Plant Comparison
Blue gum eucalyptus vs Perforate St John’s-wort
A side-by-side comparison of two medicinal plants — every documented constituent, action, use, safety note and cited source, assembled automatically from the Omnia Sana database.
At a glance
Blue gum eucalyptus and Perforate St John’s-wort: they share 6 indicated uses (arthritis / joint pain, cold & flu, infection (general), …); 2 pharmacological actions in common.
Evidence face-off — shared uses
| Condition | Blue gum eucalyptus | Perforate St John’s-wort | Verdict |
|---|---|---|---|
| Arthritis / joint pain | 2/10 | 1/10 | Comparable evidence |
| Cold & flu | 2/10 | 1/10 | Comparable evidence |
| Infection (general) | 2/10 | 1/10 | Comparable evidence |
| Inflammation (general) | 2/10 | 1/10 | Comparable evidence |
| Skin irritation | 2/10 | 1/10 | Comparable evidence |
| Wounds | 2/10 | 1/10 | Comparable evidence |
Evidence scores (1–10) are computed from the tier of each cited source. “Comparable” means the two scores are within one point. Follow a score to its detailed sources.
Key Constituents
Leaf essential oil dominated by 1,8-cineole (eucalyptol, typically 70%+), the principal compound responsible for the plant's antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and expectorant/decongestant activity.
Red pigments historically used to standardise extracts; contribute to antiviral activity and are the compounds responsible for photosensitivity risk.
Considered the principal compound behind the antidepressant activity and the main driver of the herb's potent CYP3A4/P-glycoprotein induction and drug-interaction profile.
Antioxidant flavonoids contributing to overall activity.
Pharmacological Actions
Traditional & Indicated Uses
inferred from anti-inflammatory action
inferred from immunomodulator action
inferred from antifungal action
inferred from anti-inflammatory action
inferred from anti-inflammatory action
inferred from anti-inflammatory action
inferred from antiviral action
inferred from anti-inflammatory action
inferred from sedative action
inferred from anti-inflammatory action
Safety, Cautions & Contraindications
Eucalyptus globulus essential oil is highly concentrated and rich in the monoterpene 1,8-cineole; it should never be applied undiluted to the skin or ingested outside of standardized pharmaceutical preparations. Improper use can cause irritation, nausea, dizziness, or neurological symptoms, and inhalation at high concentrations may provoke respiratory distress, particularly in infants, young children, or individuals with asthma or other airway sensitivities. For this reason, essential oil use is generally discouraged in children and during pregnancy unless under professional guidance. Preparations such as leaf-infused oils or external applications using whole plant material are considerably milder, but they should still be used with care and an understanding that different preparation methods carry different levels of risk.
Duke (2002) provides clinical evidence (score 2) for eucalyptus as an expectorant and topical hyperemic (rubefacient), consistent with Commission E approval. Clinical evidence also supports its use in asthma, bronchitis, and catarrh. The essential oil (primarily 1,8-cineole) is the active constituent. Therapeutic use as steam inhalation is well-established. Internal use of the essential oil at high doses is contraindicated due to toxicity; even small amounts (3.5 ml) can be fatal in children. Contraindicated for inflammatory diseases of the gastrointestinal tract or bile ducts (Duke, 2002).
Significant drug interactions: strongly induces CYP3A4 and P-glycoprotein, reducing plasma levels of many drugs including oral contraceptives, antiretrovirals, cyclosporine, warfarin, and digoxin. May cause photosensitivity (fair-skinned individuals). Do not combine with SSRIs, SNRIs, or MAOIs (serotonin syndrome risk). Avoid in bipolar disorder.
Duke (2002) rates St. John's wort as ++ (raised from earlier editions) and notes antidepressant, antiviral, antibacterial, and wound-healing activities at experimental and clinical levels. Hypericin and hyperforin are identified as key active constituents. Clinical evidence (score 2) confirms antidepressant efficacy in mild-to-moderate depression, and WHO/Commission E provide approval for this indication. Dose: 300 mg standardized extract (0.3% hypericin, 3–5% hyperforin) three times daily. Duke emphasizes the critical drug interaction: St. John's wort is a potent CYP3A4 inducer and can significantly reduce blood levels of many medications including oral contraceptives, cyclosporine, antiretrovirals, and warfarin. Avoid combined use with SSRIs (serotonin syndrome risk) and pharmaceutical antidepressants (Duke, 2002).
External Ids
Botanical Description
Large, fast-growing evergreen tree with distinctive two-stage leaves: rounded, silvery-blue juvenile leaves borne in opposite pairs, giving way to narrow, sickle-shaped, aromatic, dark green mature leaves as the tree ages. Small, cream-white, fluffy flowers with numerous stamens are borne singly or in small clusters, followed by a woody, cup-shaped seed capsule ('gum nut').[12]
Erect, branching perennial herb with paired, oval leaves dotted with tiny translucent oil glands that look like pinpricks when held to the light (giving the species name 'perforatum'). Bright yellow, five-petalled flowers with numerous stamens and black dots along the petal edges are borne in flat-topped clusters, and release a reddish pigment when crushed.[4]
Habitat
Native to south-eastern Australia and Tasmania; widely planted worldwide in warm-temperate and Mediterranean climates for timber, essential oil production and as an ornamental/windbreak tree.
Grows in grassland, roadsides, woodland clearings and waste ground on well-drained soils; native to Europe, Western Asia and North Africa and widely naturalised elsewhere, including North America and Australia.[4]
Harvesting
Mature leaves are picked or pruned year-round and used fresh, dried, or steam-distilled for essential oil, which is the main commercial and medicinal form.
The flowering tops (flower and upper leaf) are cut in summer as the flowers open, around the traditional St John's Day period, and dried quickly in a warm, shaded, airy place to preserve the hypericin and hyperforin content.[4]
Traditional Uses
Eucalyptus leaf has a long Australian Aboriginal and, after global spread, worldwide tradition as a respiratory remedy - inhaled as steam or applied as chest rubs for colds, coughs, bronchitis and catarrh - and as a topical antiseptic and rubefacient for minor wounds and muscular aches.[12]
St John's wort has a centuries-long European folk reputation as a wound-healing and nerve tonic herb, traditionally used for mild wounds, burns and nerve pain and to lift low mood; this traditional mood-supporting use is now one of the most extensively clinically studied applications of any herbal medicine, with standardised extracts shown comparable to conventional antidepressants for mild-to-moderate depression.[1, 4]
Preparations
A few drops of essential oil, or fresh/dried leaf, added to hot water and the vapour inhaled for respiratory congestion; the classic and best-established use.
Diluted essential oil in a carrier oil or standardised ointment applied to the chest and back for coughs and colds.
Comminuted dried leaf infused in 150 ml boiling water, 1.5-3 g up to four times daily (daily dose 4.5-12 g) for oral use per the EU herbal monograph. Educational reference only, not a prescription.
Flowering-top extract standardised to hypericin and/or hyperforin content, taken as tablets or capsules; the best-studied clinical form for mood support.
Dosage
The EU herbal monograph on eucalyptus LEAF gives, for inhalation, 3 g of the comminuted leaf in boiling water up to 3 times daily (daily dose 3-9 g), and for oral use 1.5-3 g in 150 mL as an infusion up to 4 times daily (daily dose 4.5-12 g), in adolescents, adults and elderly. Use is CONTRAINDICATED in children under 30 months, and not recommended under 12 years. The essential oil is a separate herbal substance with its own monograph and its own posology - it is never taken internally or applied undiluted to skin on the strength of these leaf figures. Educational reference only, not a prescription.
Clinical trials for mild-to-moderate depression commonly use around 300 mg of standardised extract three times daily (900 mg/day total); given extensive drug interactions, use should be discussed with a healthcare provider, especially alongside other medicines. Educational reference only, not a prescription.
References
Lookalikes Review
Drug Class Interactions
Not documented
Pairings
Not documented
St John's wort raises serotonin activity and can cause serotonin syndrome when combined with other serotonin-boosting agents; pairing it with another mood-active, serotonergic herb such as saffron may add to this risk.[30]
St John's wort is a strong enzyme inducer and increases serotonin activity; combining it with another antidepressant-type herb such as rhodiola may add to serotonergic effects and unpredictably change how each is handled by the body.[30]
St John's wort speeds up the breakdown of many substances and also raises serotonin activity; pairing it with a sedative herb such as valerian may add to drowsiness and can unpredictably change how each is handled by the body.[30, 31]
St John's wort is a strong enzyme inducer and kava is a liver-metabolised sedative; combining them may add to central-nervous-system effects and alter how kava is processed, so combined use warrants caution.[30, 31]
References & Sources
- Čmiková, N., Galovičová, L., Schwarzová, M., Vukic, M.D. et al (2023) 'Chemical Composition and Biological Activities of Eucalyptus globulus Essential Oil', Plants (Basel), 12(5), pp. 1076. doi:10.3390/plants12051076 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12051076 - Elangovan, S. and Mudgil, P (2023) 'Antibacterial Properties of Eucalyptus globulus Essential Oil against MRSA: A Systematic Review', Antibiotics (Basel), 12(3), pp. 474. doi:10.3390/antibiotics12030474 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics12030474 - Zonfrillo, M., Andreola, F., Krasnowska, E.K., Sferrazza, G. et al (2022) 'Essential Oil from Eucalyptus globulus (Labill.) Activates Complement Receptor-Mediated Phagocytosis and Stimulates Podosome Formation in Human Monocyte-Derived Macrophages', Molecules, 27(11), pp. 3488. doi:10.3390/molecules27113488 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27113488 - Arooj, B., Asghar, S., Saleem, M., Khalid, S.H., Asif, M., Chohan, T., Khan, I.U., Zubair, H.M. and Yaseen, H.S (2023) 'Anti-inflammatory mechanisms of eucalyptol rich Eucalyptus globulus essential oil alone and in combination with flurbiprofen', Inflammopharmacology, 31(4), pp. 1849-1862. doi:10.1007/s10787-023-01237-6 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10787-023-01237-6 - Assaggaf, H.M., Naceiri Mrabti, H., Rajab, B.S., Attar, A.A., Hamed, M., Sheikh, R.A., Omari, N.E., Menyiy, N.E., Belmehdi, O., Mahmud, S., Alshahrani, M.M., Park, M.N., Kim, B., Zengin, G. and Bouyahya, A (2022) 'Singular and Combined Effects of Essential Oil and Honey of Eucalyptus globulus on Anti-Inflammatory, Antioxidant, Dermatoprotective, and Antimicrobial Properties: In Vitro and In Vivo Findings', Molecules, 27(16), pp. 5121. doi:10.3390/molecules27165121 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27165121 - Mulyaningsih, S., Sporer, F., Zimmermann, S., Reichling, J. and Wink, M (2010) 'Synergistic properties of the terpenoids aromadendrene and 1,8-cineole from the essential oil of Eucalyptus globulus against antibiotic-susceptible and antibiotic-resistant pathogens', Phytomedicine, 17(13), pp. 1061-1066. doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2010.06.018 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2010.06.018 - Luis, A., Neiva, D., Pereira, H., Gominho, J., Domingues, F. and Duarte, A.P (2014) 'Stumps of Eucalyptus globulus as a source of antioxidant and antimicrobial polyphenols', Molecules, 19(10), pp. 16428-16446. doi:10.3390/molecules191016428 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules191016428 - Merghni, A., Noumi, E., Hadded, O., Dridi, N., Panwar, H., Ceylan, O., Mastouri, M. and Snoussi, M (2018) 'Assessment of the antibiofilm and antiquorum sensing activities of Eucalyptus globulus essential oil and its main component 1,8-cineole against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains', Microbial Pathogenesis, 118, pp. 74-80. doi:10.1016/j.micpath.2018.03.006 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micpath.2018.03.006 - Mousa, A.A., Elweza, A.E., Elbaz, H.T., Tahoun, E.A.E., Shoghy, K.M., Elsayed, I. and Hassan, E.B (2019) 'Eucalyptus Globulus protects against diclofenac sodium induced hepatorenal and testicular toxicity in male rats', Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine, 10(6), pp. 521-528. doi:10.1016/j.jtcme.2019.11.002 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtcme.2019.11.002 - Mota, V.S., Turrini, R.N.T. and Poveda, V.B (2015) 'Antimicrobial activity of Eucalyptus globulus oil, xylitol and papain: a pilot study', Revista da Escola de Enfermagem da USP, 49(2), pp. 216-220. doi:10.1590/S0080-623420150000200005 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0080-623420150000200005 - Nguyen, H.T.T., Miyamoto, A., Nguyen, H.T., Pham, H.T., Hoang, H.T., Tong, N.T.M., Truong, L.T.N. and Nguyen, H.T.T (2023) 'Antibacterial effects of essential oils from Cinnamomum cassia bark and Eucalyptus globulus leaves - the involvements of major constituents', PLoS One, 18(7), pp. e0288787. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0288787 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0288787 - Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew (n.d.). Available at: https://powo.science.kew.org Traditional / reference
https://powo.science.kew.org - European Medicines Agency (HMPC) (2013) 'Community herbal monograph on Eucalyptus globulus Labill., folium'. Available at: https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/herbal-monograph/final-community-herbal-monograph-eucalyptus-globulus-labill-folium_en.pdf Traditional / reference
https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/herbal-monograph/final-community-herbal-monograph-eucalyptus-globulus-labill-folium_en.pdf - Sadlon, A.E. and Lamson, D.W (2010) 'Immune-modifying and antimicrobial effects of Eucalyptus oil and simple inhalation devices', 15(1), pp. 33--47. Preclinical
https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Immune-modifying%20and%20antimicrobial%20effects%20of%20Eucalyptus%20oil%20and%20simple%20inhalation%20devices - World Health Organization (2002) 'WHO Monographs on Selected Medicinal Plants'. Traditional / reference
https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=WHO%20Monographs%20on%20Selected%20Medicinal%20Plants - Duke, J.A (2002) 'Handbook of Medicinal Herbs, Second Edition'. Traditional / reference
https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Handbook%20of%20Medicinal%20Herbs%2C%20Second%20Edition
- Ng, Q.X., Venkatanarayanan, N. and Ho, C.Y.X (2017) 'Clinical use of Hypericum perforatum (St John's wort) in depression: A meta-analysis', Journal of Affective Disorders, 210, pp. 211-221. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2016.12.048 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2016.12.048 - Kholghi, G., Arjmandi-Rad, S., Zarrindast, M.R. and Vaseghi, S (2022) 'St. John's wort (Hypericum perforatum) and depression: what happens to the neurotransmitter systems?', Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology, 395(6), pp. 629-642. doi:10.1007/s00210-022-02229-z Traditional / reference
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00210-022-02229-z - Fugh-Berman, A (2000) 'Herb-drug interactions', Lancet, 355(9198), pp. 134-138. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(99)06457-0 Traditional / reference
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(99)06457-0 - Nobakht, S.Z., Akaberi, M., Mohammadpour, A.H., Tafazoli Moghadam, A. and Emami, S.A (2022) 'Hypericum perforatum: Traditional uses, clinical trials, and drug interactions', Iranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences, 25(9), pp. 1045-1058. doi:10.22038/IJBMS.2022.65112.14338 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.22038/IJBMS.2022.65112.14338 - Jiang, Z., Wang, F., Zhao, Y., Lu, L., Jiang, X., Huang, T., Lin, Y., Guo, L., Weng, Z. and Liu, E (2024) 'Hypericum perforatum L. attenuates depression by regulating Akkermansia muciniphila, tryptophan metabolism and NFkB-NLRP2-Caspase1-IL1beta pathway', Phytomedicine, 132, pp. 155847. doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2024.155847 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2024.155847 - Oliveira, A.I., Pinho, C., Sarmento, B. and Dias, A.C.P (2016) 'Neuroprotective Activity of Hypericum perforatum and Its Major Components', Frontiers in Plant Science, 7, pp. 1004. doi:10.3389/fpls.2016.01004 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2016.01004 - Russo, E., Scicchitano, F., Whalley, B.J., Mazzitello, C., Ciriaco, M., Esposito, S., Patane, M., Upton, R., Pugliese, M., Chimirri, S., Mammi, M., Palleria, C. and De Sarro, G (2013) 'Hypericum perforatum: pharmacokinetic, mechanism of action, tolerability, and clinical drug-drug interactions', Phytotherapy Research, 28(5), pp. 643-655. doi:10.1002/ptr.5050 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.5050 - Saddiqe, Z., Naeem, I. and Maimoona, A (2010) 'A review of the antibacterial activity of Hypericum perforatum L', Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 131(3), pp. 511-521. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2010.07.034 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2010.07.034 - Mennini, T. and Gobbi, M (2004) 'The antidepressant mechanism of Hypericum perforatum', Life Sciences, 75(9), pp. 1021-1027. doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2004.04.005 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2004.04.005 - Liu, Y., Jiang, Y., Huang, R., Yang, J., Xiao, B. and Dong, J (2013) 'Hypericum perforatum L. preparations for menopause: a meta-analysis of efficacy and safety', Climacteric, 17(4), pp. 325-335. doi:10.3109/13697137.2013.861814 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.3109/13697137.2013.861814 - Wurglics, M. and Schubert-Zsilavecz, M (2006) 'Hypericum perforatum: a 'modern' herbal antidepressant: pharmacokinetics of active ingredients', Clinical Pharmacokinetics, 45(5), pp. 449-468. doi:10.2165/00003088-200645050-00002 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.2165/00003088-200645050-00002 - Kasper, S (2001) 'Hypericum perforatum - a review of clinical studies', Pharmacopsychiatry, 34(Suppl 1), pp. S51-S55. doi:10.1055/s-2001-15467 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2001-15467 - Nathan, P (1999) 'The experimental and clinical pharmacology of St John's Wort (Hypericum perforatum L.)', Molecular Psychiatry, 4(4), pp. 333-338. doi:10.1038/sj.mp.4000557 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.mp.4000557 - Verotta, L (2003) 'Hypericum perforatum, a source of neuroactive lead structures', Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry, 3(2), pp. 187-201. doi:10.2174/1568026033392589 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.2174/1568026033392589 - Linde, K. et al (2008) 'St John'. Traditional / reference
https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=St%20John - Natural Standard (2013) 'Hypericum perforatum (St'. Traditional / reference
https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Hypericum%20perforatum%20%28St - Duke, J.A (2002) 'Handbook of Medicinal Herbs, Second Edition'. Traditional / reference
https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Handbook%20of%20Medicinal%20Herbs%2C%20Second%20Edition - Zhou, S., Chan, E., Pan, S.Q., Huang, M. and Lee, E.J.D (2004) 'Pharmacokinetic interactions of drugs with St John's wort', Journal of Psychopharmacology, 18(2), pp. 262-276. doi:10.1177/0269881104042632 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881104042632 - Izzo, A.A. and Ernst, E (2009) 'Interactions between herbal medicines and prescribed drugs: an updated systematic review', Drugs, 69(13), pp. 1777-1798. doi:10.2165/11317010-000000000-00000 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.2165/11317010-000000000-00000 - Borrelli, F. and Izzo, A.A (2009) 'Herb-drug interactions with St John's wort (Hypericum perforatum): an update on clinical observations', The AAPS Journal, 11(4), pp. 710-727. doi:10.1208/s12248-009-9146-8 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.1208/s12248-009-9146-8 - Nicolussi, S., Drewe, J., Butterweck, V. and Meyer zu Schwabedissen, H.E (2020) 'Clinical relevance of St. John's wort drug interactions revisited', British Journal of Pharmacology, 177(6), pp. 1212-1226. doi:10.1111/bph.14936 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.1111/bph.14936 - Piscitelli, S.C., Burstein, A.H., Chaitt, D., Alfaro, R.M. and Falloon, J (2000) 'Indinavir concentrations and St John's wort', Lancet, 355(9203), pp. 547-548. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(99)05712-8 Clinical study
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(99)05712-8 - Barone, G.W., Gurley, B.J., Ketel, B.L., Lightfoot, M.L. and Abul-Ezz, S.R (2000) 'Drug interaction between St. John's wort and cyclosporine', Annals of Pharmacotherapy, 34(9), pp. 1013-1016. doi:10.1345/aph.10088 Clinical study
https://doi.org/10.1345/aph.10088 - Murphy, P.A., Kern, S.E., Stanczyk, F.Z. and Westhoff, C.L (2005) 'Interaction of St. John's Wort with oral contraceptives: effects on the pharmacokinetics of norethindrone and ethinyl estradiol, ovarian activity and breakthrough bleeding', Contraception, 71(6), pp. 402-408. doi:10.1016/j.contraception.2004.11.004 Clinical study
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.contraception.2004.11.004 - Murphy, P.A., Kern, S.E., Stanczyk, F.Z. and Westhoff, C.L (2005) 'Interaction of St. John's Wort with oral contraceptives: effects on the pharmacokinetics of norethindrone and ethinyl estradiol, ovarian activity and breakthrough bleeding', Contraception, 71(6), pp. 402-408. doi:10.1016/j.contraception.2004.11.004 Clinical study
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.contraception.2004.11.004 - Pfrunder, A., Schiesser, M., Gerber, S., Haschke, M., Bitzer, J. and Drewe, J (2003) 'Interaction of St John's wort with low-dose oral contraceptive therapy: a randomized controlled trial', British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 56(6), pp. 683-690. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2125.2003.02005.x Randomized trial
https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2125.2003.02005.x - Johne, A., Brockmoller, J., Bauer, S., Maurer, A., Langheinrich, M. and Roots, I (1999) 'Pharmacokinetic interaction of digoxin with an herbal extract from St John's wort (Hypericum perforatum)', Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 66(4), pp. 338-345. doi:10.1053/cp.1999.v66.a101944 Clinical study
https://doi.org/10.1053/cp.1999.v66.a101944 - Mathijssen, R.H.J., Verweij, J., de Bruijn, P., Loos, W.J. and Sparreboom, A (2002) 'Effects of St. John's wort on irinotecan metabolism', Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 94(16), pp. 1247-1249. doi:10.1093/jnci/94.16.1247 Randomized trial
https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/94.16.1247 - Smith, P., Bullock, J.M., Booker, B.M., Haas, C.E., Berenson, C.S. and Jusko, W.J (2004) 'The influence of St. John's wort on the pharmacokinetics and protein binding of imatinib mesylate', Pharmacotherapy, 24(11), pp. 1508-1514. doi:10.1592/phco.24.16.1508.50958 Clinical study
https://doi.org/10.1592/phco.24.16.1508.50958 - Izzo, A.A (2004) 'Drug interactions with St. John's Wort (Hypericum perforatum): a review of the clinical evidence', International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 42(3), pp. 139-148. doi:10.5414/cpp42139 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.5414/cpp42139 - Caus, M.N., Lupoae, M. and Chitescu, C.L (2026) 'Efficacy and Safety of Herbal Supplements with Anxiolytic, Antidepressant, and Sedative Action: A Review of Clinical Data and Toxicological Risks', Pharmaceuticals, 19(3), pp. 399. doi:10.3390/ph19030399 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.3390/ph19030399
Generated automatically from the Omnia Sana plant database and its cited sources. For educational purposes only — not medical advice. Always consult a qualified practitioner before using medicinal plants.