Plant Comparison

Fennel vs Elecampane

A side-by-side comparison of two medicinal plants — every documented constituent, action, use, safety note and cited source, assembled automatically from the Omnia Sana database.

First plant

Second plant

Plant AFennelFoeniculum vulgareApiaceaeFull monograph →

Plant BElecampaneInula heleniumAsteraceaeFull monograph →

At a glance

Fennel and Elecampane: they share 5 indicated uses (bronchitis, cough, infection (general), …); 2 pharmacological actions in common.

FennelElecampane

Constituents43

Pharmacological actions34

Indicated uses89

Safety notes102

Cited sources2114

Indicated uses

Only Fennel

Menstrual crampsMuscle spasmPain (general)

Shared (5)

BronchitisCoughInfection (general)Respiratory supportWounds

Only Elecampane

Arthritis / joint painCancer (anticancer research)Inflammation (general)Skin irritation

Pharmacological actions

Only Fennel

Antispasmodic

Shared (2)

AntimicrobialExpectorant

Only Elecampane

Anti-inflammatoryAnticancer (preclinical)

Evidence face-off — shared uses

Condition	Fennel	Elecampane	Verdict
Bronchitis	1/10	1/10	Comparable evidence
Cough	1/10	1/10	Comparable evidence
Infection (general)	1/10	2/10	Comparable evidence
Respiratory support	1/10	1/10	Comparable evidence
Wounds	1/10	2/10	Comparable evidence

Evidence scores (1–10) are computed from the tier of each cited source. “Comparable” means the two scores are within one point. Follow a score to its detailed sources.

Key Constituents

Essential oil (mainly trans-anethole, with fenchone and estragole/methyl chavicol)^{[1, 3, 7]}

The aromatic volatile oil of the seed; trans-anethole is the principal component and is associated with the antispasmodic, carminative and estrogen-like activity.

Essential (volatile) oil

Flavonoids (quercetin, rutin and kaempferol glycosides)^[3]

Antioxidant polyphenolic constituents.

FlavonoidsGlycosidesKaempferolQuercetinRutin

Phenolic acids (chlorogenic, caffeic and rosmarinic acids)^{[3, 8]}

Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory constituents.

Rosmarinic acidPhenolic acidsChlorogenic acidCaffeic acid

Fatty acids (chiefly petroselinic acid) and amino acids^[3]

Major constituents of the fruit/seed oil.

Sesquiterpene lactones (alantolactone, isoalantolactone, igalan, diplophyllin)^{[2, 12, 13, 14]}

The antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory principles of the root; the eudesmane core and the alpha,beta-methylene-lactone ring are essential for the antimicrobial activity.

Sesquiterpene lactonesSesquiterpenes

Inulin^[12]

A fructan polysaccharide abundant in the root (the genus Inula gives inulin its name).

PolysaccharidesInulin

Essential oil^[12]

Aromatic constituents of the root.

Essential (volatile) oil

Pharmacological Actions

Antimicrobial^{[1, 3, 9, 14]}

Antispasmodic^{[3, 14]}

Antispasmodic (cramp easing)

Expectorant^{[3, 14]}

Anti-inflammatory^{[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]}

Anti-inflammatory - sesquiterpene lactones (alantolactone, isoalantolactone) inhibit NF-kB and MAPK signalling and pro-inflammatory cytokines; total sesquiterpene lactones eased arthritis in animal models (potential in rheumatoid arthritis)

Anticancer (preclinical)^{[9, 10, 11]}

Antimicrobial^{[6, 12, 13, 14]}

Antimicrobial, notably anti-staphylococcal (membrane-damaging) and anti-mycobacterial (active against Mycobacterium tuberculosis in vitro); supports respiratory and skin infection

Expectorant^{[1, 12]}

Expectorant for productive cough and bronchitis (long-standing respiratory remedy)

Traditional & Indicated Uses

Bronchitis^{[3, 14]}Traditional · 1/10

inferred from expectorant action

Evidence: 1

Label: Bronchitis

Cough^{[3, 14]}Traditional · 1/10

inferred from expectorant action

Evidence: 1

Label: Cough

Infection (general)^{[3, 14]}Traditional · 1/10

inferred from antimicrobial action

Evidence: 1

Label: Infection (general)

Menstrual cramps^{[6, 11, 12]}Strong · 9/10

Relieves primary dysmenorrhoea (menstrual) pain - meta-analyses of RCTs find fennel reduces pain intensity versus placebo, comparable to mefenamic acid

Evidence: 9

Label: Menstrual cramps

Muscle spasm^{[3, 14]}Traditional · 1/10

inferred from antispasmodic action

Evidence: 1

Label: Muscle spasm

Pain (general)^{[6, 12]}Good · 8/10

Relieves primary dysmenorrhoea (menstrual) pain - meta-analyses of RCTs find fennel reduces pain intensity versus placebo, comparable to mefenamic acid

Evidence: 8

Label: Pain (general)

Respiratory support^{[3, 14]}Traditional · 1/10

inferred from expectorant action

Evidence: 1

Label: Respiratory support

Wounds^{[3, 14]}Traditional · 1/10

inferred from antimicrobial action

Evidence: 1

Label: Wounds

Arthritis / joint pain^[2]Traditional · 2/10

Evidence: 2

Label: Arthritis / joint pain

Bronchitis^[12]Traditional · 1/10

Expectorant for productive cough and bronchitis (long-standing respiratory remedy)

Evidence: 1

Label: Bronchitis

Cancer (anticancer research)^{[9, 10, 11]}Traditional · 2/10

inferred from anticancer action

Evidence: 2

Label: Cancer (anticancer research)

Cough^[12]Traditional · 1/10

Expectorant for productive cough and bronchitis (long-standing respiratory remedy); Soothes irritated airways / chronic catarrh (traditional)

Evidence: 1

Label: Cough

Infection (general)^{[12, 13, 14]}Traditional · 2/10

Antimicrobial, notably anti-staphylococcal (membrane-damaging) and anti-mycobacterial (active against Mycobacterium tuberculosis in vitro); supports respiratory and skin infection

Evidence: 2

Label: Infection (general)

Inflammation (general)^[2]Traditional · 2/10

inferred from anti-inflammatory action

Evidence: 2

Label: Inflammation (general)

Respiratory support^[12]Traditional · 1/10

inferred from expectorant action

Evidence: 1

Label: Respiratory support

Skin irritation^[2]Traditional · 2/10

inferred from anti-inflammatory action

Evidence: 2

Label: Skin irritation

Wounds^{[12, 13, 14]}Traditional · 2/10

inferred from antimicrobial action

Evidence: 2

Label: Wounds

Safety, Cautions & Contraindications

Safety note^[14]Info

When taken by mouth: Fennel is commonly consumed in foods. It is possibly safe when used as medicine at appropriate doses for a short period of time. There isn't enough reliable information to know whether fennel is safe when used long-term. Although rare, side effects might include stomach upset and seizures.

Safety note^[14]Caution

When applied to the skin: Fennel is possibly safe. Fennel can make skin extra sensitive to the sun and make it easier to get a sunburn. Wear sunblock if you are light-skinned. Special Precautions and Warnings When taken by mouth: Fennel is commonly consumed in foods. It is possibly safe when used as medicine at appropriate doses for a short period of time. There isn't enough reliable information to know whether fennel is safe when used long-term. Although rare, side effects might include stomach upset and seizures.

Safety note^[14]Info

When applied to the skin: Fennel is possibly safe. Fennel can make skin extra sensitive to the sun and make it easier to get a sunburn. Wear sunblock if you are light-skinned.

Safety note^[14]Caution

Pregnancy: Fennel is possibly unsafe to use when pregnant. Regularly using fennel has been linked to preterm birth.

Safety note^[14]Info

Breast-feeding: Fennel is possibly unsafe. There are some reports of breast-feeding infants with damage to their nervous systems after they were exposed to herbal tea containing fennel through breastmilk.

Safety note^[14]Info

Children: Fennel is possibly safe when used at appropriate doses for up to one week in young infants with colic.

Safety note^[14]Info

Allergy to celery, carrot or mugwort: Fennel might cause an allergic reaction in people who are sensitive to these plants.

Safety note^[14]Info

Bleeding disorders: Fennel might slow blood clotting. Taking fennel might increase the risk of bleeding or bruising in people with bleeding disorders.

Safety note^[14]Caution

Hormone-sensitive condition such as breast cancer, uterine cancer, ovarian cancer, endometriosis, or uterine fibroids: Fennel might act like estrogen. If you have any condition that might be made worse by estrogen, do not use fennel. (WebMD, n.d.b)

Safety note^{[14, 15]}Caution

Duke (2002) rates fennel as ++ and notes antispasmodic, carminative, and digestive activities at experimental levels (score 1). Its estrogenic activity is well-documented, and it is traditionally used as a lactagogue. Commission E approves fennel for dyspeptic complaints and upper respiratory tract catarrh. Dose: 1.5–7.5 g seed or equivalent daily. Duke cautions that fennel essential oil in large amounts may be neurotoxic (estrole content), and prolonged use of concentrated extracts should be avoided during pregnancy (Duke, 2002).

Safety note^[12]Info

The sesquiterpene lactones (especially alantolactone) are known skin sensitisers and can cause allergic contact dermatitis; people sensitive to the daisy family (Asteraceae) should be cautious.

Safety note^[12]Caution

Large doses can cause nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea; safety in pregnancy and breastfeeding is not established, so avoid medicinal doses.

External Ids

Gbif: 3034922

Wikidata: Q43511

Gbif: 3148340

Wikidata: Q697416

Botanical Description

Aromatic, robust perennial (often grown as an annual/biennial) with a smooth, waxy, blue-green, hollow stem and finely divided, thread-fine, feathery leaves. Small yellow flowers are borne in large flat compound umbels in summer, ripening into ridged, strongly aniseed-scented seeds.^[3]

Height: 1-2 m

Habit: Aromatic, robust perennial herb (often grown as annual/biennial)

Leaves: Finely divided into thread-fine, hair-like, feathery segments

Flowers: Small yellow flowers in large flat compound umbels

Stem: Smooth, waxy, blue-green, hollow, unspotted

Root: Thick taproot, swollen and bulb-like in the Florence fennel variety

Fruit: Ridged, aromatic, aniseed-scented seed (mericarp)

Flowering Period: July-October

Tall, robust perennial herb with large, coarse, hairy leaves - broadly oval near the base and progressively smaller up the stem - arising from a thick, aromatic rhizome. Large, shaggy, bright yellow daisy-like flower heads with numerous narrow ray florets are borne at the top of stout, branching stems.^[12]

Height: 1-2.5 m

Habit: Tall, robust, coarse-leaved perennial herb

Leaves: Large, coarse, hairy, broadly oval near the base, smaller up the stem

Flowers: Large, shaggy, bright yellow daisy-like heads with numerous narrow ray florets

Stem: Stout, branching, hairy

Root: Thick, aromatic, branching rhizome (the medicinal part)

Fruit: Small achene with a pappus

Flowering Period: July-August

Habitat

Native to the Mediterranean region; naturalised and widely cultivated worldwide in temperate and subtropical climates as a culinary herb, vegetable (Florence fennel) and spice crop.^[3]

Grows in damp meadows, pastures, roadsides and woodland margins on moist, rich soils; native to Europe and Western Asia and naturalised in North America.^[12]

Harvesting

Leaves are picked fresh through the growing season; the seed is harvested in autumn once the umbels have browned and dried, then threshed; the swollen root/bulb of Florence fennel is harvested when mature, before flowering.^[3]

Parts: Leaf, Root, Seed

Season: Leaf through summer; seed in autumn; bulb before flowering

The root and rhizome are dug in autumn of the second or later year, when sesquiterpene lactone and inulin content is highest, then cleaned, sliced and dried.^[12]

Parts: Root and rhizome

Season: Autumn, from second-year or older plants

Traditional Uses

Fennel seed has an ancient Mediterranean and Asian tradition as a carminative digestive remedy for indigestion, bloating and colic (including infant colic, historically), a mild expectorant for respiratory catarrh, and a traditional lactagogue and emmenagogue owing to its mild estrogen-like activity.^[3]

Elecampane root has a long European tradition, reflected in the old name 'elf dock', as a warming expectorant remedy for productive cough, bronchitis and chronic respiratory catarrh, and topically and internally as an antimicrobial for skin and wound infections.^[12]

Preparations

Infusion (seed)^[3]

Crushed seed infused in hot water as the classic carminative digestive tea.

Standardised extract^[12]

Seed extract studied in randomised trials for primary dysmenorrhoea (menstrual pain).

Decoction^[12]

Dried root simmered in water as a traditional expectorant and antimicrobial tea.

Dosage

Seed infusion^[13]

The EU herbal monograph on bitter fennel fruit gives, for adults and adolescents, 1.5 g of the herbal substance in 250 mL of boiling water (steeped 15 minutes) as an infusion three times daily, for a daily dose of 4.5 g. For children 4 to 12 years, 1.0 g in 100 mL three times daily (daily dose 3.0 g); use is not recommended under 4 years. Use should be short-term, and the monograph limits exposure because of the estragole content of the fruit. Educational reference only, not a prescription.

Not documented

References

REF-1641, REF-1642, REF-0537, REF-1643, REF-1644, REF-0605, REF-1645, REF-1646, REF-1656, REF-1657, REF-2586

REF-1858, REF-0538, REF-1859, REF-1860, REF-1861, REF-1862, REF-1863, REF-1864, REF-1865, REF-1866, REF-1867

Lookalikes Review

Outcome: has-lookalikes

Reviewed By: Omnia Sana (owner-authorized)

Reviewed Date: 2026-07-06

Outcome: none-known

Reviewed By: Omnia Sana (owner-authorized)

Reviewed Date: 2026-07-07

Dangerous Lookalikes

Safety note^{[16, 17, 18]}Fatal

Dangerous Plant: conium-maculatum

Confused Part: Feathery foliage, stems and seeds - the whole above-ground plant. Both are tall Apiaceae with finely divided leaves, white or greenish compound umbels and hollow jointed stems, so a forager reaching for aniseed 'wild fennel' can grasp poison hemlock instead.

Confusion Context: Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) is explicitly named as an edible confused with poison hemlock: King County (Washington) states that poison hemlock can be confused with many edible members of the parsley family including fennel, chervil and anise. Conium maculatum contains the piperidine alkaloid coniine and kills by ascending flaccid paralysis and respiratory failure; ingestion mistaken for edible umbellifers has caused fatal and near-fatal poisonings, and it is the plant analysed as the likely agent in the death of Socrates (Dayan 2024).

Distinguishing Features: CRUSH-AND-SMELL (decisive): fennel smells strongly and pleasantly of anise/liquorice. Poison hemlock has a rank, musty, mouse-like smell with no anise note., Stem markings: fennel has a smooth, waxy, blue-green stem with NO purple. Poison hemlock's smooth hairless hollow stem is conspicuously spotted and streaked with red-purple, especially near the base., Leaf texture: fennel leaves are thread-fine, almost hair-like filaments. Poison hemlock leaves are broader, flat, fern-like segments with toothed edges.

Key Test: Crush a leaf or stem and smell it: sweet anise/liquorice = fennel; rank musty/mousy = poison hemlock. Confirm by checking the lower stem for red-purple blotching (present on hemlock, absent on fennel's clean blue-green waxy stem). If the anise smell is absent OR any purple stem-spotting is present, do not eat it. Very young hemlock may not yet show strong purple, so rely first on the smell.

Reviewed By: Omnia Sana (owner-authorized)

Reviewed Date: 2026-07-06

Safety note^{[19, 20, 21]}Dangerous

Dangerous Plant: aethusa-cynapium

Confused Part: Finely divided foliage and small white compound umbels. As a slender Apiaceae with dissected leaves and white umbels, fool's parsley falls into the same lacy white-flowered umbellifer pool a fennel forager must rule out.

Confusion Context: Aethusa cynapium (fool's parsley, dog poison, lesser hemlock) is a toxic umbellifer historically confused with edible parsley-family plants. It contains toxic alkaloids; documented effects include inflammation of the mouth and throat, abdominal pain, confusion, blurred vision and pupil dilation, and its genuine toxicity is confirmed experimentally (Teuscher et al. 1990). Direct fennel confusion is weaker than for hemlock because fool's-parsley leaves are flat and parsley-like rather than thread-fine, but it shares the fennel umbel gestalt and is dangerous, so it must be ruled out.

Distinguishing Features: BRACTEOLE 'beard' (in flower): below each secondary umbel, fool's parsley bears three to four long, narrow, downward-hanging strongly reflexed bracteoles forming a distinctive drooping beard. Fennel has no such conspicuous drooping bracteoles under its umbellets., Smell when crushed: fennel is sweetly aniseed/liquorice; fool's parsley gives off an acrid, foetid, mouse-like odour., Leaf form: fennel leaves are thread-fine hair-like filaments; fool's-parsley leaves are flatter, darker green and parsley-like, not thread-fine.

Key Test: Look under a secondary flower cluster for the three to four long, narrow, downward-drooping bracteoles (the beard) - diagnostic for fool's parsley and absent in fennel. Combine with crush-and-smell (sweet anise = fennel; acrid/foetid = fool's parsley). If a drooping bracteole beard is present or the smell is foetid, do not eat it.

Reviewed By: Omnia Sana (owner-authorized)

Reviewed Date: 2026-07-06

Not documented

References & Sources

Rafieian, F., Amani, R., Rezaei, A. and others (2023) 'Exploring fennel (Foeniculum vulgare): Composition, functional properties, potential health benefits, and safety', Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 64(19), pp. 6924-6941. doi:10.1080/10408398.2023.2176817 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2023.2176817
Khorshidi, M. and others (2021) 'Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Miller) for the management of menopausal women's health: A systematic review and meta-analysis', Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice, 43, pp. 101360. doi:10.1016/j.ctcp.2021.101360 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctcp.2021.101360
Badgujar, S.B. and Patel, V.V. and Bandivdekar, A.H (2014) 'Foeniculum vulgare Mill: a review of its botany, phytochemistry, pharmacology, contemporary application, and toxicology', BioMed Research International. doi:10.1155/2014/842674 Traditional / reference
https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/842674
Rasul, A. and others (2019) 'Foeniculum vulgare (Fennel) promotes functional recovery and ameliorates oxidative stress following a lesion to the sciatic nerve in mouse model', Journal of Food Biochemistry, 43(11), pp. e12983. doi:10.1111/jfbc.12983 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1111/jfbc.12983
Rasheed, N. and others (2019) 'The Fennel, Foeniculum vulgare incorporated diet shows anxiolytic potential: A pre-clinical study', Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 32(4), pp. 1791-1797. Preclinical
https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=The%20Fennel%2C%20Foeniculum%20vulgare%20incorporated%20diet%20shows%20anxiolytic%20potential%3A%20A%20pre-clinical%20study
Xu, Y., Yang, Q. and Wang, X (2020) 'Efficacy of herbal medicine (cinnamon/fennel/ginger) for primary dysmenorrhea: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials', Journal of International Medical Research, 48(6). doi:10.1177/0300060520936179 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.1177/0300060520936179
Bae, J. and others (2022) 'Olfactory Stimulation by Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) Essential Oil Improves Lipid Metabolism and Metabolic Disorders in High Fat-Induced Obese Rats', Nutrients, 14(4), pp. 741. doi:10.3390/nu14040741 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14040741
Crescente, G. and others (2017) 'Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill. subsp. piperitum) florets, a traditional culinary spice in Italy: evaluation of phenolics and volatiles in local populations, and comparison with the composition of other plant parts', Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 98(5), pp. 1755-1765. doi:10.1002/jsfa.8426 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.8426
Yakut, H.I., Koyuncu, E., Cakir, U., Tayman, C. and others (2020) 'Preventative and therapeutic effects of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) seed extracts against necrotizing enterocolitis', Journal of Food Biochemistry, 44(8), pp. e13284. doi:10.1111/jfbc.13284 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1111/jfbc.13284
Kamali, F., Mojani-Qomi, M.S., Arbabi Bidgoli, S., Lavasani, Z. and Adineh, M (2025) 'Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) oral capsules improve endometrial thickness in infertile women following clomiphene citrate treatment', European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology, 313, pp. 114638. doi:10.1016/j.ejogrb.2025.114638 Randomized trial
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejogrb.2025.114638
Pattanittum, P., Kunyanone, N., Brown, J., Sangkomkamhang, U.S., Barnes, J., Seyfoddin, V. and Marjoribanks, J (2016) 'Dietary supplements for dysmenorrhoea', Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 3, pp. CD002124. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD002124.pub2 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD002124.pub2
Shahrahmani, H., Ghazanfarpour, M., Shahrahmani, N., Abdi, F., Sewell, R.D.E. and Rafieian-Kopaei, M (2021) 'Effect of fennel on primary dysmenorrhea: a systematic review and meta-analysis', Journal of Complementary & Integrative Medicine, 18(2), pp. 261--269. doi:10.1515/jcim-2019-0212 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.1515/jcim-2019-0212
European Medicines Agency (HMPC) (2018) 'European Union herbal monograph on Foeniculum vulgare Miller subsp. vulgare var. vulgare, fructus, Revision 1'. Available at: https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/herbal-monograph/final-european-union-herbal-monograph-foeniculum-vulgare-miller-subsp-vulgare-var-vulgare-fructus-revision-1_en.pdf Traditional / reference
https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/herbal-monograph/final-european-union-herbal-monograph-foeniculum-vulgare-miller-subsp-vulgare-var-vulgare-fructus-revision-1_en.pdf
https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-311/fennel. Available at: https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-311/fennel Traditional / reference
https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-311/fennel
Duke, J.A (2002) 'Handbook of Medicinal Herbs, Second Edition'. Traditional / reference
https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Handbook%20of%20Medicinal%20Herbs%2C%20Second%20Edition
Dayan, A.D (2024) 'Death of Socrates: a likely case of poison hemlock (Conium maculatum) poisoning', Clinical Toxicology (Philadelphia, Pa.), 62(1), pp. 56-60. doi:10.1080/15563650.2024.2309328 Clinical study
https://doi.org/10.1080/15563650.2024.2309328
King County Noxious Weeds (2024) 'Poison hemlock (Conium maculatum) identification and control'. Available at: https://kingcounty.gov/en/dept/dnrp/nature-recreation/environment-ecology-conservation/noxious-weeds/identification-control/poison-hemlock Traditional / reference
https://kingcounty.gov/en/dept/dnrp/nature-recreation/environment-ecology-conservation/noxious-weeds/identification-control/poison-hemlock
Grow Forage Cook Ferment 'Poison Hemlock: How to Identify and Potential Look-alikes'. Available at: https://www.growforagecookferment.com/poison-hemlock/ Traditional / reference
https://www.growforagecookferment.com/poison-hemlock/
Teuscher, E. and Greger, H. and Adrian, V (1990) 'Toxicity of Aethusa cynapium L. (fool's parsley)', Pharmazie, 45(7), pp. 537-8. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2236201/ Preclinical
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2236201/
Minnesota Wildflowers (2024) 'Aethusa cynapium (Fool's Parsley)'. Available at: https://www.minnesotawildflowers.info/flower/fools-parsley Traditional / reference
https://www.minnesotawildflowers.info/flower/fools-parsley
Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland (Fermanagh Flora) 'Aethusa cynapium L., Fool's Parsley'. Available at: https://fermanagh.bsbi.org/aethusa-cynapium-l Traditional / reference
https://fermanagh.bsbi.org/aethusa-cynapium-l

Gierlikowska, B., Gierlikowski, W., Bekier, K., Skalicka-Wozniak, K., Czerwinska, M.E. and Kiss, A.K (2019) 'Inula helenium and Grindelia squarrosa as a source of compounds with anti-inflammatory activity in human neutrophils and cultured human respiratory epithelium', Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 249, pp. 112311. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2019.112311 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2019.112311
Gao, S. and Wang, Q. and Tian, X.H. and Li, H.L. and Shen, Y.H. and Xu, X.K. and Wu, G.Z. and Hu, Z.L. and Zhang, W.D (2016) 'Total sesquiterpene lactones prepared from Inula helenium L. has potentials in prevention and therapy of rheumatoid arthritis', Journal of Ethnopharmacology, pp. 39--46. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2016.12.020 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2016.12.020
Wang, Q., Gao, S., Wu, G., Yang, N., Zu, X., Li, W., Xie, N., Zhang, R., Li, C., Hu, Z. and Zhang, W (2018) 'Total sesquiterpene lactones isolated from Inula helenium L. attenuates 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene-induced atopic dermatitis-like skin lesions in mice', Phytomedicine, 46, pp. 78-84. doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2018.04.036 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2018.04.036
Dao, T.T.P., Song, K., Kim, J.Y. and Kim, Y.S (2020) 'Igalan from Inula helenium (L.) suppresses the atopic dermatitis-like response in stimulated HaCaT keratinocytes via JAK/STAT3 signaling', Inflammation Research, 69(3), pp. 309-319. doi:10.1007/s00011-020-01322-4 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00011-020-01322-4
He, X., Zhao, W., Shao, B., Zhang, B., Liu, T., Sun, C., Huang, H., Wu, J., Liang, J. and Ma, X (2020) 'Natural soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibitors from Inula helenium and their interactions with soluble epoxide hydrolase', International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 161, pp. 1465-1474. doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.04.227 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.04.227
Buza, V., Niculae, M., Hanganu, D., Pall, E., Burtescu, R.F., Olah, N., Matei-Latiu, M., Vlasiuc, I., Iozon, I., Szakacs, A.R., Ielciu, I. and Stefanut, L.C (2022) 'Biological Activities and Chemical Profile of Gentiana asclepiadea and Inula helenium Ethanolic Extracts', Molecules, 27(11), pp. 3560. doi:10.3390/molecules27113560 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27113560
Zheng, X., Wu, Z., Xu, J., Zhang, X., Tu, Y., Lei, J., Yuan, R., Cheng, H., Wang, Q. and Yu, J (2021) 'Bioactive sesquiterpenes from Inula helenium', Bioorganic Chemistry, 114, pp. 105066. doi:10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.105066 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.105066
Nder, A.E (2021) 'Efficacy of methanol-water extract of Inula helenium root against oxidative DNA damage', Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 41(2), pp. 293-300. Preclinical
https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Efficacy%20of%20methanol-water%20extract%20of%20Inula%20helenium%20root%20against%20oxidative%20DNA%20damage
Chun, J., Song, K. and Kim, Y.S (2018) 'Sesquiterpene lactones-enriched fraction of Inula helenium L. induces apoptosis through inhibition of signal transducers and activators of transcription 3 signaling pathway in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells', Phytotherapy Research, 32(12), pp. 2501-2509. doi:10.1002/ptr.6189 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.6189
Li, Y., Ni, Z., Zhu, M., Dong, M., Wang, S., Shi, Q., Zhang, M., Wang, Y., Huo, C., Kiyota, H. and Cong, B (2012) 'Antitumour activities of sesquiterpene lactones from Inula helenium and Inula japonica', Zeitschrift fur Naturforschung C, 67(7-8), pp. 375-380. doi:10.1515/znc-2012-7-804 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1515/znc-2012-7-804
Yan, Y.Y., Zhang, Q., Zhang, B., Yang, B. and Lin, N.M (2019) 'Active ingredients of Inula helenium L. exhibits similar anti-cancer effects as isoalantolactone in pancreatic cancer cells', Natural Product Research, 34(17), pp. 2539-2544. doi:10.1080/14786419.2018.1543676 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2018.1543676
Kenny, C.R., Stojakowska, A., Furey, A. and Lucey, B (2022) 'From Monographs to Chromatograms: The Antimicrobial Potential of Inula helenium L. (Elecampane) Naturalised in Ireland', Molecules. doi:10.3390/molecules27041406 Traditional / reference
https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27041406
Stojanovic-Radic, Z. and Comic, Lj. and Radulovic, N. and Blagojevic, P. and Denic, M. and Miltojevic, A. and Rajkovic, J. and Mihajilov-Krstev, T (2012) 'Antistaphylococcal activity of Inula helenium L. root essential oil: eudesmane sesquiterpene lactones induce cell membrane damage', European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, 31(6), pp. 1015--1025. doi:10.1007/s10096-011-1400-1 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10096-011-1400-1
Cantrell, C.L. and Abate, L. and Fronczek, F.R. and Franzblau, S.G. and Quijano, L. and Fischer, N.H (1999) 'Antimycobacterial eudesmanolides from Inula helenium and Rudbeckia subtomentosa', Planta Medica, 65(4), pp. 351--355. doi:10.1055/s-1999-14001 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1055/s-1999-14001

Fennel monograph Elecampane monograph Compare other plants

Generated automatically from the Omnia Sana plant database and its cited sources. For educational purposes only — not medical advice. Always consult a qualified practitioner before using medicinal plants.