Plant Comparison
Licorice root vs Greater Plantain
A side-by-side comparison of two medicinal plants — every documented constituent, action, use, safety note and cited source, assembled automatically from the Omnia Sana database.
At a glance
Licorice root and Greater Plantain: they share 9 indicated uses (arthritis / joint pain, bronchitis, cough, …); 5 pharmacological actions in common.
Evidence face-off — shared uses
| Condition | Licorice root | Greater Plantain | Verdict |
|---|---|---|---|
| Arthritis / joint pain | 1/10 | 1/10 | Comparable evidence |
| Bronchitis | 1/10 | 1/10 | Comparable evidence |
| Cough | 1/10 | 1/10 | Comparable evidence |
| Immune support | 1/10 | 2/10 | Comparable evidence |
| Infection (general) | 1/10 | 1/10 | Comparable evidence |
| Inflammation (general) | 1/10 | 1/10 | Comparable evidence |
| Respiratory support | 1/10 | 1/10 | Comparable evidence |
| Skin irritation | 1/10 | 1/10 | Comparable evidence |
| Wounds | 1/10 | 2/10 | Comparable evidence |
Evidence scores (1–10) are computed from the tier of each cited source. “Comparable” means the two scores are within one point. Follow a score to its detailed sources.
Key Constituents
The principal sweet-tasting compound, about 50 times sweeter than sucrose; responsible for the anti-inflammatory, antiviral and gastroprotective activity and also for the pseudoaldosteronism risk on prolonged high-dose use.
Antioxidant and antimicrobial polyphenols, including the skin-lightening compound glabridin.
Minor supporting constituents of the root.
Characteristic iridoids of Plantago major.
Polyphenolic esters contributing to antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity.
Flavonoid constituents of the leaf.
Pharmacological Actions
Traditional & Indicated Uses
inferred from gastroprotective action
inferred from anti-inflammatory action
inferred from expectorant action
inferred from gastroprotective action
inferred from antimicrobial action
inferred from anti-inflammatory action
inferred from antispasmodic action
inferred from antispasmodic action
inferred from expectorant action
inferred from anti-inflammatory action
inferred from anti-inflammatory action
inferred from expectorant action
inferred from vulnerary action
Demulcent / expectorant (coughs, catarrh, irritated airways)
inferred from antimicrobial action
inferred from anti-inflammatory action
inferred from expectorant action
inferred from anti-inflammatory action
inferred from vulnerary action
P. major extract showed immunomodulatory, antiviral and cytotoxic effects in vitro.
P. major extracts/compounds inhibited proliferation of cancer cell lines (preclinical).
Safety, Cautions & Contraindications
Avoid prolonged use of whole licorice root in large doses. May cause pseudoaldosteronism (hypertension, oedema, hypokalaemia). Contraindicated in hypertension, renal failure, liver disease, hypokalaemia, and pregnancy. DGL form is safer for prolonged gastric use. Interactions with antihypertensives, diuretics, and corticosteroids.
Duke (2002) rates licorice as ++ and documents extensive activities. Glycyrrhizin (the key compound) has anti-inflammatory, antiulcer, antiviral, and adrenal-stimulant properties. Duke highlights an important safety concern: chronic use of licorice can cause pseudoaldosteronism — sodium retention, potassium loss, edema, and hypertension — due to glycyrrhizin's inhibition of cortisol metabolism. This effect is typically seen with >50 g licorice/day for more than 6 weeks. Deglycyrrhizinated licorice (DGL) avoids this side effect. Dose: 5–15 g dried root daily. Contraindicated in hypertension, kidney disease, low potassium, liver cirrhosis, and in combination with diuretics or corticosteroids (Duke, 2002).
Extremely safe; one of the most widely used edible and medicinal plants in the world. Psyllium seeds (closely related) are well-studied as a bulk laxative but should always be taken with adequate water. Allergic reactions are rare but possible. No significant drug interactions documented at normal doses.
Duke (2002) rates plantain as ++ and notes anti-inflammatory, antitussive, antiatherosclerotic, and COX-2-inhibitory activities at the experimental level (score 1). The seeds (psyllium) of related species have clinical evidence for cholesterol reduction and as bulk laxatives, though entries here apply to the leaf. Dose: leaf as tea or poultice for wounds, sore throat, and bronchial conditions. Duke notes the plant is generally safe with anti-inflammatory topical use well-supported in traditional practice. Commission E approved plantain (ribwort species) for catarrh and wound healing (Duke, 2002).
Generally regarded as safe as food and in customary medicinal use; allergic reactions are uncommon, though the abundant wind-borne pollen can aggravate hay fever in sensitive people.
Correct identification is essential and material should be gathered away from roadsides, sprayed lawns and other contaminated ground; deep or infected wounds warrant proper medical care.
External Ids
Botanical Description
Herbaceous perennial legume with pinnately compound leaves of small, oval, slightly sticky leaflets. Pale blue-violet to lilac pea-like flowers are borne in loose spikes, followed by small, flattened, oblong pods. The sweet-tasting rhizome and root system, brownish-grey outside and bright yellow inside, is the medicinal part, spreading extensively underground via stolons.[1]
Low, rosette-forming perennial herb (Plantaginaceae) with broad, oval to rounded leaves marked by 5-9 prominent parallel ribs, borne on long, channelled petioles. Slender, leafless flowering spikes rise from the rosette bearing tiny, densely packed greenish flowers, followed by small seed capsules.[36]
Habitat
Grows in dry, sunny, deep-soiled sites, riverbanks and open scrub; native to the Mediterranean region and Western to Central Asia, and cultivated widely for its root.[1]
Native to Europe and temperate Asia and now one of the most widespread naturalised weeds worldwide (the name 'waybread', or historically 'white man's foot', reflects its spread along paths and trails); thrives on compacted, disturbed ground such as paths, lawns and roadsides.[36]
Harvesting
The root and rhizome are dug in autumn from plants at least three to four years old, when glycyrrhizin content is highest, then cleaned and dried; sold whole, cut, or as processed extract.[1]
Leaves are gathered fresh throughout the growing season, especially for poultice use; seed is collected in autumn once ripe.[36]
Traditional Uses
Licorice root is one of the oldest and most widely used herbs in the world, with a documented history across Chinese, Ayurvedic, Greek and European traditional medicine as a soothing demulcent and expectorant for coughs and sore throat, a gastroprotective remedy for stomach discomfort and ulcers, and a harmonising, sweetening addition to herbal formulas.[1]
Greater plantain is one of the most widely used wound herbs across world folk-medicine traditions, applied fresh as a poultice to cuts, stings and insect bites, and taken as a tea for cough, digestive upset and mild diarrhoea. Modern reviews confirm broad anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant and wound-healing activity supporting these traditional uses.[1, 36]
Preparations
Crushed or chewed fresh leaf applied directly to wounds, stings and insect bites - the classic traditional first-aid use.
Dried leaf steeped in hot water for cough, digestive complaints and mild diarrhoea.
The mucilaginous seed, related to psyllium, used traditionally as a mild bulk laxative.
Dosage
The EU herbal monograph gives, for adults and elderly, 1.5-2 g of the comminuted root in 150 mL of boiling water as an infusion or decoction 2 to 4 times daily, taken one cup after meals; a soft extract (DER 1:0.4-0.5) at 32 mg 2-3 times daily, not exceeding 160 mg daily, is also listed. The monograph directs that it is NOT to be used for more than 4 weeks, and is not recommended under 18 years - the duration limit matters because prolonged licorice use causes pseudoaldosteronism (sodium and water retention, potassium loss, raised blood pressure). Deglycyrrhizinated licorice (DGL) is preferred where prolonged use is intended. Educational reference only, not a prescription.
References
Drug Class Interactions
Not documented
Lookalikes Review
References & Sources
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https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.6178 - Nazari, S., Rameshrad, M. and Hosseinzadeh, H (2017) 'Toxicological Effects of Glycyrrhiza glabra (Licorice): A Review', Phytotherapy Research, 31(11), pp. 1635-1650. doi:10.1002/ptr.5893 Traditional / reference
https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.5893 - El-Saber Batiha, G., Magdy Beshbishy, A., El-Mleeh, A., Abdel-Daim, M.M. and Prasad Devkota, H (2020) 'Traditional Uses, Bioactive Chemical Constituents, and Pharmacological and Toxicological Activities of Glycyrrhiza glabra L. (Fabaceae)', Biomolecules, 10(3), pp. 352. doi:10.3390/biom10030352 Traditional / reference
https://doi.org/10.3390/biom10030352 - Wahab, S., Annadurai, S., Abullais, S.S., Das, G., Ahmad, W., Ahmad, M.F., Kandasamy, G., Vasudevan, R., Ali, M.S. and Amir, M (2021) 'Glycyrrhiza glabra (licorice): a comprehensive review on its phytochemistry, biological activities, clinical evidence and toxicology', Plants, 10(12), pp. 2751. doi:10.3390/plants10122751 Meta-analysis / review
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https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Review%20-%20Glycyrrhiza%20glabra%20L.%20%28liquorice%29 - European Medicines Agency (HMPC) (2013) 'Community herbal monograph on Glycyrrhiza glabra L. and/or Glycyrrhiza inflata Bat. and/or Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch., radix'. Available at: https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/herbal-monograph/final-community-herbal-monograph-glycyrrhiza-glabra-l-andor-glycyrrhiza-inflata-bat-andor-glycyrrhiza-uralensis-fisch-radix-first-version_en.pdf Traditional / reference
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https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Handbook%20of%20Medicinal%20Herbs%2C%20Second%20Edition - Takahashi, K., Yoshino, T., Maki, Y., Ishiuchi, K., Namiki, T., Ogawa-Ochiai, K., Minamizawa, K., Makino, T., Nakamura, T., Mimura, M. and Watanabe, K (2019) 'Identification of glycyrrhizin metabolites in humans and of a potential biomarker of liquorice-induced pseudoaldosteronism', Archives of Toxicology, 93(11), pp. 3111-3119. doi:10.1007/s00204-019-02588-2 Clinical study
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https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-019-1255-6 - Ringbom, T. and Segura, L. and Noreen, Y. and Perera, P. and Bohlin, L (1998) 'Ursolic Acid fromPlantagomajor, a Selective Inhibitor of Cyclooxygenase-2 Catalyzed Prostaglandin Biosynthesis', Journal of Natural Products. doi:10.1021/np980088i Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1021/np980088i - Guillén, M.E.N. and Emim, J.A.D.S. and Souccar, C. and Lapa, A.J (1997) 'Analgesic and Anti-inflammatory Activities of the Aqueous Extract of Plantago major L', International Journal of Pharmacognosy. doi:10.1076/phbi.35.2.99.13288 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1076/phbi.35.2.99.13288 - Atibayeva, А.E. and Тыныкулов, М (2024) 'ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY OF PLANTAGO MAJOR LEAF EXTRACTS IN VITRO ON EPITHELIAL CELLS OF THE ORAL CAVITY', Vestnik of M Kozybayev North Kazakhstan University. doi:10.54596/2958-0048-2024-2-48-53 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.54596/2958-0048-2024-2-48-53 - Zhakipbekov, K. and Turgumbayeva, A. and Issayeva, R. and Kipchakbayeva, A. and Kadyrbayeva, G. and Tleubayeva, M.I. and Akhayeva, T. and Тастамбек, К. and Sainova, G.A. and Serikbayeva, E. and Tolenova, K. and Махатова, Б. and Anarbayeva, R. and Shimirova, Z. and Tileuberdi, Y (2023) 'Antimicrobial and Other Biomedical Properties of Extracts from Plantago major, Plantaginaceae', Pharmaceuticals. doi:10.3390/ph16081092 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.3390/ph16081092 - Povnitsa, O. and Bilyavska, L. and Pankivska, Y. and Likhanov, A. and Dorovskyh, A. and Лысенко, В.С. and Lokshin, M.M. and Zahorodnia, S (2021) 'In vitro Antiviral Activity of Leaf Extracts Plantago major, Plantago lanceolata, Rubus idaeus', Mikrobiolohichnyi Zhurnal. doi:10.15407/microbiolj84.01.044 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.15407/microbiolj84.01.044 - Han, A.Y. and Nam, M. and Lee, K (2016) 'Plantamajoside Inhibits UVB and Advanced Glycation End Products‐Induced MMP‐1 Expression by Suppressing the MAPK and NF‐κB Pathways in HaCaT Cells', Photochemistry and Photobiology. doi:10.1111/php.12615 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1111/php.12615 - Shirley, K.P. and Windsor, L.J. and Eckert, G.J. and Gregory, R.L (2015) 'In Vitro Effects of Plantago Major Extract, Aucubin, and Baicalein on Candida albicans Biofilm Formation, Metabolic Activity, and Cell Surface Hydrophobicity', Journal of Prosthodontics. doi:10.1111/jopr.12411 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1111/jopr.12411 - Samuelsen, A.B (2000) 'The traditional uses, chemical constituents and biological activities of Plantago major L. A review', 8741(00), pp. 1--21. doi:10.1016/s0378-8741(00)00212-9 Traditional / reference
https://doi.org/10.1016/s0378-8741(00)00212-9 - Grieve, M (1931). Available at: https://botanical.com/botanical/mgmh/p/planta14.html Traditional / reference
https://botanical.com/botanical/mgmh/p/planta14.html - Herbal Reality (n.d.) 'Plantain (Plantago major): Benefits, Safety, Uses'. Available at: https://www.herbalreality.com/herb/plantain/ Traditional / reference
https://www.herbalreality.com/herb/plantain/ - Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew (n.d.). Available at: https://powo.science.kew.org Traditional / reference
https://powo.science.kew.org - Samuelsen, A.B (2000) 'The traditional uses, chemical constituents and biological activities of Plantago major L.: a review', pp. 1--21. Traditional / reference
https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=The%20traditional%20uses%2C%20chemical%20constituents%20and%20biological%20activities%20of%20Plantago%20major%20L.%3A%20a%20review - World Health Organization (2002) 'WHO Monographs on Selected Medicinal Plants'. Traditional / reference
https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=WHO%20Monographs%20on%20Selected%20Medicinal%20Plants - Zubair, M., Ekholm, A., Nybom, H., Renvert, S., Widen, C. and Rumpunen, K (2012) 'Effects of Plantago major L. leaf extracts on oral epithelial cells in a scratch assay', 141(3), pp. 825--830. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2012.03.016 Traditional / reference
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2012.03.016 - Duke, J.A (2002) 'Handbook of Medicinal Herbs, Second Edition'. Traditional / reference
https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Handbook%20of%20Medicinal%20Herbs%2C%20Second%20Edition - The Herbal Medic (n.d.) 'Plantain (Plantago lanceolata) - Wound Healing & Respiratory Support Herb'. Available at: https://theherbalmedic.co.uk/plantain-plantago-lanceolate Traditional / reference
https://theherbalmedic.co.uk/plantain-plantago-lanceolate - A Wandering Botanist (2013) 'Plant Story - Plantains (Plantago), Tracking Your Footsteps All Over the World'. Available at: http://khkeeler.blogspot.com/2013/11/plant-story-plantains-plantago-tracking.html Traditional / reference
http://khkeeler.blogspot.com/2013/11/plant-story-plantains-plantago-tracking.html - Edible Wild Food (n.d.) 'Broadleaf Plantain (Plantago major)'. Available at: https://www.ediblewildfood.com/broadleaf-plantain.aspx Traditional / reference
https://www.ediblewildfood.com/broadleaf-plantain.aspx - Florida School of Holistic Living (n.d.). Available at: https://www.holisticlivingschool.org/2020/02/25/march-plantain/ Traditional / reference
https://www.holisticlivingschool.org/2020/02/25/march-plantain/ - Living Plant Wisdom (n.d.) 'Living Plant Wisdom Profile: Plantain (Plantago major)'. Available at: https://holisticfarming.substack.com/p/living-plant-wisdom-profile-plantain Traditional / reference
https://holisticfarming.substack.com/p/living-plant-wisdom-profile-plantain - Nine Herbs Charm (n.d.). Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nine_Herbs_Charm Traditional / reference
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nine_Herbs_Charm - North Carolina Extension (n.d.) 'Plantago major'. Available at: https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/plantago-major/ Traditional / reference
https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/plantago-major/ - Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew (n.d.) 'Plantago major L'. Available at: https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:677229-1 Traditional / reference
https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:677229-1 - Royal Horticultural Society (n.d.) 'Plantago major (common plantain)'. Available at: https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/42126/plantago-major/details Traditional / reference
https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/42126/plantago-major/details - The Wildlife Trusts (n.d.) 'Greater plantain'. Available at: https://www.wildlifetrusts.org/wildlife-explorer/wildflowers/greater-plantain Traditional / reference
https://www.wildlifetrusts.org/wildlife-explorer/wildflowers/greater-plantain - Zubair, M (2012). Available at: https://research.slu.se/en/publications/genetic-variation-biochemical-contents-and-wound-healing-activity/ Traditional / reference
https://research.slu.se/en/publications/genetic-variation-biochemical-contents-and-wound-healing-activity/
Generated automatically from the Omnia Sana plant database and its cited sources. For educational purposes only — not medical advice. Always consult a qualified practitioner before using medicinal plants.