Plant Comparison
Scots Pine vs Red Clover
A side-by-side comparison of two medicinal plants — every documented constituent, action, use, safety note and cited source, assembled automatically from the Omnia Sana database.
First plant
Second plant
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At a glance
Scots Pine and Red Clover: they share 8 indicated uses (arthritis / joint pain, bronchitis, cancer (anticancer research), …); 5 pharmacological actions in common.
Scots PineRed Clover
Constituents32
Pharmacological actions610
Indicated uses1216
Safety notes22
Cited sources1744
Indicated uses
Only Scots Pine
Infection (general)Swelling / fluid retentionUrinary supportUrinary tract infection (UTI)
Shared (8)
Arthritis / joint painBronchitisCancer (anticancer research)CoughInflammation (general)Respiratory supportSkin irritationWounds
Only Red Clover
Cardiovascular / heart healthMenstrual crampsMuscle spasmMenopauseHot flashesHigh cholesterolBlood sugar / diabetes supportCognitive function
Pharmacological actions
Only Scots Pine
Diuretic
Shared (5)
Anti-inflammatoryAnticancer (preclinical)AntimicrobialAntioxidantExpectorant
Only Red Clover
AntispasmodicLipid-loweringNeuroprotective / cognition supportAntidiabetic (blood-sugar lowering)Vulnerary (wound healing)
Evidence face-off — shared uses
| Condition | Scots Pine | Red Clover | Verdict |
|---|---|---|---|
| Arthritis / joint pain | 2/10 | 5/10 | Stronger for Red Clover |
| Bronchitis | 2/10 | 5/10 | Stronger for Red Clover |
| Cancer (anticancer research) | 2/10 | 7/10 | Stronger for Red Clover |
| Cough | 2/10 | 5/10 | Stronger for Red Clover |
| Inflammation (general) | 2/10 | 5/10 | Stronger for Red Clover |
| Respiratory support | 2/10 | 5/10 | Stronger for Red Clover |
| Skin irritation | 2/10 | 5/10 | Stronger for Red Clover |
| Wounds | 2/10 | 7/10 | Stronger for Red Clover |
Evidence scores (1–10) are computed from the tier of each cited source. “Comparable” means the two scores are within one point. Follow a score to its detailed sources.
Key Constituents
The needle oil is dominated by monoterpene hydrocarbons, chiefly alpha-pinene, giving the characteristic resinous scent and much of its antimicrobial activity.
Essential (volatile) oilTerpenes / terpenoids
Resin acids (diterpene resin acids)[10]
The resinous sap/pitch, traditionally used topically for wounds and skin complaints.
Terpenes / terpenoids
Vitamin C and flavonoids (needles)
The needle is traditionally valued as a source of vitamin C, particularly in winter.
Flavonoids
Isoflavones (formononetin, biochanin A, daidzein, genistein)[14]
Phytoestrogenic isoflavones responsible for the plant's estrogenic and cardiovascular research interest; one of the richest known plant sources.
Flavonoids
Coumarins[40]
Contribute mild anticoagulant activity; relevant to the plant's caution around blood-thinning medication.
Coumarins
Pharmacological Actions
Traditional & Indicated Uses
inferred from anti-inflammatory action
Evidence: 2
Label: Arthritis / joint pain
inferred from expectorant action
Evidence: 2
Label: Bronchitis
Cancer (anticancer research)[7]Traditional · 2/10
inferred from anticancer action
Evidence: 2
Label: Cancer (anticancer research)
inferred from antimicrobial action
Evidence: 2
Label: Infection (general)
inferred from anti-inflammatory action
Evidence: 2
Label: Inflammation (general)
inferred from anti-inflammatory action
Evidence: 2
Label: Skin irritation
inferred from diuretic action
Evidence: 2
Label: Swelling / fluid retention
inferred from diuretic action
Evidence: 2
Label: Urinary support
inferred from diuretic action
Evidence: 2
Label: Urinary tract infection (UTI)
inferred from anti-inflammatory action
Evidence: 5
Label: Arthritis / joint pain
Evidence: 9
Label: Cardiovascular / heart health
inferred from anti-inflammatory action
Evidence: 5
Label: Inflammation (general)
inferred from antispasmodic action
Evidence: 5
Label: Muscle spasm
inferred from expectorant action
Evidence: 5
Label: Respiratory support
inferred from anti-inflammatory action
Evidence: 5
Label: Skin irritation
inferred from anticancer action
Evidence: 7
Label: Cancer (anticancer research)
Evidence: 2
Label: Blood sugar / diabetes support
inferred from neuroprotective action
Evidence: 8
Label: Cognitive function
Safety, Cautions & Contraindications
Generally safe in normal amounts. Pine essential oil should not be ingested; topical use only in diluted form. May irritate airways in high concentrations. Allergic reactions to pine pollen and resin are common. Turpentine products are irritant and potentially toxic if ingested.
Duke (2002) rates Scotch pine as + and notes antiseptic, antibacterial (score 1), and bronchospasmolytic activities. Commission E (KOM) and PhEur (PIP) approve pine needle preparations for topical use in rheumatic and neuralgic conditions and for inhalations in upper respiratory catarrh. Duke cautions that pine needle oil should not be inhaled by patients with severe asthma, whooping cough, or laryngospasm. Pine bud preparations are traditionally used for bronchitis and sinus congestion. Dose: 100–200 mg essential oil in ointment or cream for topical use (Duke, 2002).
Generally safe in normal dietary amounts. Isoflavones are phytoestrogens — exercise caution in oestrogen-receptor-positive breast cancer patients or those taking hormone therapies. May interact with warfarin (antiplatelet activity). Avoid in pregnancy and breastfeeding. Well tolerated in most adults.
Duke (2002) rates red clover as +++ and provides clinical evidence (score 2) for estrogenic activity — the plant is one of the richest plant sources of isoflavones (formononetin, biochanin A, daidzein, genistein). Clinical applications include menopausal symptom relief, osteoporosis prevention, and cardiovascular protection in peri-menopausal women. Dose: standardized extract providing 40–160 mg isoflavones daily. Duke cautions that due to strong estrogenic activity, red clover is not recommended in estrogen-dependent cancers (breast, uterine) or alongside hormone replacement therapy without medical supervision. Anti-coagulant coumarins are also present (Duke, 2002).
External Ids
Gbif: 5285637
Wikidata: Q133128
Gbif: 8324121
Wikidata: Q156635
Botanical Description
Evergreen coniferous tree (Pinaceae), 15-35 m tall, with a long, straight trunk at maturity, distinctive orange-red flaking bark in the upper crown and grey-brown fissured bark at the base. Needles are blue-green, borne in pairs (fascicles of two) with a papery basal sheath. Small yellow male cones release pollen in spring; female cones are woody and mature over two years.[11]
Height: 15-35 m
Habit: Evergreen coniferous tree
Leaves: Needles blue-green, in pairs, with a papery basal sheath
Flowers: Small yellow male cones (pollen); separate woody female cones
Stem: Long, straight trunk; orange-red flaking bark in the upper crown, grey-brown fissured bark at the base
Root: Deep, wide-spreading root system
Fruit: Woody cone, maturing over two years
Flowering Period: May (pollen release)
Short-lived perennial herb with trifoliate leaves, each leaflet oval and often marked with a pale chevron, arising from a spreading, slightly hairy stem. Dense, rounded, pink to magenta flower heads are borne at the stem tips.[40]
Height: 20-60 cm
Habit: Short-lived perennial herb, spreading via a branching taproot
Leaves: Trifoliate, each leaflet oval with a pale chevron marking, slightly hairy
Flowers: Dense, rounded heads of small pink to magenta pea-like flowers
Stem: Slightly hairy, branching, spreading
Root: Branching taproot with nitrogen-fixing root nodules
Fruit: Small pod containing 1-2 seeds, enclosed within the dried flower head
Flowering Period: May-September
Habitat
Native across northern and central Europe and Siberia - the most widely distributed pine species in the world - forming extensive boreal and montane forests on poor, sandy or peaty, acidic soils; a pioneer species tolerant of dry, nutrient-poor ground.[11]
Grows in meadows, pastures, roadsides and grassy waste ground; native to Europe, western Asia and North Africa and widely naturalised and cultivated as a forage crop elsewhere.[40]
Harvesting
Young shoots ('candles') and needles are gathered in spring; bark is stripped from felled or cultivated trees; resin/sap is tapped from the trunk. Needle-bearing twigs can be cut for tea and for steam distillation of the essential oil year-round.[11]
Parts: Bark, Leaf (needles), Sap, Young sprouts
Season: Young shoots/needles in spring; bark and sap variable
The flowering heads are picked at full bloom in summer and dried quickly in a warm, shaded, airy place to preserve isoflavone content and colour.[40]
Parts: Flower, Leaf
Season: Summer, at full bloom
Traditional Uses
Scots pine has a long northern European tradition as a source of resinous, aromatic preparations for respiratory complaints (coughs, bronchitis, catarrh) and topical rheumatic/muscular remedies, and pine-needle tea has traditionally been valued as a vitamin-C-rich winter tonic. Modern research on the needle essential oil supports antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and expectorant activity.[11, 12]
Red clover flower has a long folk tradition as a blood-purifying and expectorant remedy for coughs and skin complaints, and more recently has become one of the most studied herbal sources of isoflavone phytoestrogens, researched for menopausal symptom relief and cardiovascular and bone support.[14, 40, 41]
Preparations
Needle infusion (tea)[11]
Fresh or dried young needles steeped in hot water - the traditional vitamin-C-rich tonic tea. Only use needles from a certainly identified pine, never yew (see dangerous look-alikes).
Essential oil (inhalation/topical)[12]
Steam-distilled from the needles; used diluted in ointments, chest rubs or steam inhalation for respiratory complaints.
Dosage
Standardized extract[14]
Clinical research commonly uses around 40-80 mg isoflavones daily. Educational reference only, not a prescription.
References
REF-1233, REF-1234, REF-1235, REF-1236, REF-1237, REF-1238, REF-1239, REF-1240, REF-1241, REF-1242
REF-1104, REF-1105, REF-1106, REF-1107, REF-1108, REF-1109, REF-1110, REF-1111, REF-1112, REF-1113, REF-2344, REF-2345, REF-2346, REF-0013, REF-2347, REF-2889, REF-2890, REF-2891, REF-2892, REF-2893, REF-2894, REF-2895, REF-2896, REF-2897, REF-2898, REF-2899, REF-2900, REF-2923, REF-2924, REF-2925, REF-2926, REF-2927, REF-2928, REF-2929, REF-2930, REF-2931, REF-2932, REF-2933, REF-2934
Lookalikes Review
Outcome: has-lookalikes
Reviewed By: Omnia Sana (owner-authorized)
Reviewed Date: 2026-07-07
Outcome: none-known
Reviewed By: Omnia Sana (owner-authorized)
Reviewed Date: 2026-07-07
Dangerous Lookalikes
Dangerous Plant: taxus-baccata
Confused Part: Evergreen needles and twigs gathered to brew pine-needle tea; yew's flat evergreen needles and red berry-like arils are mistaken for edible conifer.
Confusion Context: Pine needles (from Scots pine, Pinus sylvestris) are foraged to brew a vitamin-C-rich tea. Yew (Taxus baccata), one of the most poisonous trees in Europe, is a common evergreen in gardens, churchyards and hedges, and its flat evergreen needles are mistaken for edible conifer needles. The Missouri Poison Center explicitly warns to beware of a toxic pine look-alike, the yew tree or English yew (Taxus species), which holds cardiotoxic taxine alkaloids in all parts except the red flesh of the aril. Eating even a few yew leaves - or brewing them as 'pine' tea - can cause fatal heart-rhythm disturbances, seizures and cardiac arrest, with no antidote. Because pine-needle tea is popular and yew is widespread, this is a potentially fatal confusion.
Distinguishing Features: Needle attachment (decisive): pine needles grow in bundles (Scots pine in pairs of two) wrapped at the base by a papery sheath. Yew needles grow SINGLY, attached directly to the twig in two flat rows. Bundled needles = pine; single flat needles in two rows = yew., Fruit: pines bear woody cones. Yew bears no cones - instead soft red, berry-like arils each holding a single seed. A red berry-like fruit means yew, not pine., Smell: crushed pine needles smell strongly resinous and piney. Yew needles have little or no pine scent.
Key Test: Look at how the needles attach. Pine needles come in bundles (Scots pine in pairs) with a papery sheath at the base, and the tree bears woody cones and a strong piney scent. Yew needles are single, soft and flat in two rows, the tree bears red berry-like arils instead of cones and has little scent - yew is deadly, so never brew it. If the needles are single rather than bundled, or you see red berries, do not use it.
Reviewed By: Omnia Sana (owner-authorized)
Reviewed Date: 2026-07-07
Not documented
Drug Class Interactions
Not documented
Drug Class: hormonal-therapies
Mechanism: Red clover is rich in isoflavones that act like weak oestrogens; its safety alongside hormone medicines (such as the contraceptive pill, HRT, or breast-cancer hormone treatments like tamoxifen) or in hormone-sensitive conditions is not established, so combined use warrants caution and medical advice.
Reviewed By: Omnia Sana (owner-authorized)
Reviewed Date: 2026-07-03
References & Sources
- Jurado, P., Uruen, C., Martinez, S., Lain, E. and others (2023) 'Essential oils of Pinus sylvestris, Citrus limon and Origanum vulgare exhibit high bactericidal and anti-biofilm activities against Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Streptococcus suis', Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 168, pp. 115703. doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115703 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115703 - Csikos, E., Cseko, K., Kemeny, A., Draskoczi, L. and others (2022) 'Pinus sylvestris L. and Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & L. M. Perry Essential Oils Inhibit Endotoxin-Induced Airway Hyperreactivity despite Aggravated Inflammatory Mechanisms in Mice', Molecules, 27(12), pp. 3868. doi:10.3390/molecules27123868 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27123868 - Allenspach, M., Valder, C., Flamm, D., Grisoni, F. and others (2020) 'Verification of Chromatographic Profile of Primary Essential Oil of Pinus sylvestris L. Combined with Chemometric Analysis', Molecules, 25(13), pp. 2973. doi:10.3390/molecules25132973 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25132973 - Allenspach, M., Valder, C., Flamm, D. and Steuer, C (2021) 'Authenticity control of Pinus sylvestris essential oil by chiral gas chromatographic analysis of alpha-pinene', Scientific Reports, 11(1), pp. 16923. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-96356-x Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-96356-x - Rodrigues, A.M., Mendes, M.D., Lima, A.S., Barbosa, P.M. and others (2017) 'Pinus halepensis, Pinus pinaster, Pinus pinea and Pinus sylvestris Essential Oils Chemotypes and Monoterpene Hydrocarbon Enantiomers', Chemistry & Biodiversity, 14(1), pp. e1600153. doi:10.1002/cbdv.201600153 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1002/cbdv.201600153 - Judzentiene, A., Stikliene, A. and Kupcinskiene, E (2007) 'Changes in the essential oil composition in the needles of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) under anthropogenic stress', The Scientific World Journal, 7(Suppl 1), pp. 141-150. doi:10.1100/tsw.2007.36 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2007.36 - Hoai, N.T., Duc, H.V., Thao, D.T., Orav, A. and others (2015) 'Selectivity of Pinus sylvestris extract and essential oil to estrogen-insensitive breast cancer cells', Pharmacognosy Magazine, 11(Suppl 2), pp. S290-S295. doi:10.4103/0973-1296.166052 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.4103/0973-1296.166052 - Fayemiwo, K.A., Adeleke, M.A., Okoro, O.P., Awojide, S.H. and others (2014) 'Larvicidal efficacies and chemical composition of essential oils of Pinus sylvestris and Syzygium aromaticum against mosquitoes', Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 4(1), pp. 30-34. doi:10.1016/S2221-1691(14)60204-5 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1016/S2221-1691(14)60204-5 - Scalas, D., Mandras, N., Roana, J., Tardugno, R. and others (2018) 'Use of Pinus sylvestris L. (Pinaceae), Origanum vulgare L. (Lamiaceae), and Thymus vulgaris L. (Lamiaceae) essential oils and their main components to enhance itraconazole activity against azole susceptible/not-susceptible Cryptococcus neoformans strains', BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 18(1), pp. 143. doi:10.1186/s12906-018-2219-4 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-018-2219-4 - Suntar, I., Tumen, I., Ustun, O., Keles, H. and others (2012) 'Appraisal on the wound healing and anti-inflammatory activities of the essential oils obtained from the cones and needles of Pinus species by in vivo and in vitro experimental models', Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 139(2), pp. 533-540. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2011.11.045 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2011.11.045 - Grieve, M (1931) 'A Modern Herbal'. Traditional / reference
https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=A%20Modern%20Herbal - Bakkali, F. et al (2008) 'Biological effects of essential oils — a review', 46(2), pp. 446--475. doi:10.1016/j.fct.2007.09.106 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2007.09.106 - Sousa, A. et al (2010) 'Proanthocyanidins from Pinus pinaster bark', 71(1), pp. 64--72. Traditional / reference
https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Proanthocyanidins%20from%20Pinus%20pinaster%20bark - Duke, J.A (2002) 'Handbook of Medicinal Herbs, Second Edition'. Traditional / reference
https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Handbook%20of%20Medicinal%20Herbs%2C%20Second%20Edition - Missouri Poison Center 'Pine Needles'. Available at: https://missouripoisoncenter.org/is-this-a-poison/pine-needles/ Traditional / reference
https://missouripoisoncenter.org/is-this-a-poison/pine-needles/ - Arens, A.M. and Anaebere, T.C. and Horng, H. and Olson, K (2016) 'Fatal Taxus baccata ingestion with perimortem serum taxine B quantification', Clinical Toxicology (Philadelphia, Pa.), 54(9), pp. 878-880. doi:10.1080/15563650.2016.1209765 Clinical study
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https://doi.org/10.1093/jat/34.1.53
- Kanadys, W., Baranska, A., Blaszczuk, A., Polz-Dacewicz, M. and others (2021) 'Evaluation of Clinical Meaningfulness of Red Clover (Trifolium pratense L.) Extract to Relieve Hot Flushes and Menopausal Symptoms in Peri- and Post-Menopausal Women: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials', Nutrients, 13(4), pp. 1258. doi:10.3390/nu13041258 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13041258 - Kanadys, W., Baranska, A., Jedrych, M., Religioni, U. and others (2019) 'Effects of red clover (Trifolium pratense) isoflavones on the lipid profile of perimenopausal and postmenopausal women-A systematic review and meta-analysis', Maturitas, 132, pp. 7-16. doi:10.1016/j.maturitas.2019.11.001 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas.2019.11.001 - Yokoyama, S.I., Kodera, M., Hirai, A., Nakada, M. and others (2020) 'Red Clover (Trifolium pratense L.) Sprout Prevents Metabolic Syndrome', Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology, 66(1), pp. 48-53. doi:10.3177/jnsv.66.48 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.3177/jnsv.66.48 - Gosciniak, A., Szulc, P., Zielewicz, W., Walkowiak, J. and others (2023) 'Multidirectional Effects of Red Clover (Trifolium pratense L.) in Support of Menopause Therapy', Molecules, 28(13), pp. 5178. doi:10.3390/molecules28135178 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28135178 - Booth, N.L., Piersen, C.E., Banuvar, S., Geller, S.E. and others (2006) 'Clinical studies of red clover (Trifolium pratense) dietary supplements in menopause: a literature review', Menopause, 13(2), pp. 251-264. doi:10.1097/01.gme.0000198297.40269.f7 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.1097/01.gme.0000198297.40269.f7 - Oza, M.J. and Kulkarni, Y.A (2020) 'Trifolium pratense (Red Clover) Improves SIRT1 Expression and Glycogen Content in High Fat Diet-Streptozotocin Induced Type 2 Diabetes in Rats', Chemistry & Biodiversity, 17(4), pp. e2000019. doi:10.1002/cbdv.202000019 Preclinical
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https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.2017 - Brandli, A., Simpson, J.S. and Ventura, S (2010) 'Isoflavones isolated from red clover (Trifolium pratense) inhibit smooth muscle contraction of the isolated rat prostate gland', Phytomedicine, 17(11), pp. 895-901. doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2010.05.006 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2010.05.006 - Burdette, J.E., Liu, J., Lantvit, D., Lim, E. and others (2002) 'Trifolium pratense (red clover) exhibits estrogenic effects in vivo in ovariectomized Sprague-Dawley rats', The Journal of Nutrition, 132(1), pp. 27-30. doi:10.1093/jn/132.1.27 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/132.1.27 - Jiang, Y.B. and Yang, Y.R (2016) 'Trifolium pratense isoflavones improve pulmonary vascular remodelling in broiler chickens', Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition, 100(6), pp. 1159-1168. doi:10.1111/jpn.12424 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1111/jpn.12424 - Yigit, E. and Unsal, S (2024) 'Isoflavones obtained from red clover improve both dyslipidemia and menopausal symptoms in menopausal women: a prospective randomized placebo-controlled trial', Climacteric, 27(6), pp. 548-554. doi:10.1080/13697137.2024.2393121 Randomized trial
https://doi.org/10.1080/13697137.2024.2393121 - Lethaby, A.E., Brown, J., Marjoribanks, J., Kronenberg, F., Roberts, H. and Eden, J (2007) 'Phytoestrogens for vasomotor menopausal symptoms', Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (4), pp. CD001395. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001395.pub3 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD001395.pub3 - Geller, S.E. and Studee, L (2006) 'Soy and red clover for mid-life and aging', Climacteric, 9(4), pp. 245-263. doi:10.1080/13697130600736934 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.1080/13697130600736934 - Atkinson, C. et al (2004) 'The effects of phytoestrogen isoflavones on bone density in women: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial', 79(2), pp. 326--333. doi:10.1093/ajcn/79.2.326 Randomized trial
https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/79.2.326 - Quah, Y., Yi-Le, J.C., Park, N.H., Lee, Y.Y., Lee, E.B., Jang, S.H., Kim, M.J., Rhee, M.H., Lee, S.J. and Park, S.C (2022) 'Serum biomarker-based osteoporosis risk prediction and the systemic effects of Trifolium pratense ethanolic extract in a postmenopausal model', Chinese Medicine, 17(1), pp. 70. doi:10.1186/s13020-022-00622-7 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13020-022-00622-7 - Mohsen, A. and Fatemeh, K. and Leila, N. and Mona, P. and Mohammad, Z. and Mozafar, K (2021) 'Pharmacological and therapeutic properties of the Red Clover (Trifolium pratense L.): an overview of the new finding', J Tradit Chin Med, 41(4), pp. 642-649. doi:10.19852/j.cnki.jtcm.20210324.001 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.19852/j.cnki.jtcm.20210324.001 - Antonescu Mintas, A.I. and Miere Groza, F. and Fritea, L. and Ganea, M. and Zdrinca, M. and Dobjanschi, L. and Antonescu, A. and Vicas, S.I. and Bodog, F. and Sindhu, R.K. and Cavalu, S (2021) 'Perspectives on the Combined Effects of Trifolium pratense and Ocimum basilicum Extracts in Terms of Phytochemical Profile and Pharmacological Effects', Plants (Basel), 10(7). doi:10.3390/plants10071390 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10071390 - Tanrıverdi, G. and Abdulova, A. and Çölgeçen, H. and Atar, H. and Kaleci, B. and Ekiz-Yılmaz, T (2023) 'Investigation of apoptotic and antiproliferative effects of Turkish natural tetraploid Trifolium pratense L. extract on C6 glioblastoma cells via light and electron microscopy', Ultrastruct Pathol, 47(3), pp. 160-171. doi:10.1080/01913123.2023.2184893 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1080/01913123.2023.2184893 - Zakłos-Szyda, M. and Budryn, G (2020) 'The Effects of Trifolium pratense L. Sprouts' Phenolic Compounds on Cell Growth and Migration of MDA-MB-231, MCF-7 and HUVEC Cells', Nutrients, 12(1). doi:10.3390/nu12010257 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12010257 - Khazayel, S. and Faraji, M.H. and Akbaribazm, M. and Khazaei, M. and Niromand, E. and Khazaei, M.R (2025) 'Synergistic inhibitory effects of Trifolium pratense L. extract and doxorubicin on 4T1 tumor-bearing mice are mediated via targeting the Wnt/beta-catenin pathway and reversal of epithelial-mesenchymal transition', Avicenna J Phytomed, 15(5), pp. 1546-1561. doi:10.22038/ajp.2025.25940 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.22038/ajp.2025.25940 - Shirani Asl, V. and Rafieemehr, H. and Tamaddon, G (2024) 'The impact of Trifolium pratense extract on apoptosis and autophagy in NALM-6 cells: implications for B-ALL intervention', Med Oncol, 41(11), pp. 257. doi:10.1007/s12032-024-02485-4 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12032-024-02485-4 - Won, J.P. and Kim, E. and Hur, J. and Lee, H.G. and Lee, W.J. and Seo, H.G (2023) 'Red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) extract inhibits ferroptotic cell death by modulating cellular iron homeostasis', J Ethnopharmacol, 308, pp. 116267. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2023.116267 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2023.116267 - Al-Shami, A.S. and Essawy, A.E. and Elkader, H.A.E.A (2023) 'Molecular mechanisms underlying the potential neuroprotective effects of Trifolium pratense and its phytoestrogen-isoflavones in neurodegenerative disorders', Phytother Res, 37(6), pp. 2693-2737. doi:10.1002/ptr.7870 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.7870 - Zhang, H. and Zhao, J. and Shang, H. and Guo, Y. and Chen, S (2020) 'Extraction, purification, hypoglycemic and antioxidant activities of red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) polysaccharides', Int J Biol Macromol, 148, pp. 750-760. doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.01.194 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.01.194 - Khazaei, A.H. and Bozorgi, A. and Ghanbari, E. and Bozorgi, M. and Khazaei, M (2025) 'Trifolium pratense-Derived Exosome Improved Serum Biochemical Parameters and Pancreatic Genes in STZ-Induced Diabetic Rats', Endocrinol Diabetes Metab, 8(5), pp. e70103. doi:10.1002/edm2.70103 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1002/edm2.70103 - Hitzman, R. and Malca-Garcia, G.R. and Howell, C. and Park, H.Y. and Friesen, J.B. and Dong, H. and Dunlap, T. and McAlpine, J.B. and Vollmer, G. and Bosland, M.C. and Nikolić, D. and Lankin, D.C. and Chen, S.N. and Bolton, J.L. and Pauli, G.F. and Dietz, B.M (2023) 'DESIGNER fraction concept unmasks minor bioactive constituents in red clover (Trifolium pratense L.)', Phytochemistry, 214, pp. 113789. doi:10.1016/j.phytochem.2023.113789 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2023.113789 - Lien, Y.Y. and Shyur, L.F. and Cheng, Y.B. and Chang, M.T. and Chang, C.T. and Chen, Y.H. and Lai, G.H. and Liao, H.Y. and Cheng, M.C (2024) 'Trifolium pratense as a novel phytogenic supplement, is an anticoccidial agent in chickens', Poult Sci, 103(10), pp. 104064. doi:10.1016/j.psj.2024.104064 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2024.104064 - Lee, S.G. and Brownmiller, C. and Lee, S. and Kang, H.W (2020) 'Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Effects of Anthocyanins of Trifolium pratense (Red Clover) in Lipopolysaccharide-Stimulated RAW-267.4 Macrophages', Nutrients, 12(4), pp. 1089-1089. doi:10.3390/nu12041089 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12041089 - Akbaribazm, M. and Khazaei, M.R. and Khazaei, M.R. and Khazaei, M. and Khazaei, M (2020) 'Phytochemicals and antioxidant activity of alcoholic/hydroalcoholic extract of Trifolium pratense', Chinese Herbal Medicines, 12(3), pp. 326-335. doi:10.1016/j.chmed.2020.02.002 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chmed.2020.02.002 - Fu, X. and Qin, T. and Yu, J. and Jiao, J. and Ma, Z. and Fu, Q. and Deng, X. and Ma, S (2019) 'Formononetin Ameliorates Cognitive Disorder via PGC-1α Pathway in Neuroinflammation Conditions in High-Fat Diet-Induced Mice', CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets, 18(7), pp. 566-577. doi:10.2174/1871527318666190807160137 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.2174/1871527318666190807160137 - Singh, L. and Kaur, H. and Arya, G.C. and Bhatti, R (2023) 'Neuroprotective potential of formononetin, a naturally occurring isoflavone phytoestrogen', Chemical Biology & Drug Design, 103(1), pp. e14353-e14353. doi:10.1111/cbdd.14353 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.1111/cbdd.14353 - Tan, J.W. and Kim, M (2016) 'Neuroprotective Effects of Biochanin A against β-Amyloid-Induced Neurotoxicity in PC12 Cells via a Mitochondrial-Dependent Apoptosis Pathway', Molecules, 21(5), pp. 548-548. doi:10.3390/molecules21050548 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules21050548 - Bai, Y. and Li, Z. and Liu, W. and Gao, D. and Liu, M. and Zhang, P (2019) 'Biochanin A attenuates myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury through the TLR4/NF-κB/NLRP3 signaling pathway', Acta Cirúrgica Brasileira, 34(11), pp. e201901104-e201901104. doi:10.1590/s0102-865020190110000004 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1590/s0102-865020190110000004 - Félix, F.B. and Vago, J.P. and Fernandes, D.D.O. and Martins, D.G. and Zaidan, I. and Gonçalves, W.A. and Costa, W.C. and Araújo, J.M.D. and Queiroz‐Junior, C.M. and Campolina-Silva, G.H. and Soriani, F.M. and Sousa, L.P. and Grespan, R. and Teixeira, M.M. and Pinho, V (2021) 'Biochanin A Regulates Key Steps of Inflammation Resolution in a Model of Antigen-Induced Arthritis via GPR30/PKA-Dependent Mechanism', Frontiers in Pharmacology, 12, pp. 662308-662308. doi:10.3389/fphar.2021.662308 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2021.662308 - Akbaribazm, M. and Khazaei, M.R. and Khazaei, M.R. and Khazaei, M. and Khazaei, M (2020) 'Trifolium pratense L. (red clover) extract and doxorubicin synergistically inhibits proliferation of 4T1 breast cancer in tumor‐bearing BALB/c mice through modulation of apoptosis and increase antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory related pathways', Food Science & Nutrition, 8(8), pp. 4276-4290. doi:10.1002/fsn3.1724 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.1724 - Akbaribazm, M. and Khazaei, M.R. and Khazaei, M.R. and Khazaei, F. and Khazaei, M. and Khazaei, M (2020) 'Doxorubicin and Trifolium pratense L. (Red clover) extract synergistically inhibits brain and lung metastases in 4T1 tumor‐bearing BALB/c mice', Food Science & Nutrition, 8(10), pp. 5557-5570. doi:10.1002/fsn3.1820 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.1820 - Khazaei, M. and Pazhouhi, M (2018) 'Antiproliferative Effect of Trifolium Pratens L. Extract in Human Breast Cancer Cells', Nutrition and Cancer, 71(1), pp. 128-140. doi:10.1080/01635581.2018.1521443 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1080/01635581.2018.1521443 - Pazhouhi, M. and Khazaei, M (2018) 'Protective effect of hydroalcoholic extracts of Trifolium pratense L. on pancreatic β cell line (RIN-5F) against cytotoxicty of streptozotocin', Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences, 13(4), pp. 324-324. doi:10.4103/1735-5362.235159 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.4103/1735-5362.235159 - Antonescu, I.A. and Antonescu, A. and Miere, F. and Fritea, L. and Teușdea, A.C. and Vicaș, L.G. and Vicaş, S.I. and Brihan, I. and Domuța, M. and Zdrîncă, M. and Zdrîncă, M. and Cavalu, S (2021) 'Evaluation of Wound Healing Potential of Novel Hydrogel Based on Ocimum basilicum and Trifolium pratense Extracts', Processes, 9(11), pp. 2096-2096. doi:10.3390/pr9112096 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.3390/pr9112096 - British Herbal Medicine Association (1996) 'British Herbal Pharmacopoeia'. Traditional / reference
https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=British%20Herbal%20Pharmacopoeia - Hoffmann, D (2003) 'Medical Herbalism'. Traditional / reference
https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Medical%20Herbalism - Duke, J.A (2002) 'Handbook of Medicinal Herbs, Second Edition'. Traditional / reference
https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Handbook%20of%20Medicinal%20Herbs%2C%20Second%20Edition - Booth, N.L., Piersen, C.E., Banuvar, S., Geller, S.E., Shulman, L.P. and Farnsworth, N.R (2006) 'Clinical studies of red clover (Trifolium pratense) dietary supplements in menopause: a literature review', Menopause, 13(2), pp. 251-264. doi:10.1097/01.gme.0000198297.40269.f7 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.1097/01.gme.0000198297.40269.f7 - Fritz, H., Seely, D., Flower, G., Skidmore, B., Fernandes, R., Vadeboncoeur, S., Kennedy, D., Cooley, K., Wong, R., Sagar, S., Sabri, E. and Fergusson, D (2013) 'Soy, red clover, and isoflavones and breast cancer: a systematic review', PLoS One, 8(11), pp. e81968. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0081968 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0081968
Generated automatically from the Omnia Sana plant database and its cited sources. For educational purposes only — not medical advice. Always consult a qualified practitioner before using medicinal plants.