Plant Comparison

Licorice root vs White clover

A side-by-side comparison of two medicinal plants — every documented constituent, action, use, safety note and cited source, assembled automatically from the Omnia Sana database.

First plant
Second plant
Show:
Plant ALicorice rootGlycyrrhiza glabraFabaceaeFull monograph →
Plant BWhite cloverTrifolium repensFabaceaeFull monograph →

At a glance

Licorice root and White clover: both belong to the Fabaceae family; they share 9 indicated uses (arthritis / joint pain, cold & flu, immune support, …); 4 pharmacological actions in common.

Licorice rootWhite clover
Constituents33
Pharmacological actions711
Indicated uses1415
Safety notes22
Cited sources2033
Indicated uses
Only Licorice root
Acid refluxBronchitisCoughIndigestionRespiratory support
Shared (9)
Arthritis / joint painCold & fluImmune supportInfection (general)Inflammation (general)Menstrual crampsMuscle spasmSkin irritationWounds
Only White clover
BruisingCancer (anticancer research)Kidney supportLiver supportBlood sugar / diabetes supportCognitive function
Pharmacological actions
Only Licorice root
AntiviralExpectorantGastroprotective
Shared (4)
Anti-inflammatoryAntimicrobialAntispasmodicImmunomodulator / immune support
Only White clover
AntioxidantVulnerary (wound healing)Nephroprotective (kidney support)Anticancer (preclinical)Hepatoprotective (liver support)Antidiabetic (blood-sugar lowering)Neuroprotective / cognition support

Evidence face-off — shared uses

ConditionLicorice rootWhite cloverVerdict
Arthritis / joint pain1/101/10Comparable evidence
Cold & flu1/101/10Comparable evidence
Immune support1/101/10Comparable evidence
Infection (general)1/102/10Comparable evidence
Inflammation (general)1/102/10Comparable evidence
Menstrual cramps1/101/10Comparable evidence
Muscle spasm1/101/10Comparable evidence
Skin irritation1/101/10Comparable evidence
Wounds1/107/10Stronger for White clover

Evidence scores (1–10) are computed from the tier of each cited source. “Comparable” means the two scores are within one point. Follow a score to its detailed sources.

Key Constituents

Triterpenoid saponins (glycyrrhizin/glycyrrhizic acid)[1]

The principal sweet-tasting compound, about 50 times sweeter than sucrose; responsible for the anti-inflammatory, antiviral and gastroprotective activity and also for the pseudoaldosteronism risk on prolonged high-dose use.

SaponinsGlycyrrhizin
Flavonoids and isoflavones (liquiritin, glabridin)[1]

Antioxidant and antimicrobial polyphenols, including the skin-lightening compound glabridin.

Flavonoids
Coumarins and sterols[1]

Minor supporting constituents of the root.

Isoflavones[32]

Phytoestrogenic isoflavones, present at lower levels than in red clover.

Flavonoids
Cyanogenic glycosides (trace)[30]

Present in small amounts; not significant in normal food or tea use.

Glycosides
Phenolic acids and flavonoids[32]

Contribute to antioxidant activity.

Phenolic acidsFlavonoids

Pharmacological Actions

Anti-inflammatory[1, 3, 4, 9, 11, 13, 14, 15]
Antimicrobial[8, 13, 14, 15]
Antispasmodic[13, 14, 15]

Antispasmodic (cramp easing)

Antiviral[13, 14, 15]
Expectorant[13, 14, 15]
Gastroprotective[13, 14, 15]
Immunomodulator / immune support[13, 14, 15]
Anti-inflammatory[1, 2, 5, 6, 22, 28, 30, 31, 32]
Antioxidant[1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 14, 16, 17, 20, 21, 23, 24, 25, 28, 30, 31, 32]
Antispasmodic[30, 31, 32]

Antispasmodic (cramp easing)

Immunomodulator / immune support[2, 30, 31, 32]
Vulnerary (wound healing)[1, 7, 13, 30, 31, 32]
Nephroprotective (kidney support)[4]
Anticancer (preclinical)[3, 10]
Hepatoprotective (liver support)[9]
Antimicrobial[12, 18, 22, 26, 28]
Antidiabetic (blood-sugar lowering)[10, 20]
Neuroprotective / cognition support[22, 23]

Traditional & Indicated Uses

Acid reflux[13, 14, 15]Traditional · 1/10

inferred from gastroprotective action

Evidence: 1
Label: Acid reflux
Arthritis / joint pain[13, 14, 15]Traditional · 1/10

inferred from anti-inflammatory action

Evidence: 1
Label: Arthritis / joint pain
Bronchitis[13, 14, 15]Traditional · 1/10

inferred from expectorant action

Evidence: 1
Label: Bronchitis
Cold & flu[13, 14, 15]Traditional · 1/10

inferred from antiviral action

Evidence: 1
Label: Cold & flu
Cough[13, 14, 15]Traditional · 1/10

inferred from expectorant action

Evidence: 1
Label: Cough
Immune support[13, 14, 15]Traditional · 1/10
Evidence: 1
Label: Immune support
Indigestion[13, 14, 15]Traditional · 1/10

inferred from gastroprotective action

Evidence: 1
Label: Indigestion
Infection (general)[13, 14, 15]Traditional · 1/10

inferred from antimicrobial action

Evidence: 1
Label: Infection (general)
Inflammation (general)[13, 14, 15]Traditional · 1/10

inferred from anti-inflammatory action

Evidence: 1
Label: Inflammation (general)
Menstrual cramps[13, 14, 15]Traditional · 1/10

inferred from antispasmodic action

Evidence: 1
Label: Menstrual cramps
Muscle spasm[13, 14, 15]Traditional · 1/10

inferred from antispasmodic action

Evidence: 1
Label: Muscle spasm
Respiratory support[13, 14, 15]Traditional · 1/10

inferred from expectorant action

Evidence: 1
Label: Respiratory support
Skin irritation[13, 14, 15]Traditional · 1/10

inferred from anti-inflammatory action

Evidence: 1
Label: Skin irritation
Wounds[13, 14, 15]Traditional · 1/10

inferred from antimicrobial action

Evidence: 1
Label: Wounds
Arthritis / joint pain[30, 31, 32]Traditional · 1/10

inferred from anti-inflammatory action

Evidence: 1
Label: Arthritis / joint pain
Bruising[30, 31, 32]Traditional · 1/10

inferred from vulnerary action

Evidence: 1
Label: Bruising
Cancer (anticancer research)[3, 10]Traditional · 2/10

inferred from anticancer action

Evidence: 2
Label: Cancer (anticancer research)
Cold & flu[30, 31, 32]Traditional · 1/10

inferred from immunomodulator action

Evidence: 1
Label: Cold & flu
Immune support[30, 31, 32]Traditional · 1/10
Evidence: 1
Label: Immune support
Inflammation (general)[6, 30, 31, 32]Traditional · 2/10

inferred from anti-inflammatory action

Evidence: 2
Label: Inflammation (general)
Menstrual cramps[30, 31, 32]Traditional · 1/10

inferred from antispasmodic action

Evidence: 1
Label: Menstrual cramps
Muscle spasm[30, 31, 32]Traditional · 1/10

inferred from antispasmodic action

Evidence: 1
Label: Muscle spasm
Skin irritation[30, 31, 32]Traditional · 1/10

inferred from anti-inflammatory action

Evidence: 1
Label: Skin irritation
Wounds[1, 7, 13, 30, 31, 32]Good · 7/10

inferred from vulnerary action

Evidence: 7
Label: Wounds
Kidney support[4]Traditional · 2/10
Evidence: 2
Label: Kidney support
Liver support[9]Traditional · 2/10
Evidence: 2
Label: Liver support
Blood sugar / diabetes support[10, 20]Traditional · 2/10
Evidence: 2
Label: Blood sugar / diabetes support
Infection (general)[12, 18, 22, 26]Traditional · 2/10

inferred from antimicrobial action

Evidence: 2
Label: Infection (general)
Cognitive function[22, 23]Traditional · 2/10
Evidence: 2
Label: Cognitive function

Safety, Cautions & Contraindications

Safety note[13, 14, 15]Caution

Avoid prolonged use of whole licorice root in large doses. May cause pseudoaldosteronism (hypertension, oedema, hypokalaemia). Contraindicated in hypertension, renal failure, liver disease, hypokalaemia, and pregnancy. DGL form is safer for prolonged gastric use. Interactions with antihypertensives, diuretics, and corticosteroids.

Safety note[13, 14, 15, 16]Caution

Duke (2002) rates licorice as ++ and documents extensive activities. Glycyrrhizin (the key compound) has anti-inflammatory, antiulcer, antiviral, and adrenal-stimulant properties. Duke highlights an important safety concern: chronic use of licorice can cause pseudoaldosteronism — sodium retention, potassium loss, edema, and hypertension — due to glycyrrhizin's inhibition of cortisol metabolism. This effect is typically seen with >50 g licorice/day for more than 6 weeks. Deglycyrrhizinated licorice (DGL) avoids this side effect. Dose: 5–15 g dried root daily. Contraindicated in hypertension, kidney disease, low potassium, liver cirrhosis, and in combination with diuretics or corticosteroids (Duke, 2002).

Safety note[30, 31, 32]Caution

Generally very safe as a food and in moderate herbal use. Cyanogenic glucosides present in very small amounts — not significant in normal food or tea use. Isoflavones are phytoestrogens (as in red clover) — same precautions apply in hormone-sensitive conditions. Well tolerated by most people.

Safety note[30, 31, 32, 33]Info

Duke (2002) does not include a dedicated entry for white clover (Trifolium repens) in the Handbook of Medicinal Herbs, Second Edition.

External Ids

Gbif: 2965732
Wikidata: Q257106
Gbif: 5358748
Wikidata: Q148675

Botanical Description

Herbaceous perennial legume with pinnately compound leaves of small, oval, slightly sticky leaflets. Pale blue-violet to lilac pea-like flowers are borne in loose spikes, followed by small, flattened, oblong pods. The sweet-tasting rhizome and root system, brownish-grey outside and bright yellow inside, is the medicinal part, spreading extensively underground via stolons.[1]

Height: 1-1.5 m
Habit: Herbaceous perennial legume, spreading by underground stolons
Leaves: Pinnately compound, small oval leaflets, slightly sticky
Flowers: Pale blue-violet to lilac, pea-like, in loose spikes
Stem: Erect, branching
Root: Extensive, sweet-tasting rhizome and root system, brownish-grey outside, bright yellow inside
Fruit: Small, flattened, oblong pod
Flowering Period: June-August

Low, creeping perennial herb rooting at the nodes, with trifoliate leaves, each leaflet oval and often marked with a pale chevron. Rounded white (sometimes pink-tinged) flower heads are borne on long stalks above the foliage.[30]

Height: 5-15 cm (creeping, flower stalks slightly taller)
Habit: Low, creeping, mat-forming perennial herb
Leaves: Trifoliate, each leaflet oval, often marked with a pale chevron
Flowers: Rounded white (sometimes pink-tinged) heads of small pea-like flowers on long stalks
Stem: Creeping, rooting at the nodes
Root: Fibrous roots with nitrogen-fixing nodules
Fruit: Small pod containing 3-4 seeds
Flowering Period: May-October

Habitat

Grows in dry, sunny, deep-soiled sites, riverbanks and open scrub; native to the Mediterranean region and Western to Central Asia, and cultivated widely for its root.[1]

Grows in lawns, pastures, meadows and grassy waste ground; native to Europe and western Asia and now naturalised worldwide, including as a common lawn and forage plant.[30]

Harvesting

The root and rhizome are dug in autumn from plants at least three to four years old, when glycyrrhizin content is highest, then cleaned and dried; sold whole, cut, or as processed extract.[1]

Parts: Root
Season: Autumn, from mature (3-4+ year) plants

Flowering heads and leaves are picked through the flowering season and dried in a warm, shaded, airy place.[30]

Parts: Flower, Leaf
Season: May-October

Traditional Uses

Licorice root is one of the oldest and most widely used herbs in the world, with a documented history across Chinese, Ayurvedic, Greek and European traditional medicine as a soothing demulcent and expectorant for coughs and sore throat, a gastroprotective remedy for stomach discomfort and ulcers, and a harmonising, sweetening addition to herbal formulas.[1]

White clover has a folk tradition, similar to but lighter than its relative red clover, as an anti-inflammatory and wound-healing remedy and mild expectorant, and modern research on its isoflavones and phenolics has additionally investigated antioxidant, kidney-protective and liver-protective activity.[30, 31, 32]

Preparations

Decoction[1]

Dried root simmered in water as a traditional soothing, expectorant and gastroprotective tea.

Standardised extract[1]

Root extract standardised to glycyrrhizin content, taken as capsules or lozenges.

Infusion (flower/leaf)[30]

Dried flower and leaf infused in hot water as a traditional mild tonic and expectorant tea.

Dosage

Whole root/decoction[12]

The EU herbal monograph gives, for adults and elderly, 1.5-2 g of the comminuted root in 150 mL of boiling water as an infusion or decoction 2 to 4 times daily, taken one cup after meals; a soft extract (DER 1:0.4-0.5) at 32 mg 2-3 times daily, not exceeding 160 mg daily, is also listed. The monograph directs that it is NOT to be used for more than 4 weeks, and is not recommended under 18 years - the duration limit matters because prolonged licorice use causes pseudoaldosteronism (sodium and water retention, potassium loss, raised blood pressure). Deglycyrrhizinated licorice (DGL) is preferred where prolonged use is intended. Educational reference only, not a prescription.

Not documented

References

REF-0826, REF-0827, REF-0828, REF-2187, REF-2188, REF-2189, REF-2190, REF-2191, REF-2192, REF-2193, REF-2194
REF-1323, REF-1324, REF-1325, REF-1326, REF-1327, REF-2366, REF-2367, REF-2368, REF-2369, REF-2901, REF-2902, REF-2903, REF-2904, REF-2905, REF-2906, REF-2907, REF-2908, REF-2909, REF-2910, REF-2935, REF-2936, REF-2937, REF-2938, REF-2939, REF-2940, REF-2941, REF-2942, REF-2943, REF-2944

Drug Class Interactions

Safety note[17, 18, 19, 20]Caution
Drug Class: antihypertensives
Mechanism: Licorice (glycyrrhizic acid) can cause sodium retention, potassium loss and raised blood pressure (pseudoaldosteronism), which can oppose blood-pressure medicines. Meta-analyses of randomised trials confirm that glycyrrhizic acid raises systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and a crossover trial found this even at a low daily dose (100 mg). Avoid regular or high licorice intake if you take blood-pressure medicines.
Reviewed By: Omnia Sana (owner-authorized)
Reviewed Date: 2026-07-03
Safety note[17, 18]Caution
Drug Class: cardiac-glycosides
Mechanism: Licorice-induced potassium loss can increase the risk of digoxin toxicity; a meta-analysis confirms licorice lowers plasma potassium, and low potassium makes the heart more sensitive to cardiac glycosides. Avoid regular or high intake.
Reviewed By: Omnia Sana (owner-authorized)
Reviewed Date: 2026-07-03
Safety note[18]Caution
Drug Class: diuretics
Mechanism: Licorice (glycyrrhizic acid) causes the body to lose potassium; combined with potassium-wasting water tablets (thiazide or loop diuretics such as hydrochlorothiazide or furosemide) this can add up to dangerously low potassium, which a meta-analysis confirms licorice lowers. Licorice also works against potassium-sparing diuretics such as spironolactone by mimicking aldosterone. Avoid regular or high licorice intake with any diuretic.
Reviewed By: Omnia Sana (owner-authorized)
Reviewed Date: 2026-07-03

Not documented

Lookalikes Review

Outcome: none-known
Reviewed By: Omnia Sana (owner-authorized)
Reviewed Date: 2026-07-07
Outcome: none-known
Reviewed By: Omnia Sana (owner-authorized)
Reviewed Date: 2026-07-07

References & Sources

  1. Pastorino, G., Cornara, L., Soares, S., Rodrigues, F. and Oliveira, M.B.P.P (2018) 'Liquorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra): A phytochemical and pharmacological review', Phytotherapy Research, 32(12), pp. 2323-2339. doi:10.1002/ptr.6178 Traditional / reference
    https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.6178
  2. Nazari, S., Rameshrad, M. and Hosseinzadeh, H (2017) 'Toxicological Effects of Glycyrrhiza glabra (Licorice): A Review', Phytotherapy Research, 31(11), pp. 1635-1650. doi:10.1002/ptr.5893 Traditional / reference
    https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.5893
  3. El-Saber Batiha, G., Magdy Beshbishy, A., El-Mleeh, A., Abdel-Daim, M.M. and Prasad Devkota, H (2020) 'Traditional Uses, Bioactive Chemical Constituents, and Pharmacological and Toxicological Activities of Glycyrrhiza glabra L. (Fabaceae)', Biomolecules, 10(3), pp. 352. doi:10.3390/biom10030352 Traditional / reference
    https://doi.org/10.3390/biom10030352
  4. Wahab, S., Annadurai, S., Abullais, S.S., Das, G., Ahmad, W., Ahmad, M.F., Kandasamy, G., Vasudevan, R., Ali, M.S. and Amir, M (2021) 'Glycyrrhiza glabra (licorice): a comprehensive review on its phytochemistry, biological activities, clinical evidence and toxicology', Plants, 10(12), pp. 2751. doi:10.3390/plants10122751 Meta-analysis / review
    https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10122751
  5. Markina, Y.V., Kirichenko, T.V., Markin, A.M., Yudina, I.Y., Starodubova, A.V., Sobenin, I.A. and Orekhov, A.N (2022) 'Atheroprotective effects of Glycyrrhiza glabra L', Molecules, 27(15), pp. 4697. doi:10.3390/molecules27154697 Meta-analysis / review
    https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27154697
  6. Jafari, F., Jafari, M., Moghadam, A.T., Emami, S.A., Jamialahmadi, T., Mohammadpour, A.H. and Sahebkar, A (2021) 'A review of Glycyrrhiza glabra (licorice) effects on metabolic syndrome', Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 1328, pp. 385-400. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-73234-9_25 Meta-analysis / review
    https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-73234-9_25
  7. Schmid, C., Dawid, C., Peters, V. and Hofmann, T (2018) 'Saponins from European licorice roots (Glycyrrhiza glabra)', Journal of Natural Products, 81(8), pp. 1734-1744. doi:10.1021/acs.jnatprod.8b00022 Preclinical
    https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jnatprod.8b00022
  8. Kalani, K., Chaturvedi, V., Alam, S., Khan, F. and Srivastava, S.K (2015) 'Anti-tubercular agents from Glycyrrhiza glabra', Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry, 15(11), pp. 1043-1049. doi:10.2174/1568026615666150317223323 Preclinical
    https://doi.org/10.2174/1568026615666150317223323
  9. Frattaruolo, L., Carullo, G., Brindisi, M., Mazzotta, S., Bellissimo, L., Rago, V., Curcio, R., Dolce, V., Aiello, F. and Cappello, A.R (2019) 'Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of flavanones from Glycyrrhiza glabra L. (licorice) leaf phytocomplexes: identification of licoflavanone as a modulator of NF-kB/MAPK pathway', Antioxidants, 8(6), pp. 186. doi:10.3390/antiox8060186 Preclinical
    https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox8060186
  10. Eltahir, A.O.E., Omoruyi, S.I., Augustine, T.N., Luckay, R.C. and Hussein, A.A (2024) 'Neuroprotective effects of Glycyrrhiza glabra total extract and isolated compounds', Pharmaceuticals, 17(7), pp. 852. doi:10.3390/ph17070852 Preclinical
    https://doi.org/10.3390/ph17070852
  11. Dastagir, G. and Rizvi, M.A (2016) 'Review - Glycyrrhiza glabra L. (liquorice)', Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 29(5), pp. 1727-1733. Meta-analysis / review
    https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Review%20-%20Glycyrrhiza%20glabra%20L.%20%28liquorice%29
  12. European Medicines Agency (HMPC) (2013) 'Community herbal monograph on Glycyrrhiza glabra L. and/or Glycyrrhiza inflata Bat. and/or Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch., radix'. Available at: https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/herbal-monograph/final-community-herbal-monograph-glycyrrhiza-glabra-l-andor-glycyrrhiza-inflata-bat-andor-glycyrrhiza-uralensis-fisch-radix-first-version_en.pdf Traditional / reference
    https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/herbal-monograph/final-community-herbal-monograph-glycyrrhiza-glabra-l-andor-glycyrrhiza-inflata-bat-andor-glycyrrhiza-uralensis-fisch-radix-first-version_en.pdf
  13. Asl, M.N. and Hosseinzadeh, H (2008) 'Review of pharmacological effects of Glycyrrhiza sp', 22(6), pp. 709--724. Traditional / reference
    https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Review%20of%20pharmacological%20effects%20of%20Glycyrrhiza%20sp.
  14. Fiore, C. et al (2008) 'A history of the therapeutic use of liquorice in Europe', 99(3), pp. 317--324. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2005.04.015 Traditional / reference
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2005.04.015
  15. WHO (1999) 'WHO Monographs on Selected Medicinal Plants'. Traditional / reference
    https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=WHO%20Monographs%20on%20Selected%20Medicinal%20Plants
  16. Duke, J.A (2002) 'Handbook of Medicinal Herbs, Second Edition'. Traditional / reference
    https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Handbook%20of%20Medicinal%20Herbs%2C%20Second%20Edition
  17. Takahashi, K., Yoshino, T., Maki, Y., Ishiuchi, K., Namiki, T., Ogawa-Ochiai, K., Minamizawa, K., Makino, T., Nakamura, T., Mimura, M. and Watanabe, K (2019) 'Identification of glycyrrhizin metabolites in humans and of a potential biomarker of liquorice-induced pseudoaldosteronism', Archives of Toxicology, 93(11), pp. 3111-3119. doi:10.1007/s00204-019-02588-2 Clinical study
    https://doi.org/10.1007/s00204-019-02588-2
  18. Penninkilampi, R., Eslick, E.M. and Eslick, G.D (2017) 'The association between consistent licorice ingestion, hypertension and hypokalaemia: a systematic review and meta-analysis', Journal of Human Hypertension, 31(11), pp. 699-707. doi:10.1038/jhh.2017.45 Meta-analysis / review
    https://doi.org/10.1038/jhh.2017.45
  19. Wu, T., Yang, J., Xia, J. and Sun, G (2024) 'Effects of licorice functional components intakes on blood pressure: a systematic review with meta-analysis and network toxicology', Nutrients, 16(21), pp. 3768. doi:10.3390/nu16213768 Meta-analysis / review
    https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16213768
  20. af Geijerstam, P., Joelsson, A., Radholm, K. and Nystrom, F.H (2024) 'A low dose of daily licorice intake affects renin, aldosterone, and home blood pressure in a randomized crossover trial', The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 119(3), pp. 682-691. doi:10.1016/j.ajcnut.2024.01.011 Randomized trial
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajcnut.2024.01.011
  1. Ngangom, L., Venugopal, D. and Pandey, N (2024) 'Investigation of Trifolium repens L. from the Indian Himalayan region as a phyto-therapeutic agent', Natural Product Research, 38(24), pp. 4468-4478. doi:10.1080/14786419.2023.2299319 Meta-analysis / review
    https://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2023.2299319
  2. Ahmad, S. and Zeb, A (2020) 'Phytochemical profile and pharmacological properties of Trifolium repens', Journal of Basic and Clinical Physiology and Pharmacology, 32(3), pp. 20200015. doi:10.1515/jbcpp-2020-0015 Meta-analysis / review
    https://doi.org/10.1515/jbcpp-2020-0015
  3. Sarno, F., Pepe, G., Termolino, P., Carafa, V. and others (2020) 'Trifolium repens Blocks Proliferation in Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia via the BCR-ABL/STAT5 Pathway', Cells, 9(2), pp. 379. doi:10.3390/cells9020379 Preclinical
    https://doi.org/10.3390/cells9020379
  4. Ahmad, S. and Zeb, A (2020) 'Nephroprotective property of Trifolium repens leaf extract against paracetamol-induced kidney damage in mice', 3 Biotech, 10(12), pp. 541. doi:10.1007/s13205-020-02539-0 Preclinical
    https://doi.org/10.1007/s13205-020-02539-0
  5. Kolodziejczyk-Czepas, J (2012) 'Trifolium species-derived substances and extracts--biological activity and prospects for medicinal applications', Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 143(1), pp. 14-23. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2012.06.048 Meta-analysis / review
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2012.06.048
  6. Chen, Y.H., Chen, P., Wang, Y., Yang, C.H., Wu, X., Wu, C.J., Luo, L., Wang, Q., Niu, C. and Yao, J.Y (2019) 'Structural characterization and anti-inflammatory activity evaluation of chemical constituents in the extract of Trifolium repens L', Journal of Food Biochemistry, 43(9), pp. e12981. doi:10.1111/jfbc.12981 Preclinical
    https://doi.org/10.1111/jfbc.12981
  7. Habibi Zadeh, S.K., Farahpour, M.R. and Kar, H.H (2020) 'The effect of topical administration of an ointment prepared from Trifolium repens hydroethanolic extract on the acceleration of excisional cutaneous wound healing', Wounds, 32(9), pp. 253-261. doi:10.25270/wnds/2020.253261 Preclinical
    https://doi.org/10.25270/wnds/2020.253261
  8. Kicel, A. and Wolbis, M (2012) 'Study on the phenolic constituents of the flowers and leaves of Trifolium repens L', Natural Product Research, 26(21), pp. 2050-2054. doi:10.1080/14786419.2011.637217 Preclinical
    https://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2011.637217
  9. Ahmad, S. and Zeb, A (2019) 'Effects of phenolic compounds from aqueous extract of Trifolium repens against acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity in mice', Journal of Food Biochemistry, 43(9), pp. e12963. doi:10.1111/jfbc.12963 Preclinical
    https://doi.org/10.1111/jfbc.12963
  10. Borczak, B. and Szewczyk, A. and Domagała, D. and Kapusta-Duch, J. and Leszczyńska, T. and Kotuła, M. and Grulova, D (2024) 'Potential Antidiabetic, Antioxidative and Antiproliferative Properties of Functional Wheat Flour Muffins Enriched with White Clover Flowers (Trifolium repens L.)', Int J Mol Sci, 25(18). doi:10.3390/ijms25189909 Preclinical
    https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25189909
  11. Rawat, P. and Kumar, B. and Misra, A. and Singh, S.P. and Singh, S.P. and Srivastava, S (2025) 'Effect of hydrolysed Trifolium repens L. extract on menopause-induced obesity and depressive symptoms: an in vitro and in vivo approach', Nat Prod Res, pp. 1-8. doi:10.1080/14786419.2025.2560636 Preclinical
    https://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2025.2560636
  12. Parić, A. and Mesic, A. and Mahmutović-Dizdarević, I. and Jerković-Mujkić, A. and Žujo, B. and Bašić, N. and Pustahija, F (2024) 'Bioactive potential of Trifolium repens L. essential oil', J Environ Sci Health B, 59(9), pp. 584-594. doi:10.1080/03601234.2024.2396730 Preclinical
    https://doi.org/10.1080/03601234.2024.2396730
  13. Renda, G. and Yalçın, F.N. and Nemutlu, E. and Akkol, E.K. and Süntar, I. and Keleş, H. and Ina, H. and Çalış, I. and Ersöz, T (2013) 'Comparative assessment of dermal wound healing potentials of various Trifolium L. extracts and determination of their isoflavone contents as potential active ingredients', J Ethnopharmacol, 148(2), pp. 423-32. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2013.04.031 Preclinical
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2013.04.031
  14. Ahmed, I.A.M. and Matthäus, B. and Özcan, M.M. and Juhaimi, F.A. and Ghafoor, K. and Babiker, E.E. and Osman, M.A. and Alqah, H.A.S (2020) 'Determination of Bioactive Lipid and Antioxidant Activity of Onobrychis, Pimpinella, Trifolium, and Phleum spp. Seed and Oils', J Oleo Sci, 69(11), pp. 1367-1371. doi:10.5650/jos.ess20153 Preclinical
    https://doi.org/10.5650/jos.ess20153
  15. Harlow, B.E. and Flythe, M.D. and Goodman, J.P. and Ji, H. and Aiken, G.E (2022) 'Isoflavone Containing Legumes Mitigate Ergot Alkaloid-Induced Vasoconstriction in Goats (Capra hircus)', Animals (Basel), 12(6). doi:10.3390/ani12060750 Preclinical
    https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12060750
  16. Shang, H. and Li, R. and Wu, H. and Sun, Z (2019) 'Polysaccharides from Trifolium repens L. extracted by different methods and extraction condition optimization', Sci Rep, 9(1), pp. 6353. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-42877-5 Preclinical
    https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-42877-5
  17. Prati, S. and Baravelli, V. and Fabbri, D. and Schwarzinger, C. and Brandolini, V. and Maietti, A. and Tedeschi, P. and Benvenuti, S. and Macchia, M. and Marotti, I. and Bonetti, A. and Catizone, P. and Dinelli, G (2007) 'Composition and content of seed flavonoids in forage and grain legume crops', J Sep Sci, 30(4), pp. 491-501. doi:10.1002/jssc.200600383 Preclinical
    https://doi.org/10.1002/jssc.200600383
  18. Woolsey, I.D. and Zeller, W.E. and Blomstrand, B.M. and Øines, Ø. and Enemark, H.L (2022) 'Effects of selected condensed tannins on Cryptosporidium parvum growth and proliferation in HCT-8 cell cultures', Exp Parasitol, 241, pp. 108353. doi:10.1016/j.exppara.2022.108353 Preclinical
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exppara.2022.108353
  19. Hou, K. and Xue, Q. and Shi, L. and Liu, S. and Zhong, X. and Liu, Y. and Wang, C (2026) 'Identification of Trifolium repens as a New Source of Glycyrrhetinic Acid: Pathway Elucidation and Heterologous Reconstruction in Yeast', J Agric Food Chem, 74(19), pp. 15182-15194. doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.6c02001 Preclinical
    https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.6c02001
  20. Tundis, R. and Marrelli, M. and Conforti, F. and Tenuta, M.C. and Bonesi, M. and Menichini, F. and Loizzo, M.R (2015) 'Trifolium pratense and T. repens (Leguminosae): Edible Flower Extracts as Functional Ingredients', Foods, 4(3), pp. 338-348. doi:10.3390/foods4030338 Preclinical
    https://doi.org/10.3390/foods4030338
  21. Başar, Y. and Yıldız, İ. and HOSAFLIOĞLU, İ. and Azeroual, A. and Erenler, R (2026) 'The Phytochemical Content and DPPH Activity of Trifolium repens L. Methanol Extract, and In Silico Studies', Adıyaman üniversitesi fen bilimleri dergisi, 16(1), pp. 61-76. doi:10.37094/adyujsci.1813336 Preclinical
    https://doi.org/10.37094/adyujsci.1813336
  22. Ayoubi, S.A. and Abdelwahab, I. and Ela, M.A. and Lakany, A.E. and Raafat, K (2026) 'Advanced Hybrid-Green Ultrasound–Infrared–Microwave Trifolium repens Essential oil Isolation with Multi-Target Ethnomedicine Bioactivity against Neuropathy, Inflammation and Multidrug-Resistant Infection', Journal of Food and Drug Analysis, 34(2). doi:10.38212/2224-6614.3595 Preclinical
    https://doi.org/10.38212/2224-6614.3595
  23. Ahmad, S. and Zeb, A. and Ayaz, M. and Murkovic, M (2019) 'Characterization of phenolic compounds using UPLC–HRMS and HPLC–DAD and anti-cholinesterase and anti-oxidant activities of Trifolium repens L. leaves', European Food Research and Technology, 246(3), pp. 485-496. doi:10.1007/s00217-019-03416-8 Preclinical
    https://doi.org/10.1007/s00217-019-03416-8
  24. Petrović, M. and Stanković, M. and Anđelković, B. and Babić, S. and Zornić, V. and Vasiljević, S. and Stevanović, Z.D (2016) 'Quality Parameters and Antioxidant Activity of Three Clover Species in Relation to the Livestock Diet', Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca, 44(1), pp. 201-208. doi:10.15835/nbha44110144 Preclinical
    https://doi.org/10.15835/nbha44110144
  25. Jakubczyk, K. and Łukomska, A. and Gutowska, I. and Kochman, J. and Janił, J. and Janda, K (2021) 'Edible Flowers Extracts as a Source of Bioactive Compounds with Antioxidant Properties—In Vitro Studies', Applied Sciences, 11(5), pp. 2120-2120. doi:10.3390/app11052120 Preclinical
    https://doi.org/10.3390/app11052120
  26. Ngangom, L. and Venugopal, D. and Pandey, N. and Kumar, N (2022) 'In-silico screening and identification of potential bioactive compounds of Trifolium repens against pathogenic bacterial target proteins', Materials Today Proceedings, 73, pp. 142-150. doi:10.1016/j.matpr.2022.09.501 Preclinical
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2022.09.501
  27. Amer, B. and Juul, L. and Møller, A.H. and Møller, H.S. and Dalsgaard, T.K (2020) 'Improved solubility of proteins from white and red clover – inhibition of redox enzymes', International Journal of Food Science & Technology, 56(1), pp. 302-311. doi:10.1111/ijfs.14632 Preclinical
    https://doi.org/10.1111/ijfs.14632
  28. Pap, N. and Granato, D. and Järvenpää, E. and Tienaho, J. and Marnila, P. and Hellström, J. and Pihlava, J. and Franco, M. and Stefański, T. and Rinne, M (2024) 'Biorefining of legume and grass biomasses: Technological properties and bioactivities of the green juice', Future Foods, 9, pp. 100331-100331. doi:10.1016/j.fufo.2024.100331 Preclinical
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fufo.2024.100331
  29. Ahn, C. and Lee, J. and Park, M.J. and Kim, J. and Yang, J. and Yoo, Y. and Jeung, E (2020) 'Cytostatic effects of plant essential oils on human skin and lung cells', Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 19(3), pp. 2008-2018. doi:10.3892/etm.2020.8460 Preclinical
    https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2020.8460
  30. Bhattacharya, S. et al (2013) 'Review of the botanical, phytochemical, pharmacological and toxicological properties of white clover (Trifolium repens L.)', 7(7), pp. 583--588. Traditional / reference
    https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Review%20of%20the%20botanical%2C%20phytochemical%2C%20pharmacological%20and%20toxicological%20properties%20of%20white%20clover%20%28Trifolium%20repens%20L.%29
  31. Grieve, M (1931) 'A Modern Herbal'. Traditional / reference
    https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=A%20Modern%20Herbal
  32. Klaiber, I. et al (2002) 'Health benefits of isoflavones from clover species', 16(1), pp. 1--8. Traditional / reference
    https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Health%20benefits%20of%20isoflavones%20from%20clover%20species
  33. Duke, J.A (2002) 'Handbook of Medicinal Herbs, Second Edition'. Traditional / reference
    https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Handbook%20of%20Medicinal%20Herbs%2C%20Second%20Edition

Generated automatically from the Omnia Sana plant database and its cited sources. For educational purposes only — not medical advice. Always consult a qualified practitioner before using medicinal plants.