Plant Comparison

Greater Plantain vs Japanese Rose

A side-by-side comparison of two medicinal plants — every documented constituent, action, use, safety note and cited source, assembled automatically from the Omnia Sana database.

First plant

Second plant

Plant AGreater PlantainPlantago majorPlantaginaceaeFull monograph →

Plant BJapanese RoseRosa rugosaRosaceaeFull monograph →

At a glance

Greater Plantain and Japanese Rose: they share 6 indicated uses (arthritis / joint pain, inflammation (general), skin irritation, …); 4 pharmacological actions in common.

Greater PlantainJapanese Rose

Constituents54

Pharmacological actions134

Indicated uses157

Safety notes52

Cited sources5414

Indicated uses

Only Greater Plantain

BronchitisBruisingConstipationCoughDiarrhoeaInfection (general)Respiratory supportSore throatWounds

Shared (6)

Arthritis / joint painInflammation (general)Skin irritationImmune supportCancer (anticancer research)Cardiovascular / heart health

Only Japanese Rose

Cold & flu

Pharmacological actions

Only Greater Plantain

AntimicrobialAstringentDemulcent (soothing mucilage)ExpectorantLaxativeVulnerary (wound healing)AntiviralAnalgesic (pain relief)Antifungal

Shared (4)

Anti-inflammatoryAntioxidantImmunomodulator / immune supportAnticancer (preclinical)

Only Japanese Rose

none

Evidence face-off — shared uses

Condition	Greater Plantain	Japanese Rose	Verdict
Arthritis / joint pain	1/10	7/10	Stronger for Japanese Rose
Inflammation (general)	1/10	7/10	Stronger for Japanese Rose
Skin irritation	1/10	7/10	Stronger for Japanese Rose
Immune support	2/10	7/10	Stronger for Japanese Rose
Cancer (anticancer research)	2/10	2/10	Comparable evidence
Cardiovascular / heart health	2/10	7/10	Stronger for Japanese Rose

Evidence scores (1–10) are computed from the tier of each cited source. “Comparable” means the two scores are within one point. Follow a score to its detailed sources.

Key Constituents

Iridoid glycosides (aucubin, catalpol)^{[1, 36]}

Characteristic iridoids of Plantago major.

Iridoid glycosidesGlycosides

Caffeic acid esters (plantamajoside, acteoside/verbascoside)^{[1, 36]}

Polyphenolic esters contributing to antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity.

Caffeic acidVerbascoside (acteoside)

Flavonoids (baicalein, luteolin, hispidulin)^[1]

Flavonoid constituents of the leaf.

FlavonoidsLuteolin

Allantoin^[36]

Cell-proliferative compound supporting wound healing.

Allantoin

Mucilage and triterpenes (ursolic and oleanolic acid)^{[1, 36]}

Demulcent mucilage plus anti-inflammatory triterpenes.

Terpenes / terpenoidsMucilage

Flavonoids (quercetin, kaempferol glycosides)^[2]

The dominant bioactive class, driving much of the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity.

FlavonoidsQuercetinKaempferol

Polysaccharides^[1]

Studied for immunomodulatory, hepatoprotective and gut-microbiota-modulating effects.

Polysaccharides

Vitamin C and carotenoids (hips)^[2]

Concentrated in the hips, underpinning their traditional food-tonic use.

Carotenoids

Oleamide and other root compounds^[8]

Isolated from the root and studied for antioxidant/neuroprotective activity.

Pharmacological Actions

Anti-inflammatory^{[7, 8, 29, 30, 31, 39, 40, 41]}

Antimicrobial^{[1, 9, 32, 35]}

Antioxidant^{[1, 11, 12, 23, 24, 34, 39, 40, 41]}

Astringent^{[37, 38]}

Astringent (diarrhoea)

Demulcent (soothing mucilage)^{[6, 13, 37, 38]}

Demulcent / expectorant (coughs, catarrh, irritated airways)

Expectorant^{[2, 10, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41]}

Demulcent / expectorant (coughs, catarrh, irritated airways)

Laxative^{[2, 13, 38]}

Bulk laxative (mucilaginous seeds)

Vulnerary (wound healing)^{[3, 4, 5, 25, 26, 27, 28, 36, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42]}

Vulnerary (wound healing) - fresh leaf poultice

Immunomodulator / immune support^{[16, 17, 18, 19, 20]}

Antiviral^{[16, 33]}

Anticancer (preclinical)^{[16, 21, 22]}

Analgesic (pain relief)^[30]

Antifungal^[35]

Anti-inflammatory^{[1, 2, 7, 11, 12, 13]}

Anticancer (preclinical)^{[6, 10]}

Antioxidant^{[1, 2, 5, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13]}

Immunomodulator / immune support^{[6, 9, 11, 12, 13]}

Traditional & Indicated Uses

Arthritis / joint pain^{[39, 40, 41]}Traditional · 1/10

inferred from anti-inflammatory action

Evidence: 1

Label: Arthritis / joint pain

Bronchitis^{[37, 38, 39, 40, 41]}Traditional · 1/10

inferred from expectorant action

Evidence: 1

Label: Bronchitis

Bruising^{[36, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42]}Traditional · 1/10

inferred from vulnerary action

Evidence: 1

Label: Bruising

Constipation^[38]Traditional · 1/10

inferred from laxative action

Evidence: 1

Label: Constipation

Cough^{[37, 38]}Traditional · 1/10

Demulcent / expectorant (coughs, catarrh, irritated airways)

Evidence: 1

Label: Cough

Diarrhoea^{[37, 38]}Traditional · 1/10

Astringent (diarrhoea)

Evidence: 1

Label: Diarrhoea

Infection (general)^[1]Traditional · 1/10

inferred from antimicrobial action

Evidence: 1

Label: Infection (general)

Inflammation (general)^{[39, 40, 41]}Traditional · 1/10

inferred from anti-inflammatory action

Evidence: 1

Label: Inflammation (general)

Respiratory support^{[37, 38, 39, 40, 41]}Traditional · 1/10

inferred from expectorant action

Evidence: 1

Label: Respiratory support

Skin irritation^{[39, 40, 41]}Traditional · 1/10

inferred from anti-inflammatory action

Evidence: 1

Label: Skin irritation

Sore throat^{[37, 38]}Traditional · 1/10

inferred from demulcent action

Evidence: 1

Label: Sore throat

Wounds^{[25, 36, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42]}Traditional · 2/10

inferred from vulnerary action

Evidence: 2

Label: Wounds

Immune support^[16]Traditional · 2/10

P. major extract showed immunomodulatory, antiviral and cytotoxic effects in vitro.

Evidence: 2

Label: Immune support

Cancer (anticancer research)^[21]Traditional · 2/10

P. major extracts/compounds inhibited proliferation of cancer cell lines (preclinical).

Evidence: 2

Label: Cancer (anticancer research)

Cardiovascular / heart health^{[23, 24]}Traditional · 2/10

Plantamajoside attenuated cardiac fibrosis via AGEs/RAGE inhibition (preclinical).

Evidence: 2

Label: Cardiovascular / heart health

Arthritis / joint pain^{[11, 12, 13]}Good · 7/10

inferred from anti-inflammatory action

Evidence: 7

Label: Arthritis / joint pain

Cancer (anticancer research)^{[6, 10]}Traditional · 2/10

inferred from anticancer action

Evidence: 2

Label: Cancer (anticancer research)

Cardiovascular / heart health^{[4, 11, 12, 13]}Good · 7/10

Evidence: 7

Label: Cardiovascular / heart health

Cold & flu^{[11, 12, 13]}Good · 7/10

inferred from immunomodulator action

Evidence: 7

Label: Cold & flu

Immune support^{[11, 12, 13]}Good · 7/10

Evidence: 7

Label: Immune support

Inflammation (general)^{[11, 12, 13]}Good · 7/10

inferred from anti-inflammatory action

Evidence: 7

Label: Inflammation (general)

Skin irritation^{[3, 7, 11, 12, 13]}Good · 7/10

inferred from anti-inflammatory action

Evidence: 7

Label: Skin irritation

Safety, Cautions & Contraindications

Safety note^{[39, 40, 41]}Caution

Extremely safe; one of the most widely used edible and medicinal plants in the world. Psyllium seeds (closely related) are well-studied as a bulk laxative but should always be taken with adequate water. Allergic reactions are rare but possible. No significant drug interactions documented at normal doses.

Safety note^{[39, 40, 41, 43]}Info

Duke (2002) rates plantain as ++ and notes anti-inflammatory, antitussive, antiatherosclerotic, and COX-2-inhibitory activities at the experimental level (score 1). The seeds (psyllium) of related species have clinical evidence for cholesterol reduction and as bulk laxatives, though entries here apply to the leaf. Dose: leaf as tea or poultice for wounds, sore throat, and bronchial conditions. Duke notes the plant is generally safe with anti-inflammatory topical use well-supported in traditional practice. Commission E approved plantain (ribwort species) for catarrh and wound healing (Duke, 2002).

Safety note^{[36, 38]}Info

Generally regarded as safe as food and in customary medicinal use; allergic reactions are uncommon, though the abundant wind-borne pollen can aggravate hay fever in sensitive people.

Safety note^{[36, 44]}Info

Correct identification is essential and material should be gathered away from roadsides, sprayed lawns and other contaminated ground; deep or infected wounds warrant proper medical care.

Safety note^{[45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54]}Info

Additional omniasana.bio sources cited for Plantago major (identification, distribution, foraging, traditional use and supporting evidence; see bibliography).

Safety note^{[11, 12, 13]}Caution

Generally safe as a food plant. Rose hips should be used after removing the achenes (seeds and inner hairs), which can cause irritation. Allergic reactions are rare. No significant drug interactions documented.

Safety note^{[11, 12, 13, 14]}Info

Duke (2002) does not include a dedicated entry for Japanese rose (Rosa rugosa) in the Handbook of Medicinal Herbs, Second Edition.

External Ids

Gbif: 3189767

Wikidata: Q157154

Gbif: 3003979

Wikidata: Q634975

Botanical Description

Low, rosette-forming perennial herb (Plantaginaceae) with broad, oval to rounded leaves marked by 5-9 prominent parallel ribs, borne on long, channelled petioles. Slender, leafless flowering spikes rise from the rosette bearing tiny, densely packed greenish flowers, followed by small seed capsules.^[36]

Height: Low rosette; flowering spikes 10-40 cm

Habit: Low rosette-forming perennial herb

Leaves: Broad, oval to rounded, 5-9-ribbed, long-petioled

Flowers: Tiny, densely packed, greenish, in slender spikes

Stem: Slender, leafless flowering spike

Root: Fibrous perennial rootstock

Fruit: Small seed capsule

Flowering Period: June-September

Dense, thicket-forming deciduous shrub (Rosaceae), 1-1.5 m tall (occasionally to 2 m), with stems densely covered in numerous straight, bristly thorns. Leaves are pinnate with 5-9 deeply veined, glossy, leathery leaflets. Large, fragrant, deep pink to white, five-petalled flowers are followed by large, tomato-red, flattened-globose hips.^[2]

Height: 1-1.5 m (occasionally to 2 m)

Habit: Dense, thicket-forming deciduous shrub

Leaves: Pinnate, 5-9 deeply veined, glossy, leathery leaflets

Flowers: Large, fragrant, deep pink to white, five-petalled

Stem: Densely covered in numerous straight, bristly thorns

Root: Woody, suckering root system

Fruit: Large, tomato-red, flattened-globose hips

Flowering Period: June-September

Habitat

Native to Europe and temperate Asia and now one of the most widespread naturalised weeds worldwide (the name 'waybread', or historically 'white man's foot', reflects its spread along paths and trails); thrives on compacted, disturbed ground such as paths, lawns and roadsides.^[36]

Native to coastal eastern Asia (Japan, Korea, China, far-eastern Russia), typically growing on sand dunes and coastal scrub. Widely planted and naturalised as an ornamental and hedging shrub, notably tolerant of salt spray, wind and poor sandy soils, in temperate coastal regions worldwide.^[2]

Harvesting

Leaves are gathered fresh throughout the growing season, especially for poultice use; seed is collected in autumn once ripe.^[36]

Parts: Leaf, Seed

Season: Leaf throughout the growing season; seed in autumn

Flowers/petals are picked as they open in summer; hips are picked in autumn once fully coloured and slightly softened.^[2]

Parts: Flower, Fruit, Petals

Season: Flower in summer; hips in autumn

Traditional Uses

Greater plantain is one of the most widely used wound herbs across world folk-medicine traditions, applied fresh as a poultice to cuts, stings and insect bites, and taken as a tea for cough, digestive upset and mild diarrhoea. Modern reviews confirm broad anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant and wound-healing activity supporting these traditional uses.^{[1, 36]}

Rosa rugosa has a long East Asian tradition - particularly in Traditional Chinese Medicine, where the flower is known as 'Mei Gui Hua' - as a mood-regulating, digestive and menstrual-cycle-supporting remedy, and the vitamin-C-rich hips are used as a food tonic. Modern research on its flavonoid- and polysaccharide-rich extracts supports broad antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective and immunomodulatory activity.^[2]

Preparations

Fresh leaf poultice^[36]

Crushed or chewed fresh leaf applied directly to wounds, stings and insect bites - the classic traditional first-aid use.

Infusion (tea)^{[37, 38]}

Dried leaf steeped in hot water for cough, digestive complaints and mild diarrhoea.

Seed (bulk fibre)^[38]

The mucilaginous seed, related to psyllium, used traditionally as a mild bulk laxative.

Flower tea/infusion^[2]

Dried petals or flower buds steeped in hot water - the classic Traditional Chinese Medicine preparation.

Standardised extract^{[1, 2]}

Concentrated flavonoid/polysaccharide extract used in research.

Dosage

Leaf tea / poultice^{[39, 40, 41]}

Duke (2002): leaf taken as a tea, or used fresh as a poultice, for wounds, sore throat and bronchial conditions. Educational reference only, not a prescription.

Flower infusion^[2]

Traditional guidance suggests roughly 3-6 g dried flower per cup as an infusion, or hip tea/syrup at similar strength, taken once or twice daily. Educational reference only, not a prescription.

References

REF-0354, REF-1758, REF-1759, REF-1760, REF-1761, REF-1762, REF-1763, REF-1764, REF-1765, REF-1766, REF-1767, REF-1768, REF-1769, REF-2993, REF-2994, REF-2995, REF-2996, REF-2997, REF-2998, REF-2999, REF-3000, REF-3001, REF-3002, REF-3003, REF-3004, REF-3005, REF-3006, REF-3007, REF-3008, REF-3009, REF-3010, REF-3011, REF-3012, REF-3013, REF-3014

REF-1005, REF-1006, REF-1007, REF-1008, REF-1009, REF-1010, REF-1011, REF-1012, REF-1013, REF-1014

Lookalikes Review

Outcome: none-known

Reviewed By: Omnia Sana (owner-authorized)

Reviewed Date: 2026-07-07

Outcome: none-known

Reviewed By: Omnia Sana (owner-authorized)

Reviewed Date: 2026-07-07

References & Sources

Adom, M.B., Taher, M., Mutalabisin, M.F., Amri, M.S., Abdul Kudos, M.B., Wan Sulaiman, M.W.A., Sengupta, P. and Susanti, D (2017) 'Chemical constituents and medical benefits of Plantago major', pp. 348--360. doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2017.09.152 Traditional / reference
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2017.09.152
Najafian, Y., Hamedi, S.S., Farshchi, M.K. and Feyzabadi, Z (2018) 'Plantago major in Traditional Persian Medicine and modern phytotherapy: a narrative review', Electronic Physician, 10(2), pp. 6390-6399. doi:10.19082/6390 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.19082/6390
Cardoso, F.C.I., Breder, J.C., Apolinario, P.P., Oliveira, H.C., Saidel, M.G.B., Dini, A.P., Oliveira-Kumakura, A.R. and Lima, M.H.M (2021) 'The Effect of Plantago major on Wound Healing in Preclinical Studies: A Systematic Review', Wound Management & Prevention, 67(1), pp. 27-34. doi:10.25270/wmp.2021.1.2734 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.25270/wmp.2021.1.2734
Ghanadian, M., Soltani, R., Homayouni, A., Khorvash, F., Jouabadi, S.M. and Abdollahzadeh, M (2022) 'The Effect of Plantago major Hydroalcoholic Extract on the Healing of Diabetic Foot and Pressure Ulcers: A Randomized Open-Label Controlled Clinical Trial', The International Journal of Lower Extremity Wounds, 23(3), pp. 475-481. doi:10.1177/15347346211070723 Randomized trial
https://doi.org/10.1177/15347346211070723
Ghiasian, M., Niroomandi, Z., Dastan, D., Poorolajal, J., Zare, F. and Ataei, S (2021) 'Clinical and phytochemical studies of Plantago major in pressure ulcer treatment: A randomized controlled trial', Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice, 43, pp. 101325. doi:10.1016/j.ctcp.2021.101325 Randomized trial
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctcp.2021.101325
Cabrera-Jaime, S., Martinez, C., Ferro-Garcia, T., Giner-Boya, P., Icart-Isern, T., Estrada-Masllorens, J.M. and Fernandez-Ortega, P (2017) 'Efficacy of Plantago major, chlorhexidine 0.12% and sodium bicarbonate 5% solution in the treatment of oral mucositis in cancer patients with solid tumour: A feasibility randomised triple-blind phase III clinical trial', European Journal of Oncology Nursing, 32, pp. 40-47. doi:10.1016/j.ejon.2017.11.006 Randomized trial
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejon.2017.11.006
Zubair, M., Widen, C., Renvert, S. and Rumpunen, K (2018) 'Water and ethanol extracts of Plantago major leaves show anti-inflammatory activity on oral epithelial cells', Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine, 9(3), pp. 169-171. doi:10.1016/j.jtcme.2017.09.002 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtcme.2017.09.002
Turel, I., Ozbek, H., Erten, R., Oner, A.C., Cengiz, N. and Yilmaz, O (2009) 'Hepatoprotective and anti-inflammatory activities of Plantago major L', Indian Journal of Pharmacology, 41(3), pp. 120-124. doi:10.4103/0253-7613.55211 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.4103/0253-7613.55211
Turki Monawer, A. and Mohammed Abdulkahar Mammani, I (2023) 'Antibacterial activity of ethanolic extracts of Plantago major leaves against Pseudomonas aeruginosa from burn infections', Journal of Infection in Developing Countries, 17(2), pp. 276-280. doi:10.3855/jidc.17576 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.3855/jidc.17576
Boskabadi, J., Saadat, S. and Boskabady, M.H (2020) 'The Relaxant Effect of Plantago Major on Rat Tracheal Smooth Muscles and Its Possible Mechanisms', Iranian Journal of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology, 19(4), pp. 386-396. doi:10.18502/ijaai.v19i4.4113 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.18502/ijaai.v19i4.4113
Parhizgar, S., Hosseinian, S., Soukhtanloo, M., Bideskan, A.E., Hadjzadeh, M., Shahraki, S., Noshahr, Z.S., Heravi, N.E., Haghshenas, M. and Rad, A.K (2018) 'Plantago major protects against cisplatin-induced renal dysfunction and tissue damage in rats', Saudi Journal of Kidney Diseases and Transplantation, 29(5), pp. 1057-1064. doi:10.4103/1319-2442.243960 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.4103/1319-2442.243960
Naji Ebrahimi Yazd, Z., Shahraki, S., Hosseinian, S., Shafei, M.N., Bideskan, A.E., Mohebbati, R., Heravi, N.E., Mahzari, S. and Rad, A.K (2019) 'Renoprotective Effect of Plantago major Against Proteinuria and Apoptosis Induced by Adriamycin in Rat', Journal of Pharmacopuncture, 22(1), pp. 35-40. doi:10.3831/KPI.2019.22.004 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.3831/KPI.2019.22.004
Alizadeh Behbahani, B., Tabatabaei Yazdi, F., Shahidi, F., Hesarinejad, M.A., Mortazavi, S.A. and Mohebbi, M (2016) 'Plantago major seed mucilage: Optimization of extraction and some physicochemical and rheological aspects', Carbohydrate Polymers, 155, pp. 68-77. doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.08.051 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.08.051
Majeed, A. and Zulfiqar, Z. and Fatima, Z. and Fatima, S. and Muhammad, G. and Wajid, M. and Khan, R.R.M. and Mushtaq, M. and Ashraf, A (2026) 'Phytochemical profile and biological activities of Plantago major L.: A comprehensive review', Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine. doi:10.4103/apjtb.apjtb_644_25 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.4103/apjtb.apjtb_644_25
Akram, M. and Hamid, A. and Khalil, A. and Ghaffar, A. and Tayyaba, N. and Saeed, A. and Ali, M. and Naveed, A (2014) 'Review on Medicinal Uses, Pharmacological, Phytochemistry and Immunomodulatory Activity of Plants', International Journal of Immunopathology and Pharmacology. doi:10.1177/039463201402700301 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.1177/039463201402700301
Chiang, L. and Chiang, W.C. and Chang, M. and Lin, C (2003) 'In Vitro Cytotoxic, Antiviral and Immunomodulatory Effects of Plantago major and Plantago asiatica', The American Journal of Chinese Medicine. doi:10.1142/s0192415x03000874 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1142/s0192415x03000874
Gomez‐Flores, R. and Calderón, C.L. and Scheibel, L.W. and Tamez‐Guerra, P. and Rodrı́guez-Padilla, C. and Támez-Guerra, R. and Wéber, R (2000) 'Immunoenhancing properties ofPlantago major leaf extract', Phytotherapy Research. doi:10.1002/1099-1573(200012)14:8<617::aid-ptr674>3.0.co;2-n Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1002/1099-1573(200012)14:8<617::aid-ptr674>3.0.co;2-n
Samuelsen, A.B. and Paulsen, B.S. and Wold, J.K. and Otsuka, H. and Yamada, H. and Espevik, T (1995) 'Isolation and partial characterization of biologically active polysaccharides from Plantago major L', Phytotherapy Research. doi:10.1002/ptr.2650090312 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.2650090312
Reina, E. and Al‐Shibani, N. and Allam, E. and Gregson, K.S. and Kowolik, M.J. and Windsor, L.J (2013) 'The Effects of Plantago major on the Activation of the Neutrophil Respiratory Burst', Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine. doi:10.4103/2225-4110.119706 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.4103/2225-4110.119706
Lukova, P. and Karcheva‐Bahchevanska, D. and Bivolarski, V. and Mladenov, R. and Iliev, I. and Nikolova, M (2017) 'Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Water Extractable Polysaccharides from Leaves of Plantago major L', Folia Medica. doi:10.1515/folmed-2017-0023 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1515/folmed-2017-0023
Kartini, K. and Piyaviriyakul, S. and Thongpraditchote, S. and Siripong, P. and Vallisuta, O (2017) 'Effects of Plantago major extracts and its chemical compounds on proliferation of cancer cells and cytokines production of lipopolysaccharide-activated THP-1 macrophages', Pharmacognosy Magazine. doi:10.4103/pm.pm_406_16 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.4103/pm.pm_406_16
Zuo, X. and Li, L. and Sun, L (2020) 'Plantamajoside inhibits hypoxia-induced migration and invasion of human cervical cancer cells through the NF-κB and PI3K/akt pathways', Journal of Receptors and Signal Transduction. doi:10.1080/10799893.2020.1808679 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1080/10799893.2020.1808679
Zhang, L. and Guo, Y. and Liu, J. and Wang, L. and Wang, L. and Wu, H. and Wang, T. and Deng, B. and Wang, J. and Lu, L. and Chen, Z. and He, J. and Liang, B. and Li, H. and Huang, Y (2022) 'Plantamajoside attenuates cardiac fibrosis via inhibiting AGEs activated‐RAGE/autophagy/EndMT pathway', Phytotherapy Research. doi:10.1002/ptr.7663 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.7663
Zeng, G. and An, H. and Fang, D. and Wang, W. and Han, Y. and Lian, C (2020) 'Plantamajoside protects H9c2 cells against hypoxia/reoxygenation-induced injury through regulating the akt/Nrf2/HO-1 and NF-κB signaling pathways', Journal of Receptors and Signal Transduction. doi:10.1080/10799893.2020.1859534 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1080/10799893.2020.1859534
Amini, M. and Kherad, M. and Mehrabani, D. and Azarpira, N. and Panjehshahin, M.R. and Tanideh, N (2010) 'Effect ofPlantago majoron Burn Wound Healing in Rat', Journal of Applied Animal Research. doi:10.1080/09712119.2010.9707093 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1080/09712119.2010.9707093
Zubaır, M. and Nybom, H. and Lindholm, C. and Brandner, J.M. and Rumpunen, K (2015) 'Promotion of wound healing byPlantago majorL. leaf extracts –ex-vivoexperiments confirm experiences from traditional medicine', Natural Product Research. doi:10.1080/14786419.2015.1034714 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2015.1034714
Rad, N. and Shafie, F. and Chaghervand, M.M. and Kashfi, S. and Rashidipour, M. and Chehelcheraghi, F. and Mozaffarpur, S.A. and Rasoulian, B (2018) 'The Wound Healing Effect of Plantago Major Leaf Extract in a Rat Model: An Experimental Confirmation of a Traditional Belief in Persian Medicine', DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals). doi:10.22087/hmj.v3i1.702 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.22087/hmj.v3i1.702
Cardoso, F.D.C.I. and Apolinário, P.P. and Breder, J.D.S.C. and Paranhos, T. and Oliveira, H.C. and Polidoro, A.D. and Oliveira, A.R.D.S. and Lima, M.H.M (2019) 'A protocol for systematic review of Plantago major L. effectiveness in accelerating wound-healing in animal models', Systematic Reviews. doi:10.1186/s13643-019-1255-6 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-019-1255-6
Ringbom, T. and Segura, L. and Noreen, Y. and Perera, P. and Bohlin, L (1998) 'Ursolic Acid fromPlantagomajor, a Selective Inhibitor of Cyclooxygenase-2 Catalyzed Prostaglandin Biosynthesis', Journal of Natural Products. doi:10.1021/np980088i Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1021/np980088i
Guillén, M.E.N. and Emim, J.A.D.S. and Souccar, C. and Lapa, A.J (1997) 'Analgesic and Anti-inflammatory Activities of the Aqueous Extract of Plantago major L', International Journal of Pharmacognosy. doi:10.1076/phbi.35.2.99.13288 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1076/phbi.35.2.99.13288
Atibayeva, А.E. and Тыныкулов, М (2024) 'ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY OF PLANTAGO MAJOR LEAF EXTRACTS IN VITRO ON EPITHELIAL CELLS OF THE ORAL CAVITY', Vestnik of M Kozybayev North Kazakhstan University. doi:10.54596/2958-0048-2024-2-48-53 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.54596/2958-0048-2024-2-48-53
Zhakipbekov, K. and Turgumbayeva, A. and Issayeva, R. and Kipchakbayeva, A. and Kadyrbayeva, G. and Tleubayeva, M.I. and Akhayeva, T. and Тастамбек, К. and Sainova, G.A. and Serikbayeva, E. and Tolenova, K. and Махатова, Б. and Anarbayeva, R. and Shimirova, Z. and Tileuberdi, Y (2023) 'Antimicrobial and Other Biomedical Properties of Extracts from Plantago major, Plantaginaceae', Pharmaceuticals. doi:10.3390/ph16081092 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.3390/ph16081092
Povnitsa, O. and Bilyavska, L. and Pankivska, Y. and Likhanov, A. and Dorovskyh, A. and Лысенко, В.С. and Lokshin, M.M. and Zahorodnia, S (2021) 'In vitro Antiviral Activity of Leaf Extracts Plantago major, Plantago lanceolata, Rubus idaeus', Mikrobiolohichnyi Zhurnal. doi:10.15407/microbiolj84.01.044 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.15407/microbiolj84.01.044
Han, A.Y. and Nam, M. and Lee, K (2016) 'Plantamajoside Inhibits UVB and Advanced Glycation End Products‐Induced MMP‐1 Expression by Suppressing the MAPK and NF‐κB Pathways in HaCaT Cells', Photochemistry and Photobiology. doi:10.1111/php.12615 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1111/php.12615
Shirley, K.P. and Windsor, L.J. and Eckert, G.J. and Gregory, R.L (2015) 'In Vitro Effects of Plantago Major Extract, Aucubin, and Baicalein on Candida albicans Biofilm Formation, Metabolic Activity, and Cell Surface Hydrophobicity', Journal of Prosthodontics. doi:10.1111/jopr.12411 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1111/jopr.12411
Samuelsen, A.B (2000) 'The traditional uses, chemical constituents and biological activities of Plantago major L. A review', 8741(00), pp. 1--21. doi:10.1016/s0378-8741(00)00212-9 Traditional / reference
https://doi.org/10.1016/s0378-8741(00)00212-9
Grieve, M (1931). Available at: https://botanical.com/botanical/mgmh/p/planta14.html Traditional / reference
https://botanical.com/botanical/mgmh/p/planta14.html
Herbal Reality (n.d.) 'Plantain (Plantago major): Benefits, Safety, Uses'. Available at: https://www.herbalreality.com/herb/plantain/ Traditional / reference
https://www.herbalreality.com/herb/plantain/
Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew (n.d.). Available at: https://powo.science.kew.org Traditional / reference
https://powo.science.kew.org
Samuelsen, A.B (2000) 'The traditional uses, chemical constituents and biological activities of Plantago major L.: a review', pp. 1--21. Traditional / reference
https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=The%20traditional%20uses%2C%20chemical%20constituents%20and%20biological%20activities%20of%20Plantago%20major%20L.%3A%20a%20review
World Health Organization (2002) 'WHO Monographs on Selected Medicinal Plants'. Traditional / reference
https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=WHO%20Monographs%20on%20Selected%20Medicinal%20Plants
Zubair, M., Ekholm, A., Nybom, H., Renvert, S., Widen, C. and Rumpunen, K (2012) 'Effects of Plantago major L. leaf extracts on oral epithelial cells in a scratch assay', 141(3), pp. 825--830. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2012.03.016 Traditional / reference
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2012.03.016
Duke, J.A (2002) 'Handbook of Medicinal Herbs, Second Edition'. Traditional / reference
https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Handbook%20of%20Medicinal%20Herbs%2C%20Second%20Edition
The Herbal Medic (n.d.) 'Plantain (Plantago lanceolata) - Wound Healing & Respiratory Support Herb'. Available at: https://theherbalmedic.co.uk/plantain-plantago-lanceolate Traditional / reference
https://theherbalmedic.co.uk/plantain-plantago-lanceolate
A Wandering Botanist (2013) 'Plant Story - Plantains (Plantago), Tracking Your Footsteps All Over the World'. Available at: http://khkeeler.blogspot.com/2013/11/plant-story-plantains-plantago-tracking.html Traditional / reference
http://khkeeler.blogspot.com/2013/11/plant-story-plantains-plantago-tracking.html
Edible Wild Food (n.d.) 'Broadleaf Plantain (Plantago major)'. Available at: https://www.ediblewildfood.com/broadleaf-plantain.aspx Traditional / reference
https://www.ediblewildfood.com/broadleaf-plantain.aspx
Florida School of Holistic Living (n.d.). Available at: https://www.holisticlivingschool.org/2020/02/25/march-plantain/ Traditional / reference
https://www.holisticlivingschool.org/2020/02/25/march-plantain/
Living Plant Wisdom (n.d.) 'Living Plant Wisdom Profile: Plantain (Plantago major)'. Available at: https://holisticfarming.substack.com/p/living-plant-wisdom-profile-plantain Traditional / reference
https://holisticfarming.substack.com/p/living-plant-wisdom-profile-plantain
Nine Herbs Charm (n.d.). Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nine_Herbs_Charm Traditional / reference
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nine_Herbs_Charm
North Carolina Extension (n.d.) 'Plantago major'. Available at: https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/plantago-major/ Traditional / reference
https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/plantago-major/
Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew (n.d.) 'Plantago major L'. Available at: https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:677229-1 Traditional / reference
https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:677229-1
Royal Horticultural Society (n.d.) 'Plantago major (common plantain)'. Available at: https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/42126/plantago-major/details Traditional / reference
https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/42126/plantago-major/details
The Wildlife Trusts (n.d.) 'Greater plantain'. Available at: https://www.wildlifetrusts.org/wildlife-explorer/wildflowers/greater-plantain Traditional / reference
https://www.wildlifetrusts.org/wildlife-explorer/wildflowers/greater-plantain
Zubair, M (2012). Available at: https://research.slu.se/en/publications/genetic-variation-biochemical-contents-and-wound-healing-activity/ Traditional / reference
https://research.slu.se/en/publications/genetic-variation-biochemical-contents-and-wound-healing-activity/

Zhang, Z., Hu, W., Yu, A., Bai, M. and others (2024) 'Physicochemical properties, health benefits, and applications of the polysaccharides from Rosa rugosa Thunb.: A review', International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 282(Pt 3), pp. 136975. doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.136975 Traditional / reference
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.136975
Dong, X., Li, Y., Yang, K., Zhang, L. and others (2024) 'Total flavonoids from Rosa rugosa Thunb.: A comprehensive review of its extraction and purification process, chemical composition, biological effect and applications', Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology, 398(3), pp. 2343-2363. doi:10.1007/s00210-024-03504-x Traditional / reference
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00210-024-03504-x
Kim, J., Lee, S., Park, H. and others (2024) 'Hair Growth Effect and the Mechanisms of Rosa rugosa Extract in DHT-Induced Alopecia Mice Model', International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 25(21), pp. 11362. doi:10.3390/ijms252111362 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms252111362
Baiyisaiti, A., Liu, Y., Zhang, J. and Yang, R (2019) 'Rosa rugosa flavonoids exhibited PPAR-alpha agonist-like effects on genetic severe hypertriglyceridemia of mice', Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 240, pp. 111952. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2019.111952 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2019.111952
Lei, L., Zhu, Y., Gao, W., Du, X. and others (2023) 'Ethanol Extract of Rosa rugosa Ameliorates Acetaminophen-Induced Liver Injury via Upregulating Sirt1 and Subsequent Potentiation of LKB1/AMPK/Nrf2 Cascade in Hepatocytes', Molecules, 28(21), pp. 7307. doi:10.3390/molecules28217307 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28217307
Dai, C., Zheng, X., Zhu, J., Zhang, H. and others (2025) 'Polysaccharides derived from Rosa rugosa cv. Plena ameliorate colorectal cancer by regulating intestinal microbiota composition and lipid metabolism pathway', NPJ Science of Food, 9(1), pp. 176. doi:10.1038/s41538-025-00544-2 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41538-025-00544-2
Chen, M., Peng, Y., Zhu, R., Luo, X. and others (2025) 'Therapeutic potential of Rosa rugosa polysaccharide and its nanofiber membrane in psoriasis via PI3K-AKT/mTOR pathway inhibition', International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 320(Pt 2), pp. 145724. doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2025.145724 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2025.145724
Park, C.K., Choi, S.J., Kim, C.R., Shin, H.R. and others (2025) 'Ethanolic Extract of Rosa rugosa Roots and Its Bioactive Compound, Oleamide, Prevented Amyloid beta-Induced Oxidative Stress and Improved Behavioral Tests in Mice', International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 26(9), pp. 4214. doi:10.3390/ijms26094214 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26094214
Ashraf, S., Ashraf, M.Z., Miao, B. and Zhao, X (2025) 'Optimizing Extraction Methods for Bioactive Polysaccharides from Rosa rugosa and Rosa damascena', Foods, 14(18), pp. 3211. doi:10.3390/foods14183211 Traditional / reference
https://doi.org/10.3390/foods14183211
Liu, X., Liu, H., Zhang, Y. and others (2022) 'Rosa rugosa polysaccharide induces autophagy-mediated apoptosis in human cervical cancer cells via the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway', International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 212, pp. 257-274. doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.05.023 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.05.023
Chrubasik, C., Roufogalis, B.D., Müller-Ladner, U. and Chrubasik, S (2008) 'A systematic review on the Rosa canina effect and efficacy profiles', 22(6), pp. 725--733. doi:10.1002/ptr.2400 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.2400
Grieve, M (1931) 'A Modern Herbal'. Traditional / reference
https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=A%20Modern%20Herbal
Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew (n.d.). Available at: https://powo.science.kew.org Traditional / reference
https://powo.science.kew.org
Duke, J.A (2002) 'Handbook of Medicinal Herbs, Second Edition'. Traditional / reference
https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Handbook%20of%20Medicinal%20Herbs%2C%20Second%20Edition

Greater Plantain monograph Japanese Rose monograph Compare other plants

Generated automatically from the Omnia Sana plant database and its cited sources. For educational purposes only — not medical advice. Always consult a qualified practitioner before using medicinal plants.