Plant Comparison
Lingzhi vs Perforate St John’s-wort
A side-by-side comparison of two medicinal plants — every documented constituent, action, use, safety note and cited source, assembled automatically from the Omnia Sana database.
At a glance
Lingzhi and Perforate St John’s-wort: they share 6 indicated uses (arthritis / joint pain, cold & flu, infection (general), …); 4 pharmacological actions in common.
Evidence face-off — shared uses
| Condition | Lingzhi | Perforate St John’s-wort | Verdict |
|---|---|---|---|
| Arthritis / joint pain | 1/10 | 1/10 | Comparable evidence |
| Cold & flu | 1/10 | 1/10 | Comparable evidence |
| Infection (general) | 1/10 | 1/10 | Comparable evidence |
| Inflammation (general) | 1/10 | 1/10 | Comparable evidence |
| Insomnia / sleeplessness | 1/10 | 1/10 | Comparable evidence |
| Skin irritation | 1/10 | 1/10 | Comparable evidence |
Evidence scores (1–10) are computed from the tier of each cited source. “Comparable” means the two scores are within one point. Follow a score to its detailed sources.
Key Constituents
Principal immunomodulatory constituents, the main focus of anticancer-adjunct and immune research.
Bitter triterpenes associated with anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective and adaptogenic activity.
Red pigments historically used to standardise extracts; contribute to antiviral activity and are the compounds responsible for photosensitivity risk.
Considered the principal compound behind the antidepressant activity and the main driver of the herb's potent CYP3A4/P-glycoprotein induction and drug-interaction profile.
Antioxidant flavonoids contributing to overall activity.
Pharmacological Actions
Traditional & Indicated Uses
inferred from anti-inflammatory action
inferred from antidiabetic action
inferred from anticancer action
inferred from antiviral action
inferred from anti-inflammatory action
inferred from sedative action
inferred from antidiabetic action
inferred from anti-inflammatory action
inferred from antiviral action
inferred from anti-inflammatory action
inferred from sedative action
inferred from anti-inflammatory action
Safety, Cautions & Contraindications
Generally well tolerated at standard doses. May cause mild digestive upset, dry mouth, or dizziness in some individuals. May enhance the effects of anticoagulant and antihypertensive medications. Avoid during pregnancy and breastfeeding. Extended use beyond 6 months is not well studied in humans.
Duke (2002) rates reishi (Ganoderma lucidum) as + and notes immunostimulant, hepatoprotective, antioxidant, antitumor, and hypoglycemic activities at the experimental level (score 1). It is a key adaptogen in traditional Chinese medicine, valued for its polysaccharide (beta-glucan) content. Duke notes antiviral (score 1) and anti-aggregant activities. No strong clinical trials existed at time of publication, but lentinan and polysaccharide fractions from related species show immunomodulatory potential. Duke suggests caution in bleeding disorders due to anti-aggregant activity (Duke, 2002).
Significant drug interactions: strongly induces CYP3A4 and P-glycoprotein, reducing plasma levels of many drugs including oral contraceptives, antiretrovirals, cyclosporine, warfarin, and digoxin. May cause photosensitivity (fair-skinned individuals). Do not combine with SSRIs, SNRIs, or MAOIs (serotonin syndrome risk). Avoid in bipolar disorder.
Duke (2002) rates St. John's wort as ++ (raised from earlier editions) and notes antidepressant, antiviral, antibacterial, and wound-healing activities at experimental and clinical levels. Hypericin and hyperforin are identified as key active constituents. Clinical evidence (score 2) confirms antidepressant efficacy in mild-to-moderate depression, and WHO/Commission E provide approval for this indication. Dose: 300 mg standardized extract (0.3% hypericin, 3–5% hyperforin) three times daily. Duke emphasizes the critical drug interaction: St. John's wort is a potent CYP3A4 inducer and can significantly reduce blood levels of many medications including oral contraceptives, cyclosporine, antiretrovirals, and warfarin. Avoid combined use with SSRIs (serotonin syndrome risk) and pharmaceutical antidepressants (Duke, 2002).
External Ids
Botanical Description
Bracket (shelf) fungus (not a true plant) that grows on the trunks and stumps of deciduous trees. It develops a hard, kidney- or fan-shaped cap with a glossy, varnished, red-brown to mahogany crust and concentric growth rings, often on a lateral woody stalk; the pale underside is covered in fine pores that release rusty-brown spores. The mycelium spreads through the wood substrate before fruiting.[1]
Erect, branching perennial herb with paired, oval leaves dotted with tiny translucent oil glands that look like pinpricks when held to the light (giving the species name 'perforatum'). Bright yellow, five-petalled flowers with numerous stamens and black dots along the petal edges are borne in flat-topped clusters, and release a reddish pigment when crushed.[4]
Habitat
Grows as a wood-decay fungus on the stumps and trunks of deciduous trees (notably maple and other hardwoods) in East Asian forests; also widely cultivated commercially on hardwood logs or sawdust substrate.
Grows in grassland, roadsides, woodland clearings and waste ground on well-drained soils; native to Europe, Western Asia and North Africa and widely naturalised elsewhere, including North America and Australia.[4]
Harvesting
Wild fruiting bodies are collected once mature; cultivated material is harvested from logs or substrate at maturity, then dried and processed into slices, powder or extract.
The flowering tops (flower and upper leaf) are cut in summer as the flowers open, around the traditional St John's Day period, and dried quickly in a warm, shaded, airy place to preserve the hypericin and hyperforin content.[4]
Traditional Uses
Reishi/lingzhi, the 'mushroom of immortality', is one of the most revered tonic fungi in traditional Chinese medicine, used for centuries to support vitality, calm the spirit, strengthen immunity and promote longevity; this traditional tonic reputation is now studied for immunomodulatory, anticancer-adjunct and metabolic effects.[1, 4]
St John's wort has a centuries-long European folk reputation as a wound-healing and nerve tonic herb, traditionally used for mild wounds, burns and nerve pain and to lift low mood; this traditional mood-supporting use is now one of the most extensively clinically studied applications of any herbal medicine, with standardised extracts shown comparable to conventional antidepressants for mild-to-moderate depression.[1, 4]
Preparations
Flowering-top extract standardised to hypericin and/or hyperforin content, taken as tablets or capsules; the best-studied clinical form for mood support.
References
Drug Class Interactions
Lookalikes Review
Dangerous Lookalikes
Not documented
Dosage
Not documented
Clinical trials for mild-to-moderate depression commonly use around 300 mg of standardised extract three times daily (900 mg/day total); given extensive drug interactions, use should be discussed with a healthcare provider, especially alongside other medicines. Educational reference only, not a prescription.
Pairings
Not documented
St John's wort raises serotonin activity and can cause serotonin syndrome when combined with other serotonin-boosting agents; pairing it with another mood-active, serotonergic herb such as saffron may add to this risk.[30]
St John's wort is a strong enzyme inducer and increases serotonin activity; combining it with another antidepressant-type herb such as rhodiola may add to serotonergic effects and unpredictably change how each is handled by the body.[30]
St John's wort speeds up the breakdown of many substances and also raises serotonin activity; pairing it with a sedative herb such as valerian may add to drowsiness and can unpredictably change how each is handled by the body.[30, 31]
St John's wort is a strong enzyme inducer and kava is a liver-metabolised sedative; combining them may add to central-nervous-system effects and alter how kava is processed, so combined use warrants caution.[30, 31]
References & Sources
- Li, W., Zhou, Q., Lv, B., Li, N. et al (2024) 'Ganoderma lucidum Polysaccharide Supplementation Significantly Activates T-Cell-Mediated Antitumor Immunity and Enhances Anti-PD-1 Immunotherapy Efficacy in Colorectal Cancer', Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 72(21), pp. 12072-12082. doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.3c08385 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.3c08385 - Cai, Q., Li, Y. and Pei, G (2017) 'Polysaccharides from Ganoderma lucidum attenuate microglia-mediated neuroinflammation and modulate microglial phagocytosis and behavioural response', Journal of Neuroinflammation, 14(1), pp. 63. doi:10.1186/s12974-017-0839-0 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12974-017-0839-0 - Zheng, G., Zhao, Y., Li, Z., Hua, Y. et al (2023) 'Ganoderma lucidum spore powder and derived triterpenes attenuate atherosclerosis and aortic calcification by stimulating ABCA1/G1-mediated macrophage cholesterol efflux and inactivating RUNX2-mediated VSMC osteogenesis', Theranostics, 13(4), pp. 1325-1341. doi:10.7150/thno.80250 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.7150/thno.80250 - Sohretoglu, D. and Huang, S (2018) 'Ganoderma lucidum Polysaccharides as An Anti-cancer Agent', Anti-Cancer Agents in Medicinal Chemistry, 18(5), pp. 667-674. doi:10.2174/1871520617666171113121246 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.2174/1871520617666171113121246 - Seweryn, E., Ziala, A. and Gamian, A (2021) 'Health-Promoting of Polysaccharides Extracted from Ganoderma lucidum', Nutrients, 13(8), pp. 2725. doi:10.3390/nu13082725 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13082725 - Liu, X., Yang, L., Li, G., Jiang, Y., Zhang, G. and Ling, J (2022) 'A novel promising neuroprotective agent: Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide', International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 229, pp. 168-180. doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.12.276 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.12.276 - Zhu, M., Chang, Q., Wong, L.K., Chong, F.S. and Li, R.C (1999) 'Triterpene antioxidants from Ganoderma lucidum', Phytotherapy Research, 13(6), pp. 529-531. doi:10.1002/(sici)1099-1573(199909)13:6<529::aid-ptr481>3.0.co;2-x Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-1573(199909)13:6<529::aid-ptr481>3.0.co;2-x - Zeng, P., Chen, Y., Zhang, L. and Xing, M (2019) 'Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide used for treating physical frailty in China', Progress in Molecular Biology and Translational Science, 163, pp. 179-219. doi:10.1016/bs.pmbts.2019.02.009 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.pmbts.2019.02.009 - Wu, P., Zhang, C., Yin, Y., Zhang, X., Li, Q., Yuan, L., Sun, Y., Zhou, S., Ying, S. and Wu, J (2024) 'Bioactivities and industrial standardization status of Ganoderma lucidum: A comprehensive review', Heliyon, 10(19), pp. e36987. doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e36987 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e36987 - Xu, Z., Chen, X., Zhong, Z., Chen, L. and Wang, Y (2011) 'Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides: immunomodulation and potential anti-tumor activities', The American Journal of Chinese Medicine, 39(1), pp. 15-27. doi:10.1142/S0192415X11008610 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.1142/S0192415X11008610 - Geng, X., Zhong, D., Su, L., Lin, Z. and Yang, B (2019) 'Preventive and therapeutic effect of Ganoderma lucidum on kidney injuries and diseases', Advances in Pharmacology, 87, pp. 257-276. doi:10.1016/bs.apha.2019.10.003 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.apha.2019.10.003 - Sliva, D (2004) 'Cellular and physiological effects of Ganoderma lucidum (Reishi)', Mini Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry, 4(8), pp. 873-879. doi:10.2174/1389557043403323 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.2174/1389557043403323 - Boh, B., Berovic, M., Zhang, J. and Zhi-Bin, L (2007) 'Ganoderma lucidum and its pharmaceutically active compounds', Biotechnology Annual Review, 13, pp. 265-301. doi:10.1016/S1387-2656(07)13010-6 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.1016/S1387-2656(07)13010-6 - Bao, X. et al (2001) 'Structural requirements for the immunological activities of polysaccharides from Ganoderma lucidum', 41(9), pp. 2603--2611. Traditional / reference
https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Structural%20requirements%20for%20the%20immunological%20activities%20of%20polysaccharides%20from%20Ganoderma%20lucidum - Jin, X. et al (2012) 'Ganoderma lucidum (Reishi mushroom) for cancer treatment'. Traditional / reference
https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Ganoderma%20lucidum%20%28Reishi%20mushroom%29%20for%20cancer%20treatment - Wachtel-Galor, S., Yuen, J., Buswell, J.A. and Benzie, I.F.F (2011) 'Ganoderma lucidum (Lingzhi or Reishi): A Medicinal Mushroom'. Traditional / reference
https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Ganoderma%20lucidum%20%28Lingzhi%20or%20Reishi%29%3A%20A%20Medicinal%20Mushroom - Duke, J.A (2002) 'Handbook of Medicinal Herbs, Second Edition'. Traditional / reference
https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Handbook%20of%20Medicinal%20Herbs%2C%20Second%20Edition - Ghasemzadeh Rahbardar, M. and Hosseinzadeh, H (2024) 'Therapeutic potential of hypnotic herbal medicines: A comprehensive review', Phytotherapy Research, 38(6), pp. 3037-3059. doi:10.1002/ptr.8201 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.8201 - Block, K.I., Gyllenhaal, C. and Mead, M.N (2004) 'Safety and efficacy of herbal sedatives in cancer care', Integrative Cancer Therapies, 3(2), pp. 128-148. doi:10.1177/1534735404265003 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.1177/1534735404265003 - Ahn, J.Y. and Seok, S.J. and Song, J.E. and Choi, J.H. and Han, S.H. and Choi, J.Y. and Kim, C.O. and Song, Y.G. and Kim, J.M (2013) 'Two cases of mushroom poisoning by Podostroma cornu-damae', Yonsei Medical Journal, 54(1), pp. 265-8. doi:10.3349/ymj.2013.54.1.265 Clinical study
https://doi.org/10.3349/ymj.2013.54.1.265 - Choe, S. and In, S. and Jeon, Y. and Choi, H. and Kim, S (2018) 'Identification of trichothecene-type mycotoxins in toxic mushroom Podostroma cornu-damae and biological specimens from a fatal case by LC-QTOF/MS', Forensic Science International, 291, pp. 234-244. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2018.08.043 Clinical study
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2018.08.043
- Ng, Q.X., Venkatanarayanan, N. and Ho, C.Y.X (2017) 'Clinical use of Hypericum perforatum (St John's wort) in depression: A meta-analysis', Journal of Affective Disorders, 210, pp. 211-221. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2016.12.048 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2016.12.048 - Kholghi, G., Arjmandi-Rad, S., Zarrindast, M.R. and Vaseghi, S (2022) 'St. John's wort (Hypericum perforatum) and depression: what happens to the neurotransmitter systems?', Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology, 395(6), pp. 629-642. doi:10.1007/s00210-022-02229-z Traditional / reference
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00210-022-02229-z - Fugh-Berman, A (2000) 'Herb-drug interactions', Lancet, 355(9198), pp. 134-138. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(99)06457-0 Traditional / reference
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(99)06457-0 - Nobakht, S.Z., Akaberi, M., Mohammadpour, A.H., Tafazoli Moghadam, A. and Emami, S.A (2022) 'Hypericum perforatum: Traditional uses, clinical trials, and drug interactions', Iranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences, 25(9), pp. 1045-1058. doi:10.22038/IJBMS.2022.65112.14338 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.22038/IJBMS.2022.65112.14338 - Jiang, Z., Wang, F., Zhao, Y., Lu, L., Jiang, X., Huang, T., Lin, Y., Guo, L., Weng, Z. and Liu, E (2024) 'Hypericum perforatum L. attenuates depression by regulating Akkermansia muciniphila, tryptophan metabolism and NFkB-NLRP2-Caspase1-IL1beta pathway', Phytomedicine, 132, pp. 155847. doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2024.155847 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2024.155847 - Oliveira, A.I., Pinho, C., Sarmento, B. and Dias, A.C.P (2016) 'Neuroprotective Activity of Hypericum perforatum and Its Major Components', Frontiers in Plant Science, 7, pp. 1004. doi:10.3389/fpls.2016.01004 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2016.01004 - Russo, E., Scicchitano, F., Whalley, B.J., Mazzitello, C., Ciriaco, M., Esposito, S., Patane, M., Upton, R., Pugliese, M., Chimirri, S., Mammi, M., Palleria, C. and De Sarro, G (2013) 'Hypericum perforatum: pharmacokinetic, mechanism of action, tolerability, and clinical drug-drug interactions', Phytotherapy Research, 28(5), pp. 643-655. doi:10.1002/ptr.5050 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.5050 - Saddiqe, Z., Naeem, I. and Maimoona, A (2010) 'A review of the antibacterial activity of Hypericum perforatum L', Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 131(3), pp. 511-521. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2010.07.034 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2010.07.034 - Mennini, T. and Gobbi, M (2004) 'The antidepressant mechanism of Hypericum perforatum', Life Sciences, 75(9), pp. 1021-1027. doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2004.04.005 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2004.04.005 - Liu, Y., Jiang, Y., Huang, R., Yang, J., Xiao, B. and Dong, J (2013) 'Hypericum perforatum L. preparations for menopause: a meta-analysis of efficacy and safety', Climacteric, 17(4), pp. 325-335. doi:10.3109/13697137.2013.861814 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.3109/13697137.2013.861814 - Wurglics, M. and Schubert-Zsilavecz, M (2006) 'Hypericum perforatum: a 'modern' herbal antidepressant: pharmacokinetics of active ingredients', Clinical Pharmacokinetics, 45(5), pp. 449-468. doi:10.2165/00003088-200645050-00002 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.2165/00003088-200645050-00002 - Kasper, S (2001) 'Hypericum perforatum - a review of clinical studies', Pharmacopsychiatry, 34(Suppl 1), pp. S51-S55. doi:10.1055/s-2001-15467 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2001-15467 - Nathan, P (1999) 'The experimental and clinical pharmacology of St John's Wort (Hypericum perforatum L.)', Molecular Psychiatry, 4(4), pp. 333-338. doi:10.1038/sj.mp.4000557 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.mp.4000557 - Verotta, L (2003) 'Hypericum perforatum, a source of neuroactive lead structures', Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry, 3(2), pp. 187-201. doi:10.2174/1568026033392589 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.2174/1568026033392589 - Linde, K. et al (2008) 'St John'. Traditional / reference
https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=St%20John - Natural Standard (2013) 'Hypericum perforatum (St'. Traditional / reference
https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Hypericum%20perforatum%20%28St - Duke, J.A (2002) 'Handbook of Medicinal Herbs, Second Edition'. Traditional / reference
https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Handbook%20of%20Medicinal%20Herbs%2C%20Second%20Edition - Zhou, S., Chan, E., Pan, S.Q., Huang, M. and Lee, E.J.D (2004) 'Pharmacokinetic interactions of drugs with St John's wort', Journal of Psychopharmacology, 18(2), pp. 262-276. doi:10.1177/0269881104042632 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881104042632 - Izzo, A.A. and Ernst, E (2009) 'Interactions between herbal medicines and prescribed drugs: an updated systematic review', Drugs, 69(13), pp. 1777-1798. doi:10.2165/11317010-000000000-00000 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.2165/11317010-000000000-00000 - Borrelli, F. and Izzo, A.A (2009) 'Herb-drug interactions with St John's wort (Hypericum perforatum): an update on clinical observations', The AAPS Journal, 11(4), pp. 710-727. doi:10.1208/s12248-009-9146-8 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.1208/s12248-009-9146-8 - Nicolussi, S., Drewe, J., Butterweck, V. and Meyer zu Schwabedissen, H.E (2020) 'Clinical relevance of St. John's wort drug interactions revisited', British Journal of Pharmacology, 177(6), pp. 1212-1226. doi:10.1111/bph.14936 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.1111/bph.14936 - Piscitelli, S.C., Burstein, A.H., Chaitt, D., Alfaro, R.M. and Falloon, J (2000) 'Indinavir concentrations and St John's wort', Lancet, 355(9203), pp. 547-548. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(99)05712-8 Clinical study
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(99)05712-8 - Barone, G.W., Gurley, B.J., Ketel, B.L., Lightfoot, M.L. and Abul-Ezz, S.R (2000) 'Drug interaction between St. John's wort and cyclosporine', Annals of Pharmacotherapy, 34(9), pp. 1013-1016. doi:10.1345/aph.10088 Clinical study
https://doi.org/10.1345/aph.10088 - Murphy, P.A., Kern, S.E., Stanczyk, F.Z. and Westhoff, C.L (2005) 'Interaction of St. John's Wort with oral contraceptives: effects on the pharmacokinetics of norethindrone and ethinyl estradiol, ovarian activity and breakthrough bleeding', Contraception, 71(6), pp. 402-408. doi:10.1016/j.contraception.2004.11.004 Clinical study
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.contraception.2004.11.004 - Murphy, P.A., Kern, S.E., Stanczyk, F.Z. and Westhoff, C.L (2005) 'Interaction of St. John's Wort with oral contraceptives: effects on the pharmacokinetics of norethindrone and ethinyl estradiol, ovarian activity and breakthrough bleeding', Contraception, 71(6), pp. 402-408. doi:10.1016/j.contraception.2004.11.004 Clinical study
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.contraception.2004.11.004 - Pfrunder, A., Schiesser, M., Gerber, S., Haschke, M., Bitzer, J. and Drewe, J (2003) 'Interaction of St John's wort with low-dose oral contraceptive therapy: a randomized controlled trial', British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 56(6), pp. 683-690. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2125.2003.02005.x Randomized trial
https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2125.2003.02005.x - Johne, A., Brockmoller, J., Bauer, S., Maurer, A., Langheinrich, M. and Roots, I (1999) 'Pharmacokinetic interaction of digoxin with an herbal extract from St John's wort (Hypericum perforatum)', Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 66(4), pp. 338-345. doi:10.1053/cp.1999.v66.a101944 Clinical study
https://doi.org/10.1053/cp.1999.v66.a101944 - Mathijssen, R.H.J., Verweij, J., de Bruijn, P., Loos, W.J. and Sparreboom, A (2002) 'Effects of St. John's wort on irinotecan metabolism', Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 94(16), pp. 1247-1249. doi:10.1093/jnci/94.16.1247 Randomized trial
https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/94.16.1247 - Smith, P., Bullock, J.M., Booker, B.M., Haas, C.E., Berenson, C.S. and Jusko, W.J (2004) 'The influence of St. John's wort on the pharmacokinetics and protein binding of imatinib mesylate', Pharmacotherapy, 24(11), pp. 1508-1514. doi:10.1592/phco.24.16.1508.50958 Clinical study
https://doi.org/10.1592/phco.24.16.1508.50958 - Izzo, A.A (2004) 'Drug interactions with St. John's Wort (Hypericum perforatum): a review of the clinical evidence', International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 42(3), pp. 139-148. doi:10.5414/cpp42139 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.5414/cpp42139 - Caus, M.N., Lupoae, M. and Chitescu, C.L (2026) 'Efficacy and Safety of Herbal Supplements with Anxiolytic, Antidepressant, and Sedative Action: A Review of Clinical Data and Toxicological Risks', Pharmaceuticals, 19(3), pp. 399. doi:10.3390/ph19030399 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.3390/ph19030399
Generated automatically from the Omnia Sana plant database and its cited sources. For educational purposes only — not medical advice. Always consult a qualified practitioner before using medicinal plants.