Plant Comparison

Chamomile vs Dandelion

A side-by-side comparison of two medicinal plants — every documented constituent, action, use, safety note and cited source, assembled automatically from the Omnia Sana database.

First plant
Second plant
Show:
Plant AChamomileMatricaria chamomillaAsteraceaeFull monograph →
Plant BDandelionTaraxacum officinaleAsteraceaeFull monograph →

At a glance

Chamomile and Dandelion: both belong to the Asteraceae family; they share 7 indicated uses (arthritis / joint pain, bloating, indigestion, …); 3 pharmacological actions in common.

ChamomileDandelion
Constituents44
Pharmacological actions1116
Indicated uses1817
Safety notes45
Cited sources2556
Indicated uses
Only Chamomile
Back painBruisingEczemaHeadacheInsomnia / sleeplessnessMenstrual crampsMuscle spasmPain (general)AnxietyLow mood / depressionBlood sugar / diabetes support
Shared (7)
Arthritis / joint painBloatingIndigestionInfection (general)Inflammation (general)Skin irritationWounds
Only Dandelion
Loss of appetiteCancer (anticancer research)ConstipationDetox / cleansingLiver supportSwelling / fluid retentionUrinary supportUrinary tract infection (UTI)Cardiovascular / heart healthImmune support
Pharmacological actions
Only Chamomile
Analgesic (pain relief)AntispasmodicEmollient / skin-soothingSedative / sleep supportVulnerary (wound healing)Anxiolytic / calmingAntidepressant / mood supportAntidiabetic (blood-sugar lowering)
Shared (3)
Anti-inflammatoryAntimicrobialDigestive aid
Only Dandelion
Anticancer (preclinical)AntioxidantBitter digestive tonic / stomachicCholeretic / cholagogue (bile flow)DiureticHepatoprotective (liver support)LaxativePrebioticLipid-loweringAntiviralImmunomodulator / immune supportNeuroprotective / cognition supportAntihypertensive

Evidence face-off — shared uses

ConditionChamomileDandelionVerdict
Arthritis / joint pain5/101/10Stronger for Chamomile
Bloating1/101/10Comparable evidence
Indigestion1/101/10Comparable evidence
Infection (general)1/101/10Comparable evidence
Inflammation (general)1/101/10Comparable evidence
Skin irritation1/101/10Comparable evidence
Wounds1/101/10Comparable evidence

Evidence scores (1–10) are computed from the tier of each cited source. “Comparable” means the two scores are within one point. Follow a score to its detailed sources.

Key Constituents

Essential oil (alpha-bisabolol, chamazulene)[1, 6]

The volatile oil, concentrated in the flower head, gives chamomile its characteristic blue colour (chamazulene) and much of its anti-inflammatory activity (alpha-bisabolol).

Essential (volatile) oilAlpha-bisabololChamazulene
Flavonoids (apigenin, quercetin, luteolin, rutin)[10]

Apigenin is considered a key contributor to chamomile's sedative/anxiolytic activity via GABA-A receptor binding.

ApigeninQuercetinLuteolinRutinFlavonoids
Coumarins[6]

Minor constituents (e.g. herniarin, umbelliferone) contributing to the mild antispasmodic action.

Coumarins
Mucilage polysaccharides[10]

Contribute to the soothing, demulcent effect on irritated mucous membranes.

MucilagePolysaccharides
Sesquiterpene lactones[20, 50, 51]

Bitter principles (e.g. taraxacin) responsible for the characteristic bitterness and bitter-tonic action.

Sesquiterpene lactonesSesquiterpenes
Triterpenes and plant sterols[50, 52]

Including taraxasterol; contribute to anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective signals.

Terpenes / terpenoidsPhytosterols
Phenolic acids and flavonoids[17, 21, 22, 52, 53]

Antioxidant constituents (e.g. chicoric acid, luteolin derivatives).

Phenolic acidsFlavonoidsLuteolin
Inulin[50, 53]

Fructan storage carbohydrate; prebiotic fibre concentrated in the autumn root.

PolysaccharidesInulin

Pharmacological Actions

Analgesic (pain relief)[12, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19]
Anti-inflammatory[1, 5, 6, 7, 10, 12, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19]
Antimicrobial[1, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19]
Antispasmodic[1, 5, 6, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19]

Antispasmodic (cramp easing)

Digestive aid[1, 5, 10, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19]
Emollient / skin-soothing[15, 16, 17, 18, 19]
Sedative / sleep support[1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 8, 10, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19]
Vulnerary (wound healing)[15, 16, 17, 18, 19]
Anxiolytic / calming[3, 8]
Antidepressant / mood support[11]
Antidiabetic (blood-sugar lowering)[13]
Anti-inflammatory[14, 15, 16, 22, 25, 26, 30, 43, 44, 50, 52]
Parts: Whole plant
Anticancer (preclinical)[18, 23, 27, 28, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41]
Antimicrobial[32, 52]
Parts: Whole plant
Antioxidant[16, 21, 23, 28, 31, 52, 53]
Parts: Whole plant
Bitter digestive tonic / stomachic[50, 54]
Parts: Leaf
Choleretic / cholagogue (bile flow)[50, 51]

Choleretic (stimulates bile flow)

Parts: Leaf, Root
Digestive aid[50, 54]
Parts: Leaf
Diuretic[47, 50, 51, 55]

Diuretic (potassium-sparing)

Parts: Leaf
Hepatoprotective (liver support)[15, 25, 29, 42, 50, 51, 53]

Hepatic (liver) support

Parts: Root
Laxative[50, 54]
Parts: Root
Prebiotic[50, 53]

Prebiotic (inulin-rich, especially autumn root)

Parts: Root
Lipid-lowering[31, 34]
Antiviral[42]
Immunomodulator / immune support[43, 45]
Neuroprotective / cognition support[44]
Antihypertensive[46]

Traditional & Indicated Uses

Arthritis / joint pain[12, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19]Moderate · 5/10

inferred from anti-inflammatory action

Evidence: 5
Label: Arthritis / joint pain
Back pain[15, 16, 17, 18, 19]Traditional · 1/10

inferred from analgesic action

Evidence: 1
Label: Back pain
Bloating[15, 16, 17, 18, 19]Traditional · 1/10

inferred from digestive action

Evidence: 1
Label: Bloating
Bruising[15, 16, 17, 18, 19]Traditional · 1/10

inferred from vulnerary action

Evidence: 1
Label: Bruising
Eczema[15, 16, 17, 18, 19]Traditional · 1/10

inferred from emollient action

Evidence: 1
Label: Eczema
Headache[15, 16, 17, 18, 19]Traditional · 1/10

inferred from analgesic action

Evidence: 1
Label: Headache
Indigestion[15, 16, 17, 18, 19]Traditional · 1/10

inferred from digestive action

Evidence: 1
Label: Indigestion
Infection (general)[15, 16, 17, 18, 19]Traditional · 1/10

inferred from antimicrobial action

Evidence: 1
Label: Infection (general)
Inflammation (general)[15, 16, 17, 18, 19]Traditional · 1/10

inferred from anti-inflammatory action

Evidence: 1
Label: Inflammation (general)
Insomnia / sleeplessness[2, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19]Good · 7/10

inferred from sedative action

Evidence: 7
Label: Insomnia / sleeplessness
Menstrual cramps[14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19]Good · 7/10

inferred from antispasmodic action

Evidence: 7
Label: Menstrual cramps
Muscle spasm[15, 16, 17, 18, 19]Traditional · 1/10

inferred from antispasmodic action

Evidence: 1
Label: Muscle spasm
Pain (general)[15, 16, 17, 18, 19]Traditional · 1/10
Evidence: 1
Label: Pain (general)
Skin irritation[15, 16, 17, 18, 19]Traditional · 1/10

inferred from anti-inflammatory action

Evidence: 1
Label: Skin irritation
Wounds[15, 16, 17, 18, 19]Traditional · 1/10

inferred from antimicrobial action

Evidence: 1
Label: Wounds
Anxiety[3, 8]Moderate · 6/10
Evidence: 6
Label: Anxiety
Low mood / depression[11]Moderate · 5/10
Evidence: 5
Label: Low mood / depression
Blood sugar / diabetes support[13]Moderate · 5/10
Evidence: 5
Label: Blood sugar / diabetes support
Loss of appetite[50, 54]Traditional · 1/10

inferred from bitter-tonic action

Evidence: 1
Label: Loss of appetite
Arthritis / joint pain[50, 52]Traditional · 1/10

inferred from anti-inflammatory action

Evidence: 1
Label: Arthritis / joint pain
Bloating[50, 54]Traditional · 1/10

inferred from digestive action

Evidence: 1
Label: Bloating
Cancer (anticancer research)[18, 23, 27, 35]Traditional · 2/10

inferred from anticancer action

Evidence: 2
Label: Cancer (anticancer research)
Constipation[50, 54]Traditional · 1/10

inferred from laxative action

Evidence: 1
Label: Constipation
Detox / cleansing[50, 51, 53]Traditional · 1/10

inferred from hepatoprotective action

Evidence: 1
Label: Detox / cleansing
Indigestion[50, 54]Traditional · 1/10

inferred from bitter-tonic action

Evidence: 1
Label: Indigestion
Infection (general)[52]Traditional · 1/10

inferred from antimicrobial action

Evidence: 1
Label: Infection (general)
Inflammation (general)[50, 52]Traditional · 1/10

inferred from anti-inflammatory action

Evidence: 1
Label: Inflammation (general)
Liver support[50, 51]Traditional · 1/10

inferred from choleretic action

Evidence: 1
Label: Liver support
Skin irritation[50, 52]Traditional · 1/10

inferred from anti-inflammatory action

Evidence: 1
Label: Skin irritation
Swelling / fluid retention[50, 51, 55]Moderate · 5/10

inferred from diuretic action

Evidence: 5
Label: Swelling / fluid retention
Urinary support[50, 51, 55]Moderate · 5/10

inferred from diuretic action

Evidence: 5
Label: Urinary support
Urinary tract infection (UTI)[50, 51, 55]Moderate · 5/10

inferred from diuretic action

Evidence: 5
Label: Urinary tract infection (UTI)
Wounds[52]Traditional · 1/10

inferred from antimicrobial action

Evidence: 1
Label: Wounds
Cardiovascular / heart health[31, 46]Traditional · 2/10

Dandelion root and leaf lowered serum lipids and oxidative stress (preclinical).

Evidence: 2
Label: Cardiovascular / heart health
Immune support[43, 45]Traditional · 2/10

Taraxasterol modulated the inflammatory/immune response in endotoxic shock (preclinical).

Evidence: 2
Label: Immune support

Safety, Cautions & Contraindications

Safety note[15, 16, 17, 18, 19]Caution

Generally considered very safe when used as tea or topical preparations.Allergy risk: People allergic to ragweed, daisies, or other Asteraceae plants may react (itching, rash).Blood thinners: Chamomile may slightly enhance effects of anticoagulants—use large amounts cautiously.Pregnancy: Normal tea amounts are usually considered safe, but concentrated extracts should be used with caution.Topical use: Rare skin irritation in sensitive individuals.

Safety note[15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20]Caution

Duke (2002) rates German chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla) highly for anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic, and wound-healing activities. The essential oil contains the potent anti-inflammatory compound alpha-bisabolol. Chamomile is Commission E approved for digestive complaints and topical wound care. Dose: 3 g dried flower heads per cup of water, three times daily. Alpha-bisabolol is noted as one of the most active natural anti-inflammatory compounds known. Caution: chamomile belongs to the Asteraceae family and can cause allergic reactions in individuals sensitive to ragweed, chrysanthemums, or related plants (Duke, 2002).

Safety note[15, 16, 17, 18, 19]Caution

Generally very safe. Rare allergic reactions in individuals sensitive to the Asteraceae family (ragweed, chrysanthemums). May cause contact dermatitis with topical essential oil use. Avoid very high doses in pregnancy. Well tolerated by children in appropriate amounts.

Safety note[15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20]Info

Scented mayweed (Matricaria chamomilla) shares the same species as German chamomile (see German Chamomile entry above). Duke (2002) provides the same clinical support: Commission E approves it for dyspeptic complaints (orally) and skin and mucous membrane inflammation (topically). Anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic, and wound-healing activities are well-established (Duke, 2002).

Safety note[54, 56]Info

Allergy risk in individuals sensitive to Asteraceae (daisy family) plants such as ragweed and chamomile.

Safety note[54]Caution

Avoid medicinal use in anyone with a blocked bile duct or gallstones; use caution with gallbladder or serious liver disease.

Safety note[54, 56]Caution

May potentiate prescription diuretics; possible interactions with lithium and drugs metabolised by the liver.

Safety note[51, 54]Info

Can accumulate soil pollutants and heavy metals; harvest from clean, unpolluted sites.

Safety note[54]Caution

Use during pregnancy or breastfeeding should be guided by a qualified practitioner. Herbal use should support, not replace, conventional medical care.

External Ids

Gbif: 8370958
Wikidata: Q28437
Gbif: 5394163
Wikidata: Q131219

Botanical Description

Aromatic annual herb, 15-60 cm tall, with an erect, much-branched, hairless stem. Leaves are alternate and finely bi- to tripinnately divided into thread-like segments, giving a feathery appearance. Flower heads are small daisy-like composites, 1-2.5 cm across, with white ray florets that reflex sharply downward as the flower matures around a conical, hollow, yellow disc of tubular florets - the hollow, conical receptacle is a key feature distinguishing German chamomile from similar-looking daisies. The fruit is a tiny ribbed achene without a pappus.[1, 10]

Height: 15-60 cm
Habit: Erect, much-branched, aromatic annual herb
Leaves: Alternate, finely 2-3-pinnately divided into thread-like segments
Flowers: Small daisy-like heads with downward-reflexed white ray florets around a conical hollow yellow disc
Stem: Erect, much-branched, hairless
Root: Slender taproot
Fruit: Tiny ribbed achene, no pappus
Flowering Period: May-August

Perennial herb (Asteraceae) with a deep taproot, forming a basal rosette of deeply toothed, lance-shaped leaves - the name 'dandelion' comes from the French 'dent-de-lion', lion's tooth. Hollow flowering stalks each bear a single, bright yellow composite flower head made entirely of ray florets, followed by the familiar spherical 'clock' of parachute-tufted seeds (achenes) that disperse on the wind.[50]

Height: Low rosette; flowering stalks 5-40 cm
Habit: Deep-taprooted perennial rosette herb
Leaves: Deeply toothed, lance-shaped, in a basal rosette
Flowers: Single, bright yellow composite head of ray florets, on a hollow stalk
Stem: Hollow flowering stalk (scape), leafless
Root: Deep taproot
Fruit: Small achenes with a parachute-like pappus (the "clock")
Flowering Period: Can flower almost year-round, peaking March-October

Habitat

Native to Europe and western Asia and now naturalised worldwide, growing on disturbed, sunny ground - arable field margins, waste places, roadsides and sandy or loamy soils; widely cultivated as a medicinal crop.[1, 6]

Native to Europe and Asia, now a cosmopolitan weed found on every continent except Antarctica; grows in lawns, meadows, roadsides, waste ground and disturbed soil of almost any type.[50]

Harvesting

Flower heads are hand- or machine-harvested at full bloom, when the ray florets are horizontal and just beginning to reflex, then dried quickly at low temperature and out of direct light to preserve the volatile oil.[6]

Parts: Flower heads
Season: Late spring to summer, at full bloom

Leaves are picked young in spring for the mildest flavour; the root is dug in autumn (traditionally after the first frost), when its inulin and bitter-principle content is considered optimal; flowers are picked as they open.[50, 53]

Parts: Leaf, Root, Flower
Season: Leaf in spring; root in autumn; flower as it opens

Traditional Uses

Chamomile is one of the most widely used medicinal herbs in the world, with a long traditional history as a mild digestive, calming and anti-inflammatory remedy - taken as a tea for indigestion, cramping, and restlessness or poor sleep, and applied topically for skin and mucous-membrane inflammation and wound healing. Modern reviews confirm anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic, sedative/anxiolytic and antimicrobial pharmacological activity supporting these traditional uses.[1, 6, 10]

Dandelion is one of the most widely used bitter tonic herbs worldwide, traditionally taken as a digestive bitter and mild diuretic - the French name 'pissenlit' (wet-the-bed) reflects this - and the root specifically as a liver and gallbladder tonic. Every part is also used as food: spring greens, roasted-root coffee substitute, and flower wine.[50]

Preparations

Infusion (tea)[6, 10]

Dried flower heads steeped in hot water, the classic way of taking chamomile for digestive complaints, mild anxiety and sleep support.

Essential oil[1]

Steam-distilled from the flower heads; a concentrated source of alpha-bisabolol and chamazulene, used mainly in topical and aromatherapy preparations.

Topical cream/compress[12]

Concentrated extract or infused oil applied to skin, or as a compress - a randomised controlled trial found a topical chamomile oil preparation effective for knee osteoarthritis pain.

Leaf infusion/salad (fresh or dried)[50]

Fresh young leaves eaten as a bitter salad green, or dried leaf infused as tea - the traditional digestive/diuretic preparation.

Root decoction[50]

Dried root simmered in water - the traditional liver-tonic preparation.

Dosage

Infusion (tea)[15, 16, 17, 18, 19]

Traditional guidance and Duke (2002) suggest about 3 g of dried flower heads per cup of water, taken up to three times daily. Educational reference only, not a prescription.

Leaf/root infusion or decoction[50, 54]

Traditional guidance suggests roughly 4-10 g dried leaf, or 2-8 g dried root, per day as an infusion or decoction, divided into 2-3 doses. Educational reference only, not a prescription; avoid in bile-duct obstruction or gallstones, and harvest away from polluted ground.

References

REF-1153, REF-1154, REF-1155, REF-1156, REF-1157, REF-1158, REF-1159, REF-1160, REF-1161, REF-1162, REF-2348, REF-2349, REF-2350, REF-2351
REF-0248, REF-0320, REF-0322, REF-0323, REF-0324, REF-0325, REF-0327, REF-0330, REF-0331, REF-0334, REF-0335, REF-0336, REF-0337, REF-2387, REF-2388, REF-2389, REF-2390, REF-2391, REF-2392, REF-2393, REF-2394, REF-2395, REF-2396, REF-2945, REF-2946, REF-2947, REF-2948, REF-2949, REF-2950, REF-2951, REF-2952, REF-2953, REF-2954, REF-2955, REF-2956, REF-2957, REF-2958, REF-2959, REF-2960, REF-2961, REF-2962, REF-2963, REF-2964, REF-2965, REF-2966, REF-2967, REF-2968, REF-0070, REF-0264

Drug Class Interactions

Safety note[21]Caution
Drug Class: anticoagulants-antiplatelets
Mechanism: Chamomile contains natural coumarin constituents and has been linked in a case report to increased bleeding when taken with warfarin, so caution is advised when combining it with anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs.
Reviewed By: Omnia Sana (owner-authorized)
Reviewed Date: 2026-07-03
Safety note[22, 23, 24]Caution
Drug Class: sedatives-cns-depressants
Mechanism: Chamomile has calming, sedative effects (a randomised controlled trial found it reduces generalised-anxiety symptoms); taken with sedatives, sleeping tablets or other central-nervous-system depressants (including alcohol) it may add to drowsiness and slowed reactions.
Reviewed By: Omnia Sana (owner-authorized)
Reviewed Date: 2026-07-03
Safety note[25]Caution
Drug Class: antidiabetics
Mechanism: Chamomile improved blood-sugar control (lower HbA1c and insulin resistance) in a trial in type 2 diabetes; combined with diabetes medicines it may add to blood-sugar lowering, so monitor blood sugar.
Reviewed By: Omnia Sana (owner-authorized)
Reviewed Date: 2026-07-03

Not documented

Pairings

Chamomile and valerian are both traditional mild sedatives for restlessness and poor sleep; taken together they may enhance calming and sleep effects but also add to drowsiness.[23]

Partner Id: valeriana-officinalis
Type: synergy
Reviewed By: Omnia Sana (owner-authorized)
Reviewed Date: 2026-07-03

Chamomile and lemon balm are both gentle calming herbs commonly combined for stress and sleep; used together their mild sedative effects may add up.[23]

Partner Id: melissa-officinalis
Type: synergy
Reviewed By: Omnia Sana (owner-authorized)
Reviewed Date: 2026-07-03

Chamomile and passionflower are both gentle calming, sleep-supporting herbs traditionally combined; used together they may reinforce each other's soothing, sleep-promoting effect.[22, 23]

Partner Id: passiflora-incarnata
Type: synergy
Reviewed By: Omnia Sana (owner-authorized)
Reviewed Date: 2026-07-03

Not documented

Lookalikes Review

Outcome: none-known
Reviewed By: Omnia Sana (owner-authorized)
Reviewed Date: 2026-07-07
Outcome: none-known
Reviewed By: Omnia Sana (owner-authorized)
Reviewed Date: 2026-07-07

References & Sources

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  2. Kazemi, A., Shojaei-Zarghani, S., Eskandarzadeh, P. and Hashempur, M.H (2024) 'Effects of chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.) on sleep: A systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials', Complementary Therapies in Medicine, 84, pp. 103071. doi:10.1016/j.ctim.2024.103071 Meta-analysis / review
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctim.2024.103071
  3. Mao, J.J., Xie, S.X., Keefe, J.R., Soeller, I. and others (2016) 'Long-term chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.) treatment for generalized anxiety disorder: A randomized clinical trial', Phytomedicine, 23(14), pp. 1735-1742. doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2016.10.012 Randomized trial
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2016.10.012
  4. Amsterdam, J.D., Li, Q.S., Xie, S.X. and Mao, J.J (2020) 'Putative Antidepressant Effect of Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.) Oral Extract in Subjects with Comorbid Generalized Anxiety Disorder and Depression', Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 26(9), pp. 813-819. doi:10.1089/acm.2019.0252 Clinical study
    https://doi.org/10.1089/acm.2019.0252
  5. McKay, D.L. and Blumberg, J.B (2006) 'A review of the bioactivity and potential health benefits of chamomile tea (Matricaria recutita L.)', Phytotherapy Research, 20(7), pp. 519-530. doi:10.1002/ptr.1900 Meta-analysis / review
    https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.1900
  6. Dai, Y.L., Li, Y., Wang, Q., Niu, F.J. and others (2022) 'Chamomile: A Review of Its Traditional Uses, Chemical Constituents, Pharmacological Activities and Quality Control Studies', Molecules, 28(1), pp. 133. doi:10.3390/molecules28010133 Meta-analysis / review
    https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28010133
  7. Miraj, S. and Alesaeidi, S (2016) 'A systematic review study of therapeutic effects of Matricaria recutita chamomile (chamomile)', Electronic Physician, 8(9), pp. 3024-3031. doi:10.19082/3024 Meta-analysis / review
    https://doi.org/10.19082/3024
  8. Amsterdam, J.D., Li, Y., Soeller, I., Rockwell, K. and others (2009) 'A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of oral Matricaria recutita (chamomile) extract therapy for generalized anxiety disorder', Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 29(4), pp. 378-382. doi:10.1097/JCP.0b013e3181ac935c Randomized trial
    https://doi.org/10.1097/JCP.0b013e3181ac935c
  9. Park, S.H., Kim, D.S., Oh, J., Geum, J.H. and others (2021) 'Matricaria chamomilla (Chamomile) Ameliorates Muscle Atrophy in Mice by Targeting Protein Catalytic Pathways, Myogenesis, and Mitochondrial Dysfunction', The American Journal of Chinese Medicine, 49(6), pp. 1493-1514. doi:10.1142/S0192415X21500701 Preclinical
    https://doi.org/10.1142/S0192415X21500701
  10. Singh, O., Khanam, Z., Misra, N. and Srivastava, M.K (2011) 'Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.): An overview', Pharmacognosy Reviews, 5(9), pp. 82-95. doi:10.4103/0973-7847.79103 Meta-analysis / review
    https://doi.org/10.4103/0973-7847.79103
  11. Amsterdam, J.D., Shults, J., Soeller, I., Mao, J.J., Rockwell, K. and Newberg, A.B (2012) 'Chamomile (Matricaria recutita) may provide antidepressant activity in anxious, depressed humans: an exploratory study', Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine, 18(5), pp. 44-49. Randomized trial
    https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Chamomile%20%28Matricaria%20recutita%29%20may%20provide%20antidepressant%20activity%20in%20anxious%2C%20depressed%20humans%3A%20an%20exploratory%20study
  12. Shoara, R., Hashempur, M.H., Ashraf, A., Salehi, A., Dehshahri, S. and Habibagahi, Z (2015) 'Efficacy and safety of topical Matricaria chamomilla L. (chamomile) oil for knee osteoarthritis: a randomized controlled clinical trial', Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice, 21(3), pp. 181-187. doi:10.1016/j.ctcp.2015.06.003 Randomized trial
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctcp.2015.06.003
  13. Zemestani, M., Rafraf, M. and Asghari-Jafarabadi, M (2016) 'Chamomile tea improves glycemic indices and antioxidants status in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus', Nutrition, 32(1), pp. 66-72. doi:10.1016/j.nut.2015.07.011 Randomized trial
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2015.07.011
  14. Niazi, A. and Moradi, M (2021) 'The effect of chamomile on pain and menstrual bleeding in primary dysmenorrhea: a systematic review', International Journal of Community Based Nursing and Midwifery, 9(3), pp. 174-186. doi:10.30476/ijcbnm.2021.87219.1417 Meta-analysis / review
    https://doi.org/10.30476/ijcbnm.2021.87219.1417
  15. European Medicines Agency (2015) 'European Union herbal monograph on Matricaria recutita L., flos'. Traditional / reference
    https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=European%20Union%20herbal%20monograph%20on%20Matricaria%20recutita%20L.%2C%20flos
  16. Hoffmann, D (2003) 'Medical Herbalism'. Traditional / reference
    https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Medical%20Herbalism
  17. Padula, M.C (2006) 'Chamomile: industrial profiles'. Traditional / reference
    https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Chamomile%3A%20industrial%20profiles
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Generated automatically from the Omnia Sana plant database and its cited sources. For educational purposes only — not medical advice. Always consult a qualified practitioner before using medicinal plants.