
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2013.04.031
  14. Ahmed, I.A.M. and Matthäus, B. and Özcan, M.M. and Juhaimi, F.A. and Ghafoor, K. and Babiker, E.E. and Osman, M.A. and Alqah, H.A.S (2020) 'Determination of Bioactive Lipid and Antioxidant Activity of Onobrychis, Pimpinella, Trifolium, and Phleum spp. Seed and Oils', J Oleo Sci, 69(11), pp. 1367-1371. doi:10.5650/jos.ess20153 Preclinical
    https://doi.org/10.5650/jos.ess20153
  15. Harlow, B.E. and Flythe, M.D. and Goodman, J.P. and Ji, H. and Aiken, G.E (2022) 'Isoflavone Containing Legumes Mitigate Ergot Alkaloid-Induced Vasoconstriction in Goats (Capra hircus)', Animals (Basel), 12(6). doi:10.3390/ani12060750 Preclinical
    https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12060750
  16. Shang, H. and Li, R. and Wu, H. and Sun, Z (2019) 'Polysaccharides from Trifolium repens L. extracted by different methods and extraction condition optimization', Sci Rep, 9(1), pp. 6353. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-42877-5 Preclinical
    https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-42877-5
  17. Prati, S. and Baravelli, V. and Fabbri, D. and Schwarzinger, C. and Brandolini, V. and Maietti, A. and Tedeschi, P. and Benvenuti, S. and Macchia, M. and Marotti, I. and Bonetti, A. and Catizone, P. and Dinelli, G (2007) 'Composition and content of seed flavonoids in forage and grain legume crops', J Sep Sci, 30(4), pp. 491-501. doi:10.1002/jssc.200600383 Preclinical
    https://doi.org/10.1002/jssc.200600383
  18. Woolsey, I.D. and Zeller, W.E. and Blomstrand, B.M. and Øines, Ø. and Enemark, H.L (2022) 'Effects of selected condensed tannins on Cryptosporidium parvum growth and proliferation in HCT-8 cell cultures', Exp Parasitol, 241, pp. 108353. doi:10.1016/j.exppara.2022.108353 Preclinical
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exppara.2022.108353
  19. Hou, K. and Xue, Q. and Shi, L. and Liu, S. and Zhong, X. and Liu, Y. and Wang, C (2026) 'Identification of Trifolium repens as a New Source of Glycyrrhetinic Acid: Pathway Elucidation and Heterologous Reconstruction in Yeast', J Agric Food Chem, 74(19), pp. 15182-15194. doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.6c02001 Preclinical
    https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.6c02001
  20. Tundis, R. and Marrelli, M. and Conforti, F. and Tenuta, M.C. and Bonesi, M. and Menichini, F. and Loizzo, M.R (2015) 'Trifolium pratense and T. repens (Leguminosae): Edible Flower Extracts as Functional Ingredients', Foods, 4(3), pp. 338-348. doi:10.3390/foods4030338 Preclinical
    https://doi.org/10.3390/foods4030338
  21. Başar, Y. and Yıldız, İ. and HOSAFLIOĞLU, İ. and Azeroual, A. and Erenler, R (2026) 'The Phytochemical Content and DPPH Activity of Trifolium repens L. Methanol Extract, and In Silico Studies', Adıyaman üniversitesi fen bilimleri dergisi, 16(1), pp. 61-76. doi:10.37094/adyujsci.1813336 Preclinical
    https://doi.org/10.37094/adyujsci.1813336
  22. Ayoubi, S.A. and Abdelwahab, I. and Ela, M.A. and Lakany, A.E. and Raafat, K (2026) 'Advanced Hybrid-Green Ultrasound–Infrared–Microwave Trifolium repens Essential oil Isolation with Multi-Target Ethnomedicine Bioactivity against Neuropathy, Inflammation and Multidrug-Resistant Infection', Journal of Food and Drug Analysis, 34(2). doi:10.38212/2224-6614.3595 Preclinical
    https://doi.org/10.38212/2224-6614.3595
  23. Ahmad, S. and Zeb, A. and Ayaz, M. and Murkovic, M (2019) 'Characterization of phenolic compounds using UPLC–HRMS and HPLC–DAD and anti-cholinesterase and anti-oxidant activities of Trifolium repens L. leaves', European Food Research and Technology, 246(3), pp. 485-496. doi:10.1007/s00217-019-03416-8 Preclinical
    https://doi.org/10.1007/s00217-019-03416-8
  24. Petrović, M. and Stanković, M. and Anđelković, B. and Babić, S. and Zornić, V. and Vasiljević, S. and Stevanović, Z.D (2016) 'Quality Parameters and Antioxidant Activity of Three Clover Species in Relation to the Livestock Diet', Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca, 44(1), pp. 201-208. doi:10.15835/nbha44110144 Preclinical
    https://doi.org/10.15835/nbha44110144
  25. Jakubczyk, K. and Łukomska, A. and Gutowska, I. and Kochman, J. and Janił, J. and Janda, K (2021) 'Edible Flowers Extracts as a Source of Bioactive Compounds with Antioxidant Properties—In Vitro Studies', Applied Sciences, 11(5), pp. 2120-2120. doi:10.3390/app11052120 Preclinical
    https://doi.org/10.3390/app11052120
  26. Ngangom, L. and Venugopal, D. and Pandey, N. and Kumar, N (2022) 'In-silico screening and identification of potential bioactive compounds of Trifolium repens against pathogenic bacterial target proteins', Materials Today Proceedings, 73, pp. 142-150. doi:10.1016/j.matpr.2022.09.501 Preclinical
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2022.09.501
  27. Amer, B. and Juul, L. and Møller, A.H. and Møller, H.S. and Dalsgaard, T.K (2020) 'Improved solubility of proteins from white and red clover – inhibition of redox enzymes', International Journal of Food Science & Technology, 56(1), pp. 302-311. doi:10.1111/ijfs.14632 Preclinical
    https://doi.org/10.1111/ijfs.14632
  28. Pap, N. and Granato, D. and Järvenpää, E. and Tienaho, J. and Marnila, P. and Hellström, J. and Pihlava, J. and Franco, M. and Stefański, T. and Rinne, M (2024) 'Biorefining of legume and grass biomasses: Technological properties and bioactivities of the green juice', Future Foods, 9, pp. 100331-100331. doi:10.1016/j.fufo.2024.100331 Preclinical
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fufo.2024.100331
  29. Ahn, C. and Lee, J. and Park, M.J. and Kim, J. and Yang, J. and Yoo, Y. and Jeung, E (2020) 'Cytostatic effects of plant essential oils on human skin and lung cells', Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 19(3), pp. 2008-2018. doi:10.3892/etm.2020.8460 Preclinical
    https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2020.8460
  30. Bhattacharya, S. et al (2013) 'Review of the botanical, phytochemical, pharmacological and toxicological properties of white clover (Trifolium repens L.)', 7(7), pp. 583--588. Traditional / reference
    https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Review%20of%20the%20botanical%2C%20phytochemical%2C%20pharmacological%20and%20toxicological%20properties%20of%20white%20clover%20%28Trifolium%20repens%20L.%29
  31. Grieve, M (1931) 'A Modern Herbal'. Traditional / reference
    https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=A%20Modern%20Herbal
  32. Klaiber, I. et al (2002) 'Health benefits of isoflavones from clover species', 16(1), pp. 1--8. Traditional / reference
    https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Health%20benefits%20of%20isoflavones%20from%20clover%20species
  33. Duke, J.A (2002) 'Handbook of Medicinal Herbs, Second Edition'. Traditional / reference
    https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Handbook%20of%20Medicinal%20Herbs%2C%20Second%20Edition
  1. Faghfoori, Z., Javadivala, Z., Khalili, Y. and Malek Mahdavi, A (2023) 'Effects of Trigonella foenum-graecum (fenugreek) on rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic review', Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology, 45(5), pp. 626-634. doi:10.1080/08923973.2023.2202298 Meta-analysis / review
    https://doi.org/10.1080/08923973.2023.2202298
  2. Ouzir, M., El Bairi, K. and Amzazi, S (2016) 'Toxicological properties of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum graecum)', Food and Chemical Toxicology, 96, pp. 145-154. doi:10.1016/j.fct.2016.08.003 Meta-analysis / review
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2016.08.003
  3. Rao, A., Steels, E., Inder, W.J., Abraham, S. and others (2016) 'Testofen, a specialised Trigonella foenum-graecum seed extract reduces age-related symptoms of androgen decrease, increases testosterone levels and improves sexual function in healthy aging males in a double-blind randomised clinical study', The Aging Male, 19(2), pp. 134-142. doi:10.3109/13685538.2015.1135323 Randomized trial
    https://doi.org/10.3109/13685538.2015.1135323
  4. Avalos-Soriano, A., De la Cruz-Cordero, R., Rosado, J.L. and Garcia-Gasca, T (2016) '4-Hydroxyisoleucine from Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum): Effects on Insulin Resistance Associated with Obesity', Molecules, 21(11), pp. 1596. doi:10.3390/molecules21111596 Preclinical
    https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules21111596
  5. Neelakantan, N., Narayanan, M., de Souza, R.J. and van Dam, R.M (2014) 'Effect of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) intake on glycemia: a meta-analysis of clinical trials', pp. 7. Meta-analysis / review
    https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Effect%20of%20fenugreek%20%28Trigonella%20foenum-graecum%20L.%29%20intake%20on%20glycemia%3A%20a%20meta-analysis%20of%20clinical%20trials
  6. Nagulapalli Venkata, K.C., Swaroop, A., Bagchi, D. and Bishayee, A (2017) 'A small plant with big benefits: Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum Linn.) for disease prevention and health promotion', Molecular Nutrition & Food Research, 61(6), pp. 1600950. doi:10.1002/mnfr.201600950 Meta-analysis / review
    https://doi.org/10.1002/mnfr.201600950
  7. Ulbricht, C., Basch, E., Burke, D., Cheung, L. and others (2007) 'Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L. Leguminosae): an evidence-based systematic review by the natural standard research collaboration', Journal of Herbal Pharmacotherapy, 7(3-4), pp. 143-177. doi:10.1080/15228940802142852 Meta-analysis / review
    https://doi.org/10.1080/15228940802142852
  8. El Bairi, K., Ouzir, M., Agnieszka, N. and Khalki, L (2017) 'Anticancer potential of Trigonella foenum graecum: Cellular and molecular targets', Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 90, pp. 479-491. doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2017.03.071 Meta-analysis / review
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2017.03.071
  9. Piao, C.H., Bui, T.T., Song, C.H., Shin, H.S. and others (2017) 'Trigonella foenum-graecum alleviates airway inflammation of allergic asthma in ovalbumin-induced mouse model', Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 482(4), pp. 1284-1288. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.12.029 Preclinical
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.12.029
  10. Asif, M., Yousaf, H.M., Saleem, M., Saadullah, M. and others (2021) 'Trigonella foenum-graecum Seeds Oil Attenuated Inflammation and Angiogenesis in vivo through Down-Regulation of TNF-alpha', Anti-Cancer Agents in Medicinal Chemistry, 21(11), pp. 1460-1471. doi:10.2174/1871520620666201005100132 Preclinical
    https://doi.org/10.2174/1871520620666201005100132
  11. World Health Organization (1999) 'WHO Monographs on Selected Medicinal Plants'. Traditional / reference
    https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=WHO%20Monographs%20on%20Selected%20Medicinal%20Plants
  12. Kumar, P. and Bhandari, U (2013) 'Protective effect of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) seeds in experimentally-induced myocardial infarction', 23(2), pp. 255--261. Traditional / reference
    https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Protective%20effect%20of%20fenugreek%20%28Trigonella%20foenum-graecum%20L.%29%20seeds%20in%20experimentally-induced%20myocardial%20infarction
  13. Duke, J.A (2002) 'Handbook of Medicinal Herbs, Second Edition'. Traditional / reference
    https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Handbook%20of%20Medicinal%20Herbs%2C%20Second%20Edition
  14. Neelakantan, N., Narayanan, M., de Souza, R.J. and van Dam, R.M (2014) 'Effect of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) intake on glycemia: a meta-analysis of clinical trials', Nutrition Journal, 13, pp. 7. doi:10.1186/1475-2891-13-7 Meta-analysis / review
    https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2891-13-7
  15. Kim, J., Noh, W., Kim, A., Choi, Y. and Kim, Y.S (2023) 'The effect of fenugreek in type 2 diabetes and prediabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials', International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 24(18), pp. 13999. doi:10.3390/ijms241813999 Meta-analysis / review
    https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241813999
  16. Zhang, X., Zhao, Y., Song, Y. and Miao, M (2024) 'Effects of Momordica charantia L. supplementation on glycemic control and lipid profile in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials', Heliyon, 10(10), pp. e31126. doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e31126 Meta-analysis / review
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e31126
  17. Daryabeygi-Khotbehsara, R., Golzarand, M., Ghaffari, M.P. and Djafarian, K (2017) 'Nigella sativa improves glucose homeostasis and serum lipids in type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis', Complementary Therapies in Medicine, 35, pp. 6-13. doi:10.1016/j.ctim.2017.08.016 Meta-analysis / review
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctim.2017.08.016

Generated automatically from the Omnia Sana plant database and its cited sources. For educational purposes only — not medical advice. Always consult a qualified practitioner before using medicinal plants.