Plant Comparison

Saffron vs Valerian

A side-by-side comparison of two medicinal plants — every documented constituent, action, use, safety note and cited source, assembled automatically from the Omnia Sana database.

First plant

Second plant

Plant ASaffronCrocus sativusIridaceaeFull monograph →

Plant BValerianValeriana officinalisCaprifoliaceaeFull monograph →

At a glance

Saffron and Valerian: they share 5 indicated uses (arthritis / joint pain, inflammation (general), insomnia / sleeplessness, …); 3 pharmacological actions in common.

SaffronValerian

Constituents33

Pharmacological actions64

Indicated uses106

Safety notes22

Cited sources2623

Indicated uses

Only Saffron

Blood sugar / diabetes supportCancer (anticancer research)Cognitive functionMemoryMetabolic support

Shared (5)

Arthritis / joint painInflammation (general)Insomnia / sleeplessnessMenstrual crampsSkin irritation

Only Valerian

Muscle spasm

Pharmacological actions

Only Saffron

Anticancer (preclinical)Antidiabetic (blood-sugar lowering)Neuroprotective / cognition support

Shared (3)

Anti-inflammatoryAntioxidantSedative / sleep support

Only Valerian

Antispasmodic

Evidence face-off — shared uses

Condition	Saffron	Valerian	Verdict
Arthritis / joint pain	1/10	8/10	Stronger for Valerian
Inflammation (general)	1/10	8/10	Stronger for Valerian
Insomnia / sleeplessness	1/10	10/10	Stronger for Valerian
Menstrual cramps	1/10	8/10	Stronger for Valerian
Skin irritation	1/10	8/10	Stronger for Valerian

Evidence scores (1–10) are computed from the tier of each cited source. “Comparable” means the two scores are within one point. Follow a score to its detailed sources.

Key Constituents

Crocin and crocetin^[1]

Water-soluble carotenoid glycosides responsible for saffron's deep golden-red colour and much of its antioxidant and mood-related activity.

CrocinCrocetin

Safranal^[1]

The principal volatile aromatic compound, giving saffron its characteristic scent and contributing to its sedative and antidepressant activity.

Safranal

Picrocrocin

The main bitter-tasting glycoside of the stigma, a precursor of safranal.

Picrocrocin

Valerenic acid and valerenal^[13]

Sesquiterpenes thought to be key contributors to the sedative, GABA-A-modulating action.

Valerenic acid

Iridoids (valepotriates)^[12]

Unstable iridoid esters historically of pharmacological interest, though their contribution to the whole-root effect is debated.

Iridoid glycosides

Essential oil (bornyl acetate and sesquiterpenes)^[12]

Responsible for the root's characteristic strong aroma.

Essential (volatile) oilSesquiterpenes

Pharmacological Actions

Anti-inflammatory^{[7, 9, 14, 15, 16]}

Anticancer (preclinical)^{[10, 11, 14, 15, 16]}

Antidiabetic (blood-sugar lowering)^{[14, 15, 16]}

Antioxidant^{[8, 9, 14, 15, 16]}

Neuroprotective / cognition support^{[8, 12, 14, 15, 16]}

Sedative / sleep support^{[2, 4, 5, 6, 13, 14, 15, 16]}

Anti-inflammatory^{[12, 13, 14]}

Antioxidant^{[12, 13, 14]}

Antispasmodic^{[12, 13, 14]}

Antispasmodic (cramp easing)

Sedative / sleep support^{[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 12, 13, 14]}

Traditional & Indicated Uses

Arthritis / joint pain^{[14, 15, 16]}Traditional · 1/10

inferred from anti-inflammatory action

Evidence: 1

Label: Arthritis / joint pain

Blood sugar / diabetes support^{[14, 15, 16]}Traditional · 1/10

inferred from antidiabetic action

Evidence: 1

Label: Blood sugar / diabetes support

Cancer (anticancer research)^{[10, 11]}Good · 8/10

inferred from anticancer action

Evidence: 8

Label: Cancer (anticancer research)

Cognitive function^{[14, 15, 16]}Traditional · 1/10

inferred from neuroprotective action

Evidence: 1

Label: Cognitive function

Inflammation (general)^{[14, 15, 16]}Traditional · 1/10

inferred from anti-inflammatory action

Evidence: 1

Label: Inflammation (general)

Insomnia / sleeplessness^{[14, 15, 16]}Traditional · 1/10

inferred from sedative action

Evidence: 1

Label: Insomnia / sleeplessness

Memory^{[14, 15, 16]}Traditional · 1/10

inferred from neuroprotective action

Evidence: 1

Label: Memory

Menstrual cramps^{[14, 15, 16]}Traditional · 1/10

Evidence: 1

Label: Menstrual cramps

Metabolic support^{[14, 15, 16]}Traditional · 1/10

inferred from antidiabetic action

Evidence: 1

Label: Metabolic support

Skin irritation^{[14, 15, 16]}Traditional · 1/10

inferred from anti-inflammatory action

Evidence: 1

Label: Skin irritation

Arthritis / joint pain^{[12, 13, 14]}Good · 8/10

inferred from anti-inflammatory action

Evidence: 8

Label: Arthritis / joint pain

Inflammation (general)^{[12, 13, 14]}Good · 8/10

inferred from anti-inflammatory action

Evidence: 8

Label: Inflammation (general)

Insomnia / sleeplessness^{[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 9, 12, 13, 14]}Strong · 10/10

inferred from sedative action

Evidence: 10

Label: Insomnia / sleeplessness

Menstrual cramps^{[12, 13, 14]}Good · 8/10

Evidence: 8

Label: Menstrual cramps

Muscle spasm^{[12, 13, 14]}Good · 8/10

inferred from antispasmodic action

Evidence: 8

Label: Muscle spasm

Skin irritation^{[12, 13, 14]}Good · 8/10

inferred from anti-inflammatory action

Evidence: 8

Label: Skin irritation

Safety, Cautions & Contraindications

Safety note^{[14, 15, 16]}Caution

Culinary use is entirely safe. At very high doses (5g+), saffron can be toxic — but such doses far exceed culinary or therapeutic amounts. Avoid medicinal doses during pregnancy (uterine stimulant). May interact with antidepressants. High quality saffron is often adulterated; verify source.

Safety note^{[14, 15, 16, 17]}Caution

Duke (2002) rates saffron as ++ and provides a critical safety warning: abortifacient activity has clinical support (score 2), meaning that medicinal doses can induce abortion — saffron is strictly contraindicated in pregnancy at doses above culinary amounts. The plant also shows antidepressant, antioxidant, and antitumor activities at the experimental level (score 1). Dose (culinary): 0.5 g stigmas as flavoring; medicinal doses above 5 g are considered potentially toxic. Duke notes that saffron stigmas contain crocin and safranal, which are responsible for its antidepressant and antioxidant properties (Duke, 2002).

Safety note^{[12, 13, 14]}Caution

Generally well tolerated for short-to-medium term use. May cause vivid dreams, morning grogginess, or headache in some individuals. Avoid combining with alcohol, sedatives, or anaesthetics. Do not drive immediately after taking high doses. Do not use in children under 3 years. Abrupt discontinuation after long-term use may cause withdrawal symptoms.

Safety note^{[12, 13, 14, 15]}Caution

Duke (2002) does not appear to include a primary entry for Valeriana officinalis (European valerian) in the sections searched. The entry found was for Indian valerian (Valeriana jatamansi). Commission E approves European valerian for restlessness and sleep disorders. Dose: 400–900 mg standardized root extract before bedtime. Interactions include potentiation of CNS depressants and sedatives.

External Ids

Gbif: 2747430

Powo: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:436688-1

Wikidata: Q15041677

Gbif: 2888763

Wikidata: Q157819

Botanical Description

Small, cormous perennial with narrow, grass-like, dark green leaves emerging with or just after the flowers. Each flower is a delicate lilac-purple, six-petalled bloom with three golden-yellow anthers and a single style dividing into three long, deep-red, thread-like stigmas - the saffron of commerce. The plant is a sterile triploid that never sets seed and is propagated entirely by division of its underground corms.

Height: 10-20 cm

Habit: Small, cormous, autumn-flowering perennial

Leaves: Narrow, grass-like, dark green, emerging with or just after the flowers

Flowers: Lilac-purple, six-petalled, with three golden anthers and three long deep-red stigma threads

Stem: Very short; flowers arise almost directly from the corm

Root: Underground corm with fibrous roots

Fruit: Sterile triploid; does not set seed, propagated by corm division

Flowering Period: Autumn (October-November)

Tall, upright perennial herb with hollow, grooved stems and opposite, pinnately divided leaves. Small, pale pink to white, sweetly scented flowers are borne in dense, domed clusters (cymes) at the top of the stem; the dried root has a distinctive strong, earthy, 'dirty sock' smell.^[12]

Height: 1-1.5 m

Habit: Tall, upright perennial herb

Leaves: Opposite, pinnately divided into toothed leaflets

Flowers: Small, pale pink to white, sweetly scented, in dense domed cymes

Stem: Hollow, grooved, upright, unbranched below the flower head

Root: Short rhizome with numerous fibrous roots, strongly aromatic when dried

Fruit: Small achene with a feathery pappus

Flowering Period: June-August

Habitat

Believed to have originated in Greece or Crete and spread through cultivation across the Mediterranean, Middle East and Asia (notably Iran, Kashmir and Spain); grown in sunny, well-drained fields with hot, dry summers and cool, wet autumns/winters.

Grows in damp meadows, ditches, riverbanks and marshy ground, tolerating both sun and partial shade; native to Europe and parts of Asia and naturalised in North America.^[12]

Harvesting

The flowers are hand-picked at dawn as they open, and the three red stigma threads are immediately hand-separated from each flower and dried - an extremely labour-intensive process (many thousands of flowers are needed for a small amount of dried saffron), which accounts for saffron's high cost.

Parts: Flower

Season: Autumn, at flowering, harvested at dawn

The rhizome and roots are dug in autumn of the second year, once the strong characteristic aroma has developed, then cleaned and dried.^[12]

Parts: Rhizome, Root

Season: Autumn (second year)

Traditional Uses

Saffron has a long Mediterranean, Middle Eastern and South Asian tradition as both a prized culinary spice/dye and a medicinal herb, used for mood support, digestive complaints and as a mild emmenagogue; its traditional mood-lifting reputation is now supported by clinical trials comparing standardised saffron extract to conventional antidepressants for mild-to-moderate depression.^[1]

Valerian root has a long European tradition, formalised in Commission E approval, as a sedative and mild anxiolytic for restlessness and sleep disorders, and as an antispasmodic for menstrual cramps and muscle spasm; modern systematic reviews support a modest benefit for sleep quality.^{[12, 13, 14]}

Preparations

Standardised extract^[1]

Stigma extract standardised to safranal/crocin content, taken as capsules; the form used in most clinical mood and metabolic studies.

Standardized root extract (capsule/tablet)^[13]

Standardized root extract taken shortly before bedtime, the form most used in clinical research.

Dosage

Standardised extract^[1]

Clinical trials for mood support commonly use around 30 mg of standardised saffron extract daily (in divided doses); culinary use is typically well under 1 g. High medicinal doses (5 g or more) are considered potentially toxic and should be avoided. Educational reference only, not a prescription.

Standardized extract^[12]

Commission E and clinical research commonly suggest around 400-900 mg standardized root extract taken 30-60 minutes before bedtime. Educational reference only, not a prescription.

References

REF-0788, REF-0789, REF-0790, REF-2001, REF-2002, REF-2003, REF-2004, REF-2005, REF-2006, REF-2007, REF-2008, REF-2009, REF-2010

REF-1348, REF-1349, REF-1350, REF-1351, REF-1352, REF-1353, REF-1354, REF-1355, REF-1356, REF-1357, REF-0092

Drug Class Interactions

Safety note^{[18, 19]}Caution

Drug Class: antidepressants-serotonergic

Mechanism: Saffron has antidepressant, serotonin-related activity (a meta-analysis of randomised trials found saffron more effective than placebo and comparable to standard antidepressants for mild-to-moderate depression; a trial safely combined low-dose saffron with SSRIs); because both raise serotonergic activity, combining saffron with antidepressants may add to serotonergic effects, so watch for side effects such as agitation or restlessness.

Reviewed By: Omnia Sana (owner-authorized)

Reviewed Date: 2026-07-03

Safety note^{[20, 21]}Caution

Drug Class: sedatives-cns-depressants

Mechanism: Saffron is traditionally used as a calming, sedative herb; taken with sedatives, sleeping tablets or other central-nervous-system depressants (including alcohol) it may add to drowsiness and slowed reactions.

Reviewed By: Omnia Sana (owner-authorized)

Reviewed Date: 2026-07-03

Safety note^[22]Caution

Drug Class: antidiabetics

Mechanism: Saffron lowers fasting blood glucose and HbA1c in trials in people with diabetes; combined with diabetes medicines it may add to blood-sugar lowering, so monitor blood sugar.

Reviewed By: Omnia Sana (owner-authorized)

Reviewed Date: 2026-07-03

Safety note^{[16, 17]}Caution

Drug Class: sedatives-cns-depressants

Mechanism: Valerian acts on GABA-A receptors like benzodiazepines and may add to the sedative effect of CNS depressants, sleep medicines, benzodiazepines and alcohol (a meta-analysis supports valerian improving sleep quality).

Reviewed By: Omnia Sana (owner-authorized)

Reviewed Date: 2026-07-03

Lookalikes Review

Outcome: has-lookalikes

Reviewed By: Omnia Sana (owner-authorized)

Reviewed Date: 2026-07-07

Outcome: has-lookalikes

Reviewed By: Omnia Sana (owner-authorized)

Reviewed Date: 2026-07-07

Dangerous Lookalikes

Safety note^{[23, 24, 25, 26]}Fatal

Dangerous Plant: colchicum-autumnale

Confused Part: The whole autumn flower (a leafless lilac-purple, crocus-shaped bloom) and its style/stigma threads that can be taken for saffron, plus the corm; in spring the strap-shaped leaves are also confused with other greens.

Confusion Context: Autumn crocus / meadow saffron (Colchicum autumnale, family Colchicaceae) flowers in autumn with a leafless lilac-purple crocus-like flower that closely mimics true saffron crocus (Crocus sativus, Iridaceae) and is even nicknamed 'meadow saffron'. It contains colchicine, a cell toxin with no readily available antidote; ingestion causes deceptively delayed (hours later) multi-organ failure and can be fatal. A Swiss poison-centre review lists it among the few plants that can kill (Kupper & Reichert 2009), and a documented case describes severe multi-organ injury after it was eaten in error (Gabrscek et al. 2004). University extensions warn it should definitely not be used in place of saffron, because eating any part of it can be fatal.

Distinguishing Features: STAMEN COUNT (decisive): true saffron crocus has exactly THREE stamens per flower; autumn crocus (Colchicum) has SIX. Two independent university extensions confirm three-versus-six as the hard, countable difference., SAFFRON THREADS: saffron crocus has one style splitting into three long, deep-RED branched stigmas (the saffron threads). Colchicum has three separate pale styles with yellow anthers and does not produce the long red saffron threads., FLOWER ARCHITECTURE: saffron crocus is in the iris family (Iridaceae; 3 stamens, 1 style); Colchicum is in Colchicaceae (6 stamens, 3 styles) - a fundamentally different flower.

Key Test: Count the stamens inside the open flower: exactly THREE (with three long deep-red saffron threads) = true saffron crocus. SIX stamens (pale styles, yellow anthers, no red threads) = autumn crocus (Colchicum) - do NOT eat or use as saffron; it can be fatal. If in any doubt, do not harvest.

Reviewed By: Omnia Sana (owner-authorized)

Reviewed Date: 2026-07-07

Safety note^{[21, 22, 23]}Fatal

Dangerous Plant: conium-maculatum

Confused Part: Tall damp-ground plant with divided leaves and clusters of tiny white/pink flowers gathered for its root; poison hemlock has a similar growth habit and white flowers.

Confusion Context: Valerian (Valeriana officinalis) is a tall plant of damp ground, dug for its sedative root. As Practical Self Reliance warns, other plants with a similar growth habit and white flowers are deadly toxic - namely poison hemlock (Conium maculatum), which shares the damp habitat and tall stature; water hemlock (Cicuta) can grow in the same wet ground. Poison hemlock contains coniine and kills by paralysis and respiratory failure. Because valerian's divided leaves and frothy pale flower clusters can be taken for a hemlock at a glance, careful identification is essential.

Distinguishing Features: Leaf and flower structure: valerian has OPPOSITE, pinnately divided leaves and domed clusters (cymes) of tiny pink-tinged white flowers. Poison hemlock has alternate, finely feathery (fern-like) leaves and flat-topped white umbels., Stem: poison hemlock has a hairless stem conspicuously blotched and streaked with red-purple, especially near the base. Valerian stems are plain green and grooved, without purple blotches., Smell: the pulled valerian root smells unmistakably of dirty socks/earthy funk; poison hemlock smells rank, musty and mouse-like.

Key Test: Check the stem, leaves and root smell. Opposite divided leaves, a plain green stem, domed pink-white flower clusters and a dirty-sock root smell = valerian. A hairless stem with red-purple blotches, feathery leaves, flat white umbels and a musty/mousy smell = poison hemlock - deadly, do not gather. If the stem is purple-blotched, do not touch it to your mouth.

Reviewed By: Omnia Sana (owner-authorized)

Reviewed Date: 2026-07-07

Pairings

Not documented

Valerian and hops are traditionally combined for sleep; a controlled trial found the valerian-hops combination shortened the time to fall asleep more than valerian alone. Both add to sedation, so expect stronger drowsiness.^{[18, 19]}

Partner Id: humulus-lupulus

Type: synergy

Reviewed By: Omnia Sana (owner-authorized)

Reviewed Date: 2026-07-03

Valerian and passionflower are both mild GABA-acting sedatives often blended in sleep and calming formulas; combined use may enhance relaxation but also additive drowsiness.^{[19, 20]}

Partner Id: passiflora-incarnata

Type: synergy

Reviewed By: Omnia Sana (owner-authorized)

Reviewed Date: 2026-07-03

Valerian and lemon balm are a classic calming pair acting on the GABA system to improve sleep quality; combined use may increase sedation.^[19]

Partner Id: melissa-officinalis

Type: synergy

Reviewed By: Omnia Sana (owner-authorized)

Reviewed Date: 2026-07-03

References & Sources

Shafiee, A., Jafarabady, K., Seighali, N., Mohammadi, I. et al (2025) 'Effect of Saffron Versus Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) in Treatment of Depression and Anxiety: A Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials', Nutrition Reviews, 83(3), pp. e751-e761. doi:10.1093/nutrit/nuae076 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.1093/nutrit/nuae076
Lopresti, A.L. and Drummond, P.D (2014) 'Saffron (Crocus sativus) for depression: a systematic review of clinical studies and examination of underlying antidepressant mechanisms of action', Human Psychopharmacology, 29(6), pp. 517-527. doi:10.1002/hup.2434 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.1002/hup.2434
Chen, Z., Gu, J., Lin, S., Xu, Z. et al (2022) 'Saffron essential oil ameliorates CUMS-induced depression-like behavior in mice via the MAPK-CREB1-BDNF signaling pathway', Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 300, pp. 115719. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2022.115719 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2022.115719
Hausenblas, H.A., Saha, D., Dubyak, P.J. and Anton, S.D (2013) 'Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) and major depressive disorder: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials', Journal of Integrative Medicine, 11(6), pp. 377-383. doi:10.3736/jintegrmed2013056 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.3736/jintegrmed2013056
Kell, G., Rao, A., Beccaria, G., Clayton, P., Inarejos-Garcia, A.M. and Prodanov, M (2017) 'affron a novel saffron extract (Crocus sativus L.) improves mood in healthy adults over 4 weeks in a double-blind, parallel, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial', Complementary Therapies in Medicine, 33, pp. 58-64. doi:10.1016/j.ctim.2017.06.001 Randomized trial
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctim.2017.06.001
Baziar, S., Aqamolaei, A., Khadem, E., Mortazavi, S.H., Naderi, S., Sahebolzamani, E., Mortezaei, A., Jalilevand, S., Mohammadi, M., Shahmirzadi, M. and Akhondzadeh, S (2019) 'Crocus sativus L. Versus Methylphenidate in Treatment of Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Randomized, Double-Blind Pilot Study', Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 29(3), pp. 205-212. doi:10.1089/cap.2018.0146 Randomized trial
https://doi.org/10.1089/cap.2018.0146
Moshiri, M., Vahabzadeh, M. and Hosseinzadeh, H (2014) 'Clinical Applications of Saffron (Crocus sativus) and its Constituents: A Review', Drug Research, 65(6), pp. 287-295. doi:10.1055/s-0034-1375681 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0034-1375681
Finley, J.W. and Gao, S (2017) 'A Perspective on Crocus sativus L. (Saffron) Constituent Crocin: A Potent Water-Soluble Antioxidant and Potential Therapy for Alzheimer's Disease', Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 65(5), pp. 1005-1020. doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.6b04398 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.6b04398
Boskabady, M.H. and Farkhondeh, T (2016) 'Antiinflammatory, Antioxidant, and Immunomodulatory Effects of Crocus sativus L. and its Main Constituents', Phytotherapy Research, 30(7), pp. 1072-1094. doi:10.1002/ptr.5622 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.5622
Bhandari, P.R (2015) 'Crocus sativus L. (saffron) for cancer chemoprevention: A mini review', Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine, 5(2), pp. 81-87. doi:10.1016/j.jtcme.2014.10.009 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtcme.2014.10.009
Khorasanchi, Z., Shafiee, M., Kermanshahi, F., Khazaei, M., Ryzhikov, M., Parizadeh, M.R., Kermanshahi, B., Ferns, G.A., Avan, A. and Hassanian, S.M (2018) 'Crocus sativus a natural food coloring and flavoring has potent anti-tumor properties', Phytomedicine, 43, pp. 21-27. doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2018.03.041 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2018.03.041
El Midaoui, A., Ghzaiel, I., Vervandier-Fasseur, D., Ksila, M., Zarrouk, A., Nury, T., Khallouki, F., El Hessni, A., Ibrahimi, S.O., Latruffe, N., Couture, R., Kharoubi, O., Brahmi, F., Hammami, S., Masmoudi-Kouki, O., Hammami, M., Ghrairi, T., Vejux, A. and Lizard, G (2022) 'Saffron (Crocus sativus L.): A Source of Nutrients for Health and for the Treatment of Neuropsychiatric and Age-Related Diseases', Nutrients, 14(3), pp. 597. doi:10.3390/nu14030597 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14030597
Pitsikas, N (2021) 'Crocus sativus L. Extracts and Its Constituents Crocins and Safranal; Potential Candidates for Schizophrenia Treatment?', Molecules, 26(5), pp. 1237. doi:10.3390/molecules26051237 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26051237
Akhondzadeh, S. et al (2005) 'Comparison of Crocus sativus L'. Traditional / reference
https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Comparison%20of%20Crocus%20sativus%20L
Hosseinzadeh, H. and Nassiri-Asl, M (2013) 'Avicenna', 27(4), pp. 475--483. Traditional / reference
https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Avicenna
Moshiri, E. et al (2006) 'Crocus sativus L', pp. 607--611. Traditional / reference
https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Crocus%20sativus%20L
Duke, J.A (2002) 'Handbook of Medicinal Herbs, Second Edition'. Traditional / reference
https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Handbook%20of%20Medicinal%20Herbs%2C%20Second%20Edition
Talaei, A., Hassanpour Moghadam, M., Sajadi Tabassi, S.A. and Mohajeri, S.A (2015) 'Crocin, the main active saffron constituent, as an adjunctive treatment in major depressive disorder: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, pilot clinical trial', Journal of Affective Disorders, 174, pp. 51-56. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2014.11.035 Randomized trial
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2014.11.035
Toth, B., Hegyi, P., Lantos, T., Szakacs, Z., Keremi, B., Varga, G., Tenk, J., Petervari, E., Balasko, M., Rumbus, Z., Rakonczay, Z., Balint, E.R., Kiss, T. and Csupor, D (2019) 'The efficacy of saffron in the treatment of mild to moderate depression: a meta-analysis', Planta Medica, 85(1), pp. 24-31. doi:10.1055/a-0660-9565 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.1055/a-0660-9565
Ghasemzadeh Rahbardar, M. and Hosseinzadeh, H (2024) 'Therapeutic potential of hypnotic herbal medicines: A comprehensive review', Phytotherapy Research, 38(6), pp. 3037-3059. doi:10.1002/ptr.8201 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.8201
Block, K.I., Gyllenhaal, C. and Mead, M.N (2004) 'Safety and efficacy of herbal sedatives in cancer care', Integrative Cancer Therapies, 3(2), pp. 128-148. doi:10.1177/1534735404265003 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.1177/1534735404265003
Liu, J., Yang, Y. and Qi, Y (2024) 'Effect of saffron supplementation on the glycemic outcomes in diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis', Frontiers in Nutrition, 11, pp. 1349006. doi:10.3389/fnut.2024.1349006 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2024.1349006
Kupper, J. and Reichert, C (2009) 'Intoxications with plants', Therapeutische Umschau, 66(5), pp. 343-8. doi:10.1024/0040-5930.66.5.343 Clinical study
https://doi.org/10.1024/0040-5930.66.5.343
Gabrscek, L. and Lesnicar, G. and Krivec, B. and Voga, G. and Sibanc, B. and Blatnik, J. and Jagodic, B (2004) 'Accidental poisoning with autumn crocus', Journal of Toxicology. Clinical Toxicology, 42(1), pp. 85-8. doi:10.1081/clt-120028750 Clinical study
https://doi.org/10.1081/clt-120028750
University of Wisconsin-Madison Division of Extension 'Autumn Crocus, Colchicum spp'. Available at: https://hort.extension.wisc.edu/articles/autumn-crocus-colchicum-spp/ Traditional / reference
https://hort.extension.wisc.edu/articles/autumn-crocus-colchicum-spp/
Ohio State University Extension (Buckeye Yard and Garden onLine) 'Crocus By Other Names'. Available at: https://bygl.osu.edu/node/1458 Traditional / reference
https://bygl.osu.edu/node/1458

Chandra Shekhar, H., Joshua, L. and Thomas, J.V (2024) 'Standardized Extract of Valeriana officinalis Improves Overall Sleep Quality in Human Subjects with Sleep Complaints: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Clinical Study', Advances in Therapy, 41(1), pp. 246-261. doi:10.1007/s12325-023-02708-6 Randomized trial
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12325-023-02708-6
Shinjyo, N., Waddell, G. and Green, J (2020) 'Valerian Root in Treating Sleep Problems and Associated Disorders-A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis', Journal of Evidence-Based Integrative Medicine, 25, pp. 2515690X20967323. doi:10.1177/2515690X20967323 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.1177/2515690X20967323
Borras, S., Martinez-Solis, I. and Rios, J.L (2021) 'Medicinal Plants for Insomnia Related to Anxiety: An Updated Review', Planta Medica, 87(10-11), pp. 738-753. doi:10.1055/a-1510-9826 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.1055/a-1510-9826
Nunes, A. and Sousa, M (2011) 'Use of valerian in anxiety and sleep disorders: what is the best evidence?', Acta Medica Portuguesa, 24(Suppl 4), pp. 961-966. Meta-analysis / review
https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Use%20of%20valerian%20in%20anxiety%20and%20sleep%20disorders%3A%20what%20is%20the%20best%20evidence%3F
Tammadon, M.R., Nobahar, M., Hydarinia-Naieni, Z., Ebrahimian, A. and others (2021) 'The Effects of Valerian on Sleep Quality, Depression, and State Anxiety in Hemodialysis Patients: A Randomized, Double-blind, Crossover Clinical Trial', Oman Medical Journal, 36(2), pp. e255. doi:10.5001/omj.2021.56 Randomized trial
https://doi.org/10.5001/omj.2021.56
Alternative Medicine Review (2004) 'Monograph: Valeriana officinalis', Alternative Medicine Review, 9(4), pp. 438-441. Meta-analysis / review
https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Monograph%3A%20Valeriana%20officinalis
Soltani, A., Bahrami, F., Bahari, Z., Shankayi, Z. and others (2021) 'The effects of Valerian on sleep spindles in a model of neuropathic pain', Sleep Science, 14(Spec 2), pp. 133-139. doi:10.5935/1984-0063.20200110 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.5935/1984-0063.20200110
Mineo, L., Concerto, C., Patel, D., Mayorga, T. and others (2017) 'Valeriana officinalis Root Extract Modulates Cortical Excitatory Circuits in Humans', Neuropsychobiology, 75(1), pp. 46-51. doi:10.1159/000480053 Randomized trial
https://doi.org/10.1159/000480053
Jacobs, B.P., Bent, S., Tice, J.A., Blackwell, T. and Cummings, S.R (2005) 'An internet-based randomized, placebo-controlled trial of kava and valerian for anxiety and insomnia', Medicine (Baltimore), 84(4), pp. 197-207. doi:10.1097/01.md.0000172299.72364.95 Randomized trial
https://doi.org/10.1097/01.md.0000172299.72364.95
Alkharfy, K.M. and Frye, R.F (2007) 'Effect of valerian, valerian/hops extracts, and valerenic acid on glucuronidation in vitro', Xenobiotica, 37(2), pp. 113-123. doi:10.1080/00498250601050420 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1080/00498250601050420
Garges, H.P., Varia, I. and Doraiswamy, P.M (1998) 'Cardiac complications and delirium associated with valerian root withdrawal', 280(18), pp. 1566--1567. Traditional / reference
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Hoffmann, D (2003) 'Medical Herbalism'. Traditional / reference
https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Medical%20Herbalism
Bent, S., Padula, A., Moore, D., Patterson, M. and Mehling, W (2006) 'Valerian for sleep: a systematic review and meta-analysis', 119(12), pp. 1005--1012. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2006.02.026 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2006.02.026
Francis, A.J. and Dempster, R.J (2002) 'Effect of valerian, Valeriana edulis, on sleep difficulties in children with intellectual deficits: randomised trial', 9(4), pp. 273--279. doi:10.1078/0944-7113-00110 Randomized trial
https://doi.org/10.1078/0944-7113-00110
Duke, J.A (2002) 'Handbook of Medicinal Herbs, Second Edition'. Traditional / reference
https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Handbook%20of%20Medicinal%20Herbs%2C%20Second%20Edition
Ortiz, J.G., Rassi, N., Maldonado, P.M., Gonzalez-Cabrera, S. and Ramos, I (2006) 'Commercial valerian interactions with [3H]Flunitrazepam and [3H]MK-801 binding to rat synaptic membranes', Phytotherapy Research, 20(9), pp. 794-798. doi:10.1002/ptr.1960 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.1960
Bent, S., Padula, A., Moore, D., Patterson, M. and Mehling, W (2006) 'Valerian for sleep: a systematic review and meta-analysis', The American Journal of Medicine, 119(12), pp. 1005-1012. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2006.02.026 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2006.02.026
Koetter, U., Schrader, E., Kaeufeler, R. and Brattstroem, A (2007) 'A randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled, prospective clinical study to demonstrate clinical efficacy of a fixed valerian hops extract combination (Ze 91019) in patients suffering from non-organic sleep disorder', Phytotherapy Research, 21(9), pp. 847-851. doi:10.1002/ptr.2167 Randomized trial
https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.2167
Ghasemzadeh Rahbardar, M. and Hosseinzadeh, H (2024) 'Therapeutic potential of hypnotic herbal medicines: A comprehensive review', Phytotherapy Research, 38(6), pp. 3037-3059. doi:10.1002/ptr.8201 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.8201
Ngan, A. and Conduit, R (2011) 'A double-blind, placebo-controlled investigation of the effects of Passiflora incarnata (passionflower) herbal tea on subjective sleep quality', Phytotherapy Research, 25(8), pp. 1153-1159. doi:10.1002/ptr.3400 Randomized trial
https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.3400
Practical Self Reliance 'Foraging Wild Valerian For Better Sleep'. Available at: https://practicalselfreliance.com/foraging-valerian/ Traditional / reference
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Dayan, A.D (2024) 'Death of Socrates: a likely case of poison hemlock (Conium maculatum) poisoning', Clinical Toxicology (Philadelphia, Pa.), 62(1), pp. 56-60. doi:10.1080/15563650.2024.2309328 Clinical study
https://doi.org/10.1080/15563650.2024.2309328
King County Noxious Weeds (2024) 'Poison hemlock (Conium maculatum) identification and control'. Available at: https://kingcounty.gov/en/dept/dnrp/nature-recreation/environment-ecology-conservation/noxious-weeds/identification-control/poison-hemlock Traditional / reference
https://kingcounty.gov/en/dept/dnrp/nature-recreation/environment-ecology-conservation/noxious-weeds/identification-control/poison-hemlock

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Generated automatically from the Omnia Sana plant database and its cited sources. For educational purposes only — not medical advice. Always consult a qualified practitioner before using medicinal plants.