Omnia SanaPlant Comparison
Bay Leaf vs Common Comfrey
A side-by-side comparison of two medicinal plants — every documented constituent, action, use, safety note and cited source, assembled automatically from the Omnia Sana database.
At a glance
Bay Leaf and Common Comfrey: they share 8 indicated uses (arthritis / joint pain, back pain, bruising, …); 3 pharmacological actions in common.
Evidence face-off — shared uses
| Condition | Bay Leaf | Common Comfrey | Verdict |
|---|---|---|---|
| Arthritis / joint pain | 1/10 | 5/10 | Stronger for Common Comfrey |
| Back pain | 1/10 | 5/10 | Stronger for Common Comfrey |
| Bruising | 1/10 | 8/10 | Stronger for Common Comfrey |
| Headache | 1/10 | 5/10 | Stronger for Common Comfrey |
| Inflammation (general) | 1/10 | 5/10 | Stronger for Common Comfrey |
| Pain (general) | 1/10 | 8/10 | Stronger for Common Comfrey |
| Skin irritation | 1/10 | 5/10 | Stronger for Common Comfrey |
| Wounds | 1/10 | 5/10 | Stronger for Common Comfrey |
Evidence scores (1–10) are computed from the tier of each cited source. “Comparable” means the two scores are within one point. Follow a score to its detailed sources.
Key Constituents
Leaf essential oil dominated by 1,8-cineole and eugenol, giving the characteristic aroma and much of the antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activity.
Contribute to the plant's anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity.
The key cell-proliferative constituent underlying comfrey's wound-healing reputation.
Contribute to the soothing, demulcent texture of the leaf and root.
Contribute to antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity.
Hepatotoxic constituents naturally present in the whole plant; the reason internal use is not recommended and processed/detoxified extracts are used for research.
Pharmacological Actions
Traditional & Indicated Uses
inferred from anti-inflammatory action
inferred from analgesic action
inferred from digestive action
inferred from vulnerary action
inferred from anticancer action
inferred from neuroprotective action
inferred from analgesic action
inferred from digestive action
inferred from antimicrobial action
inferred from anti-inflammatory action
inferred from neuroprotective action
inferred from anti-inflammatory action
inferred from anti-inflammatory action
inferred from anti-inflammatory action
inferred from anti-inflammatory action
inferred from anti-oedematous action
Safety, Cautions & Contraindications
Generally safe when used in food amounts. Not toxic to people and safe to cook with. Leaves are very rigid and leathery - should be removed before eating as they don't soften with cooking and edges can be sharp. Insufficient reliable information about safety during pregnancy or breastfeeding - stick to food amounts. Large amounts of bay leaf tea may cause vomiting (emetic properties) and drowsiness (sedative properties). In high doses, bay laurel has cytotoxic activity. Some people may experience allergic contact dermatitis from bay laurel oil.
Duke (2002) notes antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities for bay laurel, primarily at the experimental level. The essential oil contains eugenol and 1,8-cineole as principal bioactive components. Traditional dosages in European phytotherapy include 1–3 g of dried leaf as a tea. Caution is advised as the essential oil may cause allergic contact dermatitis, and bay berries should not be confused with the less toxic leaves (Duke, 2002).
Big headline: Comfrey naturally contains pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs), which can seriously harm the liver if taken internally (Staiger, 2012; EMA, 2015). • Do not ingest comfrey (no teas, no internal tinctures, no capsules), because PA exposure from internal use is the main safety problem (Staiger, 2012; Bach et al., 1990). • Topical use only, short-term: EU herbal guidance describes comfrey root preparations for minor bruises and sprains in adults, and recommends limited duration (commonly up to about 10 days) (EMA, 2015; EMA/HMPC, 2024). • Do not apply to broken skin (open wounds, damaged/irritated skin) and avoid eyes/mucous membranes (EMA/HMPC, 2024). • Pregnancy & breastfeeding: best avoided (not enough safety margin for medicinal use) (EMA/HMPC, 2024). • Children/adolescents: not recommended for medicinal topical use in EU monograph context (EMA/HMPC, 2024). • If you have liver disease or take medicines that stress the liver, skip comfrey completely (risk management logic based on PA concern) (Staiger, 2012; EMA, 2015). • Skin reactions: mild rash/irritation can occur; stop if it irritates (Smith and Jacobson, 2011).
Duke (2002) classifies common comfrey (Symphytum officinale) with anti-inflammatory and wound-healing properties, supported by allantoin content (promotes cell proliferation). However, comfrey also contains hepatotoxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids. Internal use is no longer recommended, and Commission E approved only external use. Duke emphasizes that pyrrolizidine alkaloids are cumulative hepatotoxins associated with veno-occlusive disease, and prolonged or internal use is contraindicated (Duke, 2002).
External Ids
Botanical Description
Evergreen shrub or small tree with dark green, glossy, aromatic leaves, smooth-edged and slightly wavy at the margin. Small, pale yellow-green flowers are borne in clusters in the leaf axils in spring, followed by small, dark purple-black berries on female trees.[11]
Robust, hairy perennial herb (Boraginaceae), 60-120 cm tall, with a thick, black-skinned, mucilaginous taproot. Leaves are large, broad, lance-shaped and bristly-hairy, running down the stem as raised wings (decurrent) - the leaf base's smooth, untoothed margin is a key feature distinguishing it from toxic foxglove. Drooping clusters of tubular, bell-shaped flowers are cream, pink or purple depending on variety.[11]
Habitat
Harvesting
Leaves are picked year-round from established plants and used fresh or dried; berries/seed are collected once ripe in autumn.
Leaves are cut during the growing season (before flowering is often preferred for lower pyrrolizidine-alkaloid content); root is dug in autumn or spring from mature plants.[11]
Traditional Uses
Bay leaf has an ancient Mediterranean culinary and medicinal history, used as a digestive carminative for indigestion and bloating, and topically and traditionally for muscle and joint pain and minor wounds; it remains one of the most widely used culinary herbs worldwide.[11]
Comfrey has one of the strongest traditional reputations of any European herb for wound healing and bone/tissue repair - the folk names 'knitbone' and 'boneset' reflect this - owing to its high allantoin content, which stimulates cell proliferation. Because the plant also contains hepatotoxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids, modern regulatory use is restricted to topical preparations only, for minor bruises and sprains, and internal use (teas, tinctures) is no longer recommended.[11]
Preparations
Dosage
Two clinical studies in healthy volunteers used an infusion prepared from 5 g of dried Laurus nobilis leaves in 100 mL of boiled water, taken once daily for 10 days. Traditional references suggest a smaller 1-3 g per cup up to three times daily; no EMA or WHO monograph exists for bay leaf. Educational reference only, not a prescription.
EU herbal-monograph guidance describes comfrey root preparations applied topically for minor bruises and sprains in adults, for a limited duration (commonly up to about 10 days); do not apply to broken skin or near eyes/mucous membranes. Comfrey must never be taken internally (no teas, tinctures or capsules) because of its pyrrolizidine alkaloid content. Educational reference only, not a prescription.
References
Lookalikes Review
Dangerous Lookalikes
References & Sources
- Hammoodi, O.T., Alkhilani, M.A., Alhayani, W.A., Al-Nuaimy, W. and Tala'a, A.A (2024) 'Effects of Laurus nobilis Leaf Extract on Healing of Experimentally Induced Wounds in Rabbits', Veterinary Medicine International, 2024, pp. 2889480. doi:10.1155/2024/2889480 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/2889480 - Caputo, L., Nazzaro, F., Souza, L.F., Aliberti, L., De Martino, L. and Fratianni, F (2017) 'Laurus nobilis: Composition of Essential Oil and Its Biological Activities', Molecules, 22(6), pp. 930. doi:10.3390/molecules22060930 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules22060930 - Bourebaba, N., Kornicka-Garbowska, K., Marycz, K., Bourebaba, L. and Kowalczuk, A (2021) 'Laurus nobilis ethanolic extract attenuates hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia-induced insulin resistance in HepG2 cell line through the reduction of oxidative stress and improvement of mitochondrial biogenesis', Mitochondrion, 59, pp. 190-213. doi:10.1016/j.mito.2021.06.003 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mito.2021.06.003 - Dobroslavic, E., Repajic, M., Dragovic-Uzelac, V. and Elez Garofulic, I (2022) 'Isolation of Laurus nobilis Leaf Polyphenols: A Review on Current Techniques and Future Perspectives', Foods, 11(2), pp. 235. doi:10.3390/foods11020235 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11020235 - Chbili, C., Maoua, M., Zaouali, M., Selmi, M., Kacem, I. and Mrizek, N (2022) 'Evaluation of daily Laurus nobilis tea consumption on anxiety and stress biomarkers in healthy volunteers', Archives Italiennes de Biologie, 160(3-4), pp. 136-146. doi:10.12871/000398292022343 Clinical study
https://doi.org/10.12871/000398292022343 - Chbili, C., Maoua, M., Selmi, M., Mrad, S., Khairi, H. and Limem, K (2020) 'Evaluation of Daily Laurus nobilis Tea Consumption on Lipid Profile Biomarkers in Healthy Volunteers', Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 39(8), pp. 733-738. doi:10.1080/07315724.2020.1727787 Clinical study
https://doi.org/10.1080/07315724.2020.1727787 - Bouadid, I., Amssayef, A. and Eddouks, M (2023) 'Study of the Antihypertensive Effect of Laurus nobilis in Rats', Cardiovascular & Hematological Agents in Medicinal Chemistry, 21(1), pp. 42-54. doi:10.2174/1871525720666220512154041 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.2174/1871525720666220512154041 - Mohammed, R.R., Omer, A.K., Yener, Z., Uyar, A. and Ahmed, A.K (2020) 'Biomedical effects of Laurus nobilis L. leaf extract on vital organs in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats: Experimental research', Annals of Medicine and Surgery, 61, pp. 188-197. doi:10.1016/j.amsu.2020.11.051 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amsu.2020.11.051 - Uchiyama, N., Matsunaga, K., Kiuchi, F., Honda, G., Tsubouchi, A. and Nakajima-Shimada, J (2002) 'Trypanocidal terpenoids from Laurus nobilis L', Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 50(11), pp. 1514-1516. doi:10.1248/cpb.50.1514 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1248/cpb.50.1514 - Saab, A.M., Guerrini, A., Zeino, M., Wiench, B., Rossi, D. and Gambari, R (2015) 'Laurus nobilis L. Seed Extract Reveals Collateral Sensitivity in Multidrug-Resistant P-Glycoprotein-Expressing Tumor Cells', Nutrition and Cancer, 67(4), pp. 664-675. doi:10.1080/01635581.2015.1019632 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1080/01635581.2015.1019632 - Elansary HO, et al. Laurus nobilis: Composition of Essential Oil and Its Biological Activities. Biomolecules. 2018;8 (2018) ';8(3):98', 8(3). Available at: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6152719/ Traditional / reference
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6152719/ - Fernandes F, et al. Laurus nobilis Leaves and Fruits: A Review of Metabolite Composition and Interest in Human Health. Applied Sciences. 2023;13 (2023) ';13(7):4606', 13(7). Available at: https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/13/7/4606 Traditional / reference
https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/13/7/4606 - Ramos C, et al. Bay Leaf. In: Nonvitamin and Nonmineral Nutritional Supplements. Academic Press; 2019:269-276. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7152419/ (2019) ':269-276'. Available at: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7152419/ Traditional / reference
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7152419/ - Singletary KW. Bay Leaf: Potential Health Benefits. Nutrition Today. 2021;55 (2021) ';55(4):184-193', 55(4). Available at: https://journals.lww.com/nutritiontodayonline/fulltext/2021/07000/bay_leaf__potential_health_benefits.8.aspx Traditional / reference
https://journals.lww.com/nutritiontodayonline/fulltext/2021/07000/bay_leaf__potential_health_benefits.8.aspx - University of Arizona Campus Arboretum. Medicinal Plant Virtual Tour - Bay Laurel. https://arboretum.arizona.edu/medicinal-plant-virtual-tour-bay-laurel. Available at: https://arboretum.arizona.edu/medicinal-plant-virtual-tour-bay-laurel Traditional / reference
https://arboretum.arizona.edu/medicinal-plant-virtual-tour-bay-laurel - Duke, J.A (2002) 'Handbook of Medicinal Herbs, Second Edition'. Traditional / reference
https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Handbook%20of%20Medicinal%20Herbs%2C%20Second%20Edition - Malaspina, P. and Betuzzi, F. and Ingegneri, M. and Smeriglio, A. and Cornara, L. and Trombetta, D (2022) 'Risk of Poisoning from Garden Plants: Misidentification between Laurel and Cherry Laurel', Toxins, 14(11), pp. 726. doi:10.3390/toxins14110726 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins14110726 - Henriet, M. and Auquiere, J.P. and Moens, P (1974) 'Analysis and content of hydrocyanic acid by cutting, row and organographic zone of leaves of cherry laurel (Prunus laurocerasus L)', Journal de Pharmacie de Belgique, 29(5), pp. 437-43. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4377277/ Preclinical
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4377277/
- Syarifah, A.N., Suryadi, H., Hayun, H., Simamora, A. and others (2023) 'Detoxification of comfrey (Symphytum officinale L.) extract using natural deep eutectic solvent (NADES) and evaluation of its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and hepatoprotective properties', Frontiers in Pharmacology, 14, pp. 1012716. doi:10.3389/fphar.2023.1012716 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2023.1012716 - Melnyk, N., Popowski, D., Strawa, J.W., Przygodzinska, K. and others (2023) 'Skin microbiota metabolism of natural products from comfrey root (Symphytum officinale L.)', Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 318(Pt B), pp. 116968. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2023.116968 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2023.116968 - Trifan, A., Skalicka-Wozniak, K., Granica, S., Czerwinska, M.E. and others (2020) 'Symphytum officinale L.: Liquid-liquid chromatography isolation of caffeic acid oligomers and evaluation of their influence on pro-inflammatory cytokine release in LPS-stimulated neutrophils', Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 262, pp. 113169. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2020.113169 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2020.113169 - Brown, A.W., Stegelmeier, B.L., Colegate, S.M., Gardner, D.R. and others (2016) 'The comparative toxicity of a reduced, crude comfrey (Symphytum officinale) alkaloid extract and the pure, comfrey-derived pyrrolizidine alkaloids, lycopsamine and intermedine in chicks (Gallus gallus domesticus)', Journal of Applied Toxicology, 36(5), pp. 716-725. doi:10.1002/jat.3205 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1002/jat.3205 - Trifan, A., Wolfram, E., Esslinger, N., Grubelnik, A. and others (2021) 'Globoidnan A, rabdosiin and globoidnan B as new phenolic markers in European-sourced comfrey (Symphytum officinale L.) root samples', Phytochemical Analysis, 32(4), pp. 482-494. doi:10.1002/pca.2996 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1002/pca.2996 - Nastic, N., Borras-Linares, I., Lozano-Sanchez, J., Svarc-Gajic, J. and others (2020) 'Comparative Assessment of Phytochemical Profiles of Comfrey (Symphytum officinale L.) Root Extracts Obtained by Different Extraction Techniques', Molecules, 25(4), pp. 837. doi:10.3390/molecules25040837 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25040837 - Frost, R., MacPherson, H. and O'Meara, S (2013) 'A critical scoping review of external uses of comfrey (Symphytum spp.)', Complementary Therapies in Medicine, 21(6), pp. 724-745. doi:10.1016/j.ctim.2013.09.009 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctim.2013.09.009 - Trifan, A., Opitz, S.E.W., Josuran, R., Grubelnik, A. and others (2018) 'Is comfrey root more than toxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids? Salvianolic acids among antioxidant polyphenols in comfrey (Symphytum officinale L.) roots', Food and Chemical Toxicology, 112, pp. 178-187. doi:10.1016/j.fct.2017.12.051 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2017.12.051 - Dey, D., Jingar, P., Agrawal, S., Shrivastava, V. and others (2019) 'Symphytum officinale augments osteogenesis in human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells in vitro as they differentiate into osteoblasts', Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 248, pp. 112329. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2019.112329 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2019.112329 - Kuchta, K. and Schmidt, M (2020) 'Safety of medicinal comfrey cream preparations (Symphytum officinale s.l.): The pyrrolizidine alkaloid lycopsamine is poorly absorbed through human skin', Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 118, pp. 104784. doi:10.1016/j.yrtph.2020.104784 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yrtph.2020.104784 - European Medicines Agency (2011) 'European Union herbal monograph on Symphytum officinale L., radix'. Traditional / reference
https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=European%20Union%20herbal%20monograph%20on%20Symphytum%20officinale%20L.%2C%20radix - Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew (n.d.). Available at: https://powo.science.kew.org Traditional / reference
https://powo.science.kew.org - Staiger, C (2012) 'Comfrey: a clinical overview', 26(10), pp. 1441--1448. doi:10.1002/ptr.4612 Randomized trial
https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.4612 - Duke, J.A (2002) 'Handbook of Medicinal Herbs, Second Edition'. Traditional / reference
https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Handbook%20of%20Medicinal%20Herbs%2C%20Second%20Edition - Vithayathil, M.K. and Edwards, M (2016) 'Comfrey herbal remedy causing second-degree heart block: do not be outfoxed by digitalis', BMJ Case Reports, 2016, pp. bcr2016216995. doi:10.1136/bcr-2016-216995 Clinical study
https://doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2016-216995 - Lin, C.C. and Yang, C.C. and Phua, D.H. and Deng, J.F. and Lu, L.H (2010) 'An outbreak of foxglove leaf poisoning', Journal of the Chinese Medical Association, 73(2), pp. 97-100. doi:10.1016/S1726-4901(10)70009-5 Clinical study
https://doi.org/10.1016/S1726-4901(10)70009-5 - Woodland Trust (2024) 'Foxglove (Digitalis purpurea)'. Available at: https://www.woodlandtrust.org.uk/trees-woods-and-wildlife/plants/wild-flowers/foxglove/ Traditional / reference
https://www.woodlandtrust.org.uk/trees-woods-and-wildlife/plants/wild-flowers/foxglove/
Generated automatically from the Omnia Sana plant database and its cited sources. For educational purposes only — not medical advice. Always consult a qualified practitioner before using medicinal plants.