Plant Comparison

Lingzhi vs Panax Ginseng

A side-by-side comparison of two medicinal plants — every documented constituent, action, use, safety note and cited source, assembled automatically from the Omnia Sana database.

First plant

Second plant

Plant ALingzhiGanoderma lingzhiGanodermataceaeFull monograph →

Plant BPanax GinsengPanax ginsengAraliaceaeFull monograph →

At a glance

Lingzhi and Panax Ginseng: they share 8 indicated uses (arthritis / joint pain, blood sugar / diabetes support, cardiovascular / heart health, …); 4 pharmacological actions in common.

LingzhiPanax Ginseng

Constituents23

Pharmacological actions76

Indicated uses1112

Safety notes22

Cited sources2121

Indicated uses

Only Lingzhi

Cancer (anticancer research)Infection (general)Insomnia / sleeplessness

Shared (8)

Arthritis / joint painBlood sugar / diabetes supportCardiovascular / heart healthCold & fluImmune supportInflammation (general)Metabolic supportSkin irritation

Only Panax Ginseng

Cognitive functionFatigue / low energyMemoryMuscle soreness

Pharmacological actions

Only Lingzhi

Anticancer (preclinical)AntiviralSedative / sleep support

Shared (4)

Anti-inflammatoryAntidiabetic (blood-sugar lowering)AntioxidantImmunomodulator / immune support

Only Panax Ginseng

Physical performance / ergogenicNeuroprotective / cognition support

Evidence face-off — shared uses

Condition	Lingzhi	Panax Ginseng	Verdict
Arthritis / joint pain	1/10	5/10	Stronger for Panax Ginseng
Blood sugar / diabetes support	1/10	5/10	Stronger for Panax Ginseng
Cardiovascular / heart health	1/10	5/10	Stronger for Panax Ginseng
Cold & flu	1/10	5/10	Stronger for Panax Ginseng
Immune support	1/10	5/10	Stronger for Panax Ginseng
Inflammation (general)	1/10	5/10	Stronger for Panax Ginseng
Metabolic support	1/10	5/10	Stronger for Panax Ginseng
Skin irritation	1/10	5/10	Stronger for Panax Ginseng

Evidence scores (1–10) are computed from the tier of each cited source. “Comparable” means the two scores are within one point. Follow a score to its detailed sources.

Key Constituents

Beta-glucan polysaccharides^{[1, 4]}

Principal immunomodulatory constituents, the main focus of anticancer-adjunct and immune research.

Polysaccharides

Triterpenes (ganoderic acids)^[1]

Bitter triterpenes associated with anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective and adaptogenic activity.

Triterpene saponinsTerpenes / terpenoids

Ginsenosides (panaxosides)^[3]

The principal bioactive triterpene saponins of the root, considered responsible for most of ginseng's adaptogenic, neuroprotective and immunomodulatory activity; the ratio of protopanaxadiol- to protopanaxatriol-type ginsenosides differs between fresh, white and red ginseng.

Ginsenosides / eleutherosides

Polysaccharides (panaxans)^[7]

Contribute to the immunomodulatory activity of the root.

Polysaccharides

Volatile oil and phenolic compounds^[7]

Minor constituents contributing to the aroma and antioxidant activity.

Essential (volatile) oilPhenolic compounds

Pharmacological Actions

Anti-inflammatory^{[2, 6, 14, 15, 16]}

Anticancer (preclinical)^{[4, 9, 10, 13, 14, 15, 16]}

Antidiabetic (blood-sugar lowering)^{[5, 9, 14, 15, 16]}

Antioxidant^{[5, 7, 14, 15, 16]}

Antiviral^{[6, 14, 15, 16]}

Immunomodulator / immune support^{[4, 5, 8, 10, 12, 14, 15, 16]}

Sedative / sleep support^{[14, 15, 16]}

Anti-inflammatory^{[1, 7, 11, 12, 13]}

Antidiabetic (blood-sugar lowering)^{[11, 12, 13]}

Antioxidant^{[1, 7, 11, 12, 13]}

Physical performance / ergogenic^{[6, 11, 12, 13]}

Physical performance / strength improvement

Immunomodulator / immune support^{[1, 7, 11, 12, 13]}

Neuroprotective / cognition support^{[1, 5, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13]}

Traditional & Indicated Uses

Arthritis / joint pain^{[14, 15, 16]}Traditional · 1/10

inferred from anti-inflammatory action

Evidence: 1

Label: Arthritis / joint pain

Blood sugar / diabetes support^{[14, 15, 16]}Traditional · 1/10

inferred from antidiabetic action

Evidence: 1

Label: Blood sugar / diabetes support

Cancer (anticancer research)^{[1, 4, 10, 15]}Good · 8/10

inferred from anticancer action

Evidence: 8

Label: Cancer (anticancer research)

Cardiovascular / heart health^{[14, 15, 16]}Traditional · 1/10

Evidence: 1

Label: Cardiovascular / heart health

Cold & flu^{[14, 15, 16]}Traditional · 1/10

inferred from antiviral action

Evidence: 1

Label: Cold & flu

Immune support^{[14, 15, 16]}Traditional · 1/10

Evidence: 1

Label: Immune support

Infection (general)^{[14, 15, 16]}Traditional · 1/10

inferred from antiviral action

Evidence: 1

Label: Infection (general)

Inflammation (general)^{[14, 15, 16]}Traditional · 1/10

inferred from anti-inflammatory action

Evidence: 1

Label: Inflammation (general)

Insomnia / sleeplessness^{[14, 15, 16]}Traditional · 1/10

inferred from sedative action

Evidence: 1

Label: Insomnia / sleeplessness

Metabolic support^{[14, 15, 16]}Traditional · 1/10

inferred from antidiabetic action

Evidence: 1

Label: Metabolic support

Skin irritation^{[14, 15, 16]}Traditional · 1/10

inferred from anti-inflammatory action

Evidence: 1

Label: Skin irritation

Arthritis / joint pain^{[11, 12, 13]}Moderate · 5/10

inferred from anti-inflammatory action

Evidence: 5

Label: Arthritis / joint pain

Blood sugar / diabetes support^{[11, 12, 13]}Moderate · 5/10

inferred from antidiabetic action

Evidence: 5

Label: Blood sugar / diabetes support

Cardiovascular / heart health^{[11, 12, 13]}Moderate · 5/10

Evidence: 5

Label: Cardiovascular / heart health

Cognitive function^{[9, 10, 11, 12, 13]}Strong · 9/10

inferred from neuroprotective action

Evidence: 9

Label: Cognitive function

Cold & flu^{[11, 12, 13]}Moderate · 5/10

inferred from immunomodulator action

Evidence: 5

Label: Cold & flu

Fatigue / low energy^{[6, 11, 12, 13]}Good · 8/10

inferred from ergogenic action

Evidence: 8

Label: Fatigue / low energy

Immune support^{[11, 12, 13]}Moderate · 5/10

Evidence: 5

Label: Immune support

Inflammation (general)^{[11, 12, 13]}Moderate · 5/10

inferred from anti-inflammatory action

Evidence: 5

Label: Inflammation (general)

Memory^{[9, 11, 12, 13]}Good · 8/10

inferred from neuroprotective action

Evidence: 8

Label: Memory

Metabolic support^{[11, 12, 13]}Moderate · 5/10

Evidence: 5

Label: Metabolic support

Muscle soreness^{[11, 12, 13]}Moderate · 5/10

inferred from ergogenic action

Evidence: 5

Label: Muscle soreness

Skin irritation^{[11, 12, 13]}Moderate · 5/10

inferred from anti-inflammatory action

Evidence: 5

Label: Skin irritation

Safety, Cautions & Contraindications

Safety note^{[14, 15, 16]}Caution

Generally well tolerated at standard doses. May cause mild digestive upset, dry mouth, or dizziness in some individuals. May enhance the effects of anticoagulant and antihypertensive medications. Avoid during pregnancy and breastfeeding. Extended use beyond 6 months is not well studied in humans.

Safety note^{[14, 15, 16, 17]}Caution

Duke (2002) rates reishi (Ganoderma lucidum) as + and notes immunostimulant, hepatoprotective, antioxidant, antitumor, and hypoglycemic activities at the experimental level (score 1). It is a key adaptogen in traditional Chinese medicine, valued for its polysaccharide (beta-glucan) content. Duke notes antiviral (score 1) and anti-aggregant activities. No strong clinical trials existed at time of publication, but lentinan and polysaccharide fractions from related species show immunomodulatory potential. Duke suggests caution in bleeding disorders due to anti-aggregant activity (Duke, 2002).

Safety note^{[11, 12, 13]}Caution

Generally well tolerated in short-term use (up to 3 months). May cause insomnia, headache, or gastrointestinal upset at high doses. Avoid during pregnancy and breastfeeding. May interact with warfarin, MAOIs, and diabetic medications. Not recommended for continuous use without breaks.

Safety note^{[11, 12, 13, 14]}Caution

Duke (2002) rates Korean/Oriental ginseng (Panax ginseng) as highly active with clinical support for adaptogenic, immunostimulant, and performance-enhancing effects. Commission E approves standardized ginseng root extract (4–7% ginsenosides) as a tonic for fatigue and during convalescence. Dose: 200–600 mg standardized extract daily. Duke cautions about 'Ginseng Abuse Syndrome' (GAS) with overdose — symptoms include hypertension, insomnia, edema, and nervousness. Drug interactions are notable: ginseng potentiates MAOIs and may interact with warfarin, digoxin, and stimulants. Cycle use (2–3 weeks on, 2 weeks off) is recommended (Duke, 2002).

External Ids

Gbif: 7690471

Wikidata: Q97958947

Gbif: 5372262

Wikidata: Q182881

Botanical Description

Bracket (shelf) fungus (not a true plant) that grows on the trunks and stumps of deciduous trees. It develops a hard, kidney- or fan-shaped cap with a glossy, varnished, red-brown to mahogany crust and concentric growth rings, often on a lateral woody stalk; the pale underside is covered in fine pores that release rusty-brown spores. The mycelium spreads through the wood substrate before fruiting.^[1]

Height: Cap 5-20 cm across

Habit: Perennial wood-decay bracket fungus

Leaves: Not applicable (fungus)

Flowers: Not applicable (fungus); reproduces by spores

Stem: Hard, glossy, varnished kidney- or fan-shaped cap, often on a lateral stalk

Root: Mycelium spreading through the wood substrate

Fruit: Pale, finely pored underside releasing rusty-brown spores

Flowering Period: Fruiting body develops over weeks to months on the host wood

Slow-growing perennial herb (Araliaceae), 30-60 cm tall, harvested at 4 years of age or older. A single erect stem bears a whorl of palmately compound leaves, each with 3-5 toothed leaflets, at its top. Small greenish-white flowers are borne in a single terminal umbel, followed by small red berries. The fleshy, often forked or human-shaped taproot - the origin of the name 'ginseng' ('renshen', man-root) - is the medicinal part.^[3]

Height: 30-60 cm

Habit: Slow-growing perennial herb, single erect stem

Leaves: Palmately compound, whorled at the stem top, 3-5 toothed leaflets per leaf

Flowers: Small, greenish-white, in a single terminal umbel

Stem: Single, erect

Root: Fleshy, often forked, human-shaped taproot - the medicinal part

Fruit: Small red berries

Flowering Period: May-June

Habitat

Grows as a wood-decay fungus on the stumps and trunks of deciduous trees (notably maple and other hardwoods) in East Asian forests; also widely cultivated commercially on hardwood logs or sawdust substrate.

Native to the cool-temperate deciduous mountain forests of Manchuria, Korea and the Russian Far East. Historically wild-harvested, it is now predominantly cultivated, mainly in Korea and China, under artificial shade for several years before harvest.^[1]

Harvesting

Wild fruiting bodies are collected once mature; cultivated material is harvested from logs or substrate at maturity, then dried and processed into slices, powder or extract.

Parts: Mycelium, Whole Plant

The root is harvested after at least 4-6 years of growth, once its ginsenoside content is fully developed. Roots are either air-dried as 'white ginseng' or steamed and then dried as 'red ginseng', a processing step that alters the ginsenoside profile.^[3]

Parts: Root

Season: After 4-6+ years of cultivation

Traditional Uses

Reishi/lingzhi, the 'mushroom of immortality', is one of the most revered tonic fungi in traditional Chinese medicine, used for centuries to support vitality, calm the spirit, strengthen immunity and promote longevity; this traditional tonic reputation is now studied for immunomodulatory, anticancer-adjunct and metabolic effects.^{[1, 4]}

Ginseng is one of the most celebrated tonic herbs of East Asian traditional medicine, used for millennia as a general adaptogen to restore vitality, support recovery from illness and improve stamina and cognitive performance. Modern clinical research supports adaptogenic, immunomodulatory, antioxidant, neuroprotective and mild antidiabetic effects consistent with this traditional use.^{[1, 7]}

Preparations

Standardised extract^{[1, 4]}

Extract standardised to polysaccharide (beta-glucan) or triterpene content, taken as capsules or powder; the form used in most modern studies.

Standardised root extract (capsule)^{[11, 12, 13]}

Commission E-recognised standardised extract (4-7% ginsenosides), the most clinically studied preparation.

Red ginseng (steamed and dried root)^[3]

Traditional processed form (steamed then dried), which alters and concentrates the ginsenoside profile compared with white (unprocessed) ginseng.

References

REF-0821, REF-0822, REF-0823, REF-2039, REF-2040, REF-2041, REF-2042, REF-2043, REF-2044, REF-2045, REF-2046, REF-2047, REF-2048

REF-1466, REF-1467, REF-1468, REF-1469, REF-1470, REF-1471, REF-1472, REF-1473, REF-1474, REF-1475

Drug Class Interactions

Safety note^{[18, 19]}Caution

Drug Class: sedatives-cns-depressants

Mechanism: Reishi is traditionally used as a calming, sedative herb; taken with sedatives, sleeping tablets or other central-nervous-system depressants (including alcohol) it may add to drowsiness and slowed reactions.

Reviewed By: Omnia Sana (owner-authorized)

Reviewed Date: 2026-07-03

Safety note^{[15, 16]}Caution

Drug Class: anticoagulants-antiplatelets

Mechanism: Ginseng may reduce the anticoagulant effect of warfarin (lower INR); a randomized trial of American ginseng showed a reduced INR. Monitor anticoagulation closely.

Reviewed By: Omnia Sana (owner-authorized)

Reviewed Date: 2026-07-03

Safety note^[15]Caution

Drug Class: antidepressants-serotonergic

Mechanism: Case reports link ginseng with MAOI antidepressants (e.g. phenelzine) to headache, tremor and manic-like symptoms.

Reviewed By: Omnia Sana (owner-authorized)

Reviewed Date: 2026-07-03

Safety note^{[17, 18]}Caution

Drug Class: antidiabetics

Mechanism: Ginseng can lower blood glucose - a controlled trial in type 2 diabetes reduced fasting glucose and HbA1c, and ginseng also lowers post-meal glucose. Combined with diabetes medicines it may add to blood-sugar lowering and risk hypoglycaemia, so monitor blood sugar.

Reviewed By: Omnia Sana (owner-authorized)

Reviewed Date: 2026-07-03

Lookalikes Review

Outcome: has-lookalikes

Reviewed By: Omnia Sana (owner-authorized)

Reviewed Date: 2026-07-07

Outcome: none-known

Reviewed By: Omnia Sana (owner-authorized)

Reviewed Date: 2026-07-07

Dangerous Lookalikes

Safety note^{[20, 21]}Fatal

Dangerous Plant: podostroma-cornu-damae

Confused Part: Wild-collected fruit bodies gathered as reishi/lingzhi for medicinal tea; the immature red, antler-like fruit bodies of poison fire coral can be taken for young reishi.

Confusion Context: Reishi (Ganoderma lingzhi / lucidum) is a hard, varnished bracket fungus collected and brewed as a health tonic. Poison fire coral (Podostroma cornu-damae), one of the few deadly-poisonous fungi, is documented to resemble Ganoderma lucidum in its immature stage. A peer-reviewed case report (Ahn et al., 2013, Yonsei Med J) describes two people who collected and boiled wild fungus as tea - one died of pancytopenia and multiple organ failure - and states that in its immature period poison fire coral resembles Ganoderma lucidum, 'well known as a health-food.' Its trichothecene mycotoxins (satratoxins) are frequently fatal. Because reishi is wild-collected for medicinal tea in East Asia, this is a genuinely lethal confusion.

Distinguishing Features: Colour and form: poison fire coral is bright blood-red to orange-red and grows as erect, often branched antler- or coral-like clubs rising from the ground or buried wood. True reishi is a flat kidney- or fan-shaped bracket (conk) with a hard, glossy, varnished red-brown to mahogany crust and a pale pored underside, growing on wood., Growth pattern: reishi forms a shelf/bracket with a distinct cap and often a lateral stalk; poison fire coral forms finger-like or antler-like red spikes with no cap., Underside: reishi has a white-to-brown pored underside that drops rusty-brown spores; poison fire coral has no pores at all.

Key Test: Look at the shape. Reishi is a hard, flat, varnished shelf/bracket with a pale pored underside, growing on wood. Any bright red, erect antler- or coral-like club with NO cap and NO pores is NOT reishi - it may be poison fire coral (Podostroma cornu-damae), which can kill. Never brew an unfamiliar red club or coral fungus; if unsure, do not use it and confirm with an expert mycologist.

Reviewed By: Omnia Sana (owner-authorized)

Reviewed Date: 2026-07-07

Not documented

Dosage

Not documented

Standardised extract^{[11, 12, 13]}

Duke (2002) and Commission E guidance: 200-600 mg of standardised extract (4-7% ginsenosides) daily, used cyclically (2-3 weeks on, 2 weeks off) rather than continuously. Educational reference only, not a prescription.

Pairings

Not documented

Ginseng and feverfew both reduce blood clotting/platelet stickiness, so taking them together may add up and raise the risk of bruising or bleeding — use caution, especially before surgery or alongside blood-thinning drugs.^{[19, 20]}

Partner Id: tanacetum-parthenium

Type: caution

Reviewed By: Omnia Sana (owner-authorized)

Reviewed Date: 2026-07-03

Ginseng and ginger both reduce blood clotting/platelet stickiness, so taking them together may add up and raise the risk of bruising or bleeding — use caution, especially before surgery or alongside blood-thinning drugs.^{[19, 21]}

Partner Id: zingiber-officinale

Type: caution

Reviewed By: Omnia Sana (owner-authorized)

Reviewed Date: 2026-07-03

References & Sources

Li, W., Zhou, Q., Lv, B., Li, N. et al (2024) 'Ganoderma lucidum Polysaccharide Supplementation Significantly Activates T-Cell-Mediated Antitumor Immunity and Enhances Anti-PD-1 Immunotherapy Efficacy in Colorectal Cancer', Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 72(21), pp. 12072-12082. doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.3c08385 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.3c08385
Cai, Q., Li, Y. and Pei, G (2017) 'Polysaccharides from Ganoderma lucidum attenuate microglia-mediated neuroinflammation and modulate microglial phagocytosis and behavioural response', Journal of Neuroinflammation, 14(1), pp. 63. doi:10.1186/s12974-017-0839-0 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12974-017-0839-0
Zheng, G., Zhao, Y., Li, Z., Hua, Y. et al (2023) 'Ganoderma lucidum spore powder and derived triterpenes attenuate atherosclerosis and aortic calcification by stimulating ABCA1/G1-mediated macrophage cholesterol efflux and inactivating RUNX2-mediated VSMC osteogenesis', Theranostics, 13(4), pp. 1325-1341. doi:10.7150/thno.80250 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.7150/thno.80250
Sohretoglu, D. and Huang, S (2018) 'Ganoderma lucidum Polysaccharides as An Anti-cancer Agent', Anti-Cancer Agents in Medicinal Chemistry, 18(5), pp. 667-674. doi:10.2174/1871520617666171113121246 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.2174/1871520617666171113121246
Seweryn, E., Ziala, A. and Gamian, A (2021) 'Health-Promoting of Polysaccharides Extracted from Ganoderma lucidum', Nutrients, 13(8), pp. 2725. doi:10.3390/nu13082725 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13082725
Liu, X., Yang, L., Li, G., Jiang, Y., Zhang, G. and Ling, J (2022) 'A novel promising neuroprotective agent: Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide', International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 229, pp. 168-180. doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.12.276 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.12.276
Zhu, M., Chang, Q., Wong, L.K., Chong, F.S. and Li, R.C (1999) 'Triterpene antioxidants from Ganoderma lucidum', Phytotherapy Research, 13(6), pp. 529-531. doi:10.1002/(sici)1099-1573(199909)13:6<529::aid-ptr481>3.0.co;2-x Preclinical
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Zeng, P., Chen, Y., Zhang, L. and Xing, M (2019) 'Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide used for treating physical frailty in China', Progress in Molecular Biology and Translational Science, 163, pp. 179-219. doi:10.1016/bs.pmbts.2019.02.009 Meta-analysis / review
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Wu, P., Zhang, C., Yin, Y., Zhang, X., Li, Q., Yuan, L., Sun, Y., Zhou, S., Ying, S. and Wu, J (2024) 'Bioactivities and industrial standardization status of Ganoderma lucidum: A comprehensive review', Heliyon, 10(19), pp. e36987. doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e36987 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e36987
Xu, Z., Chen, X., Zhong, Z., Chen, L. and Wang, Y (2011) 'Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides: immunomodulation and potential anti-tumor activities', The American Journal of Chinese Medicine, 39(1), pp. 15-27. doi:10.1142/S0192415X11008610 Meta-analysis / review
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Geng, X., Zhong, D., Su, L., Lin, Z. and Yang, B (2019) 'Preventive and therapeutic effect of Ganoderma lucidum on kidney injuries and diseases', Advances in Pharmacology, 87, pp. 257-276. doi:10.1016/bs.apha.2019.10.003 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.apha.2019.10.003
Sliva, D (2004) 'Cellular and physiological effects of Ganoderma lucidum (Reishi)', Mini Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry, 4(8), pp. 873-879. doi:10.2174/1389557043403323 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.2174/1389557043403323
Boh, B., Berovic, M., Zhang, J. and Zhi-Bin, L (2007) 'Ganoderma lucidum and its pharmaceutically active compounds', Biotechnology Annual Review, 13, pp. 265-301. doi:10.1016/S1387-2656(07)13010-6 Meta-analysis / review
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Bao, X. et al (2001) 'Structural requirements for the immunological activities of polysaccharides from Ganoderma lucidum', 41(9), pp. 2603--2611. Traditional / reference
https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Structural%20requirements%20for%20the%20immunological%20activities%20of%20polysaccharides%20from%20Ganoderma%20lucidum
Jin, X. et al (2012) 'Ganoderma lucidum (Reishi mushroom) for cancer treatment'. Traditional / reference
https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Ganoderma%20lucidum%20%28Reishi%20mushroom%29%20for%20cancer%20treatment
Wachtel-Galor, S., Yuen, J., Buswell, J.A. and Benzie, I.F.F (2011) 'Ganoderma lucidum (Lingzhi or Reishi): A Medicinal Mushroom'. Traditional / reference
https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Ganoderma%20lucidum%20%28Lingzhi%20or%20Reishi%29%3A%20A%20Medicinal%20Mushroom
Duke, J.A (2002) 'Handbook of Medicinal Herbs, Second Edition'. Traditional / reference
https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Handbook%20of%20Medicinal%20Herbs%2C%20Second%20Edition
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Ahn, J.Y. and Seok, S.J. and Song, J.E. and Choi, J.H. and Han, S.H. and Choi, J.Y. and Kim, C.O. and Song, Y.G. and Kim, J.M (2013) 'Two cases of mushroom poisoning by Podostroma cornu-damae', Yonsei Medical Journal, 54(1), pp. 265-8. doi:10.3349/ymj.2013.54.1.265 Clinical study
https://doi.org/10.3349/ymj.2013.54.1.265
Choe, S. and In, S. and Jeon, Y. and Choi, H. and Kim, S (2018) 'Identification of trichothecene-type mycotoxins in toxic mushroom Podostroma cornu-damae and biological specimens from a fatal case by LC-QTOF/MS', Forensic Science International, 291, pp. 234-244. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2018.08.043 Clinical study
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Mancuso, C. and Santangelo, R (2017) 'Panax ginseng and Panax quinquefolius: From pharmacology to toxicology', Food and Chemical Toxicology, 107(Pt A), pp. 362-372. doi:10.1016/j.fct.2017.07.019 Meta-analysis / review
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https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2024.118506
Liu, H., Lu, X., Hu, Y. and Fan, X (2020) 'Chemical constituents of Panax ginseng and Panax notoginseng explain why they differ in therapeutic efficacy', Pharmacological Research, 161, pp. 105263. doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105263 Meta-analysis / review
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https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110832
Ni, X.C., Wang, H.F., Cai, Y.Y., Yang, D. and others (2022) 'Ginsenoside Rb1 inhibits astrocyte activation and promotes transfer of astrocytic mitochondria to neurons against ischemic stroke', Redox Biology, 54, pp. 102363. doi:10.1016/j.redox.2022.102363 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2022.102363
Arring, N.M., Millstine, D., Marks, L.A. and Nail, L.M (2018) 'Ginseng as a Treatment for Fatigue: A Systematic Review', Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 24(7), pp. 624-633. doi:10.1089/acm.2017.0361 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.1089/acm.2017.0361
Zhou, G., Wang, C.Z., Mohammadi, S., Sawadogo, W.R. and others (2023) 'Pharmacological Effects of Ginseng: Multiple Constituents and Multiple Actions on Humans', The American Journal of Chinese Medicine, 51(5), pp. 1085-1104. doi:10.1142/S0192415X23500507 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.1142/S0192415X23500507
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