Plant Comparison

Midland Hawthorn vs Cumin

A side-by-side comparison of two medicinal plants — every documented constituent, action, use, safety note and cited source, assembled automatically from the Omnia Sana database.

First plant

Second plant

Plant AMidland HawthornCrataegus laevigataRosaceaeFull monograph →

Plant BCuminCuminum cyminumApiaceaeFull monograph →

At a glance

Midland Hawthorn and Cumin: they share 5 indicated uses (arthritis / joint pain, inflammation (general), menstrual cramps, …); 3 pharmacological actions in common.

Midland HawthornCumin

Constituents21

Pharmacological actions45

Indicated uses710

Safety notes23

Cited sources2227

Indicated uses

Only Midland Hawthorn

Cardiovascular / heart healthInsomnia / sleeplessness

Shared (5)

Arthritis / joint painInflammation (general)Menstrual crampsMuscle spasmSkin irritation

Only Cumin

BloatingIndigestionInfection (general)Metabolic supportWounds

Pharmacological actions

Only Midland Hawthorn

Sedative / sleep support

Shared (3)

Anti-inflammatoryAntioxidantAntispasmodic

Only Cumin

AntimicrobialDigestive aid

Evidence face-off — shared uses

Condition	Midland Hawthorn	Cumin	Verdict
Arthritis / joint pain	1/10	9/10	Stronger for Cumin
Inflammation (general)	1/10	9/10	Stronger for Cumin
Menstrual cramps	1/10	10/10	Stronger for Cumin
Muscle spasm	1/10	10/10	Stronger for Cumin
Skin irritation	1/10	9/10	Stronger for Cumin

Evidence scores (1–10) are computed from the tier of each cited source. “Comparable” means the two scores are within one point. Follow a score to its detailed sources.

Key Constituents

Oligomeric proanthocyanidins and flavonoids^[5]

The principal cardioactive and antioxidant constituents, the basis for extract standardisation.

ProanthocyanidinsFlavonoidsQuercetin

Phenolic acids

Additional antioxidant constituents of the flower, leaf and fruit.

Phenolic acidsChlorogenic acid

Cuminaldehyde^[1]

Cuminaldehyde (4-isopropylbenzaldehyde) is the dominant constituent of cumin-seed essential oil (around two-thirds of the oil) and the main driver of its antimicrobial, antifungal (anti-aflatoxigenic) and antioxidant activity.

Essential (volatile) oil

Pharmacological Actions

Anti-inflammatory^{[9, 15, 16]}

Antioxidant^{[2, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 15, 16]}

Antispasmodic^{[2, 10, 11, 15, 16]}

Antispasmodic (cramp easing)

Sedative / sleep support^{[12, 15, 16]}

Anti-inflammatory^{[2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21]}

Antimicrobial^{[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21]}

Antioxidant^{[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21]}

Antispasmodic^{[2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22]}

Antispasmodic (cramp easing)

Digestive aid^{[2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22]}

Traditional & Indicated Uses

Arthritis / joint pain^{[15, 16]}Traditional · 1/10

inferred from anti-inflammatory action

Evidence: 1

Label: Arthritis / joint pain

Cardiovascular / heart health^{[15, 16]}Traditional · 1/10

Evidence: 1

Label: Cardiovascular / heart health

Inflammation (general)^{[15, 16]}Traditional · 1/10

inferred from anti-inflammatory action

Evidence: 1

Label: Inflammation (general)

Insomnia / sleeplessness^{[15, 16]}Traditional · 1/10

inferred from sedative action

Evidence: 1

Label: Insomnia / sleeplessness

Menstrual cramps^{[15, 16]}Traditional · 1/10

inferred from antispasmodic action

Evidence: 1

Label: Menstrual cramps

Muscle spasm^{[15, 16]}Traditional · 1/10

inferred from antispasmodic action

Evidence: 1

Label: Muscle spasm

Skin irritation^{[15, 16]}Traditional · 1/10

inferred from anti-inflammatory action

Evidence: 1

Label: Skin irritation

Arthritis / joint pain^{[2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21]}Strong · 9/10

inferred from anti-inflammatory action

Evidence: 9

Label: Arthritis / joint pain

Bloating^{[2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22]}Strong · 10/10

inferred from digestive action

Evidence: 10

Label: Bloating

Indigestion^{[2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22]}Strong · 10/10

inferred from digestive action

Evidence: 10

Label: Indigestion

Infection (general)^{[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21]}Strong · 9/10

inferred from antimicrobial action

Evidence: 9

Label: Infection (general)

Inflammation (general)^{[2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21]}Strong · 9/10

inferred from anti-inflammatory action

Evidence: 9

Label: Inflammation (general)

Menstrual cramps^{[2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22]}Strong · 10/10

inferred from antispasmodic action

Evidence: 10

Label: Menstrual cramps

Metabolic support^{[2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 23, 24, 25, 26]}Strong · 10/10

Evidence: 10

Label: Metabolic support

Muscle spasm^{[2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22]}Strong · 10/10

inferred from antispasmodic action

Evidence: 10

Label: Muscle spasm

Skin irritation^{[2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21]}Strong · 9/10

inferred from anti-inflammatory action

Evidence: 9

Label: Skin irritation

Wounds^{[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21]}Strong · 9/10

inferred from antimicrobial action

Evidence: 9

Label: Wounds

Safety, Cautions & Contraindications

Safety note^{[15, 16]}Caution

Generally safe and well tolerated. High doses may cause low blood pressure and sedation. May interact with cardiac glycosides (digoxin) and antihypertensive drugs. Consult a physician before using with existing heart medications.

Safety note^{[15, 16, 17]}Info

Duke (2002) rates hawthorn (Crataegus spp., including C. laevigata) as a triple-plus herb (+++) with Commission E approval (score 2-3) for decreasing cardiac output in functional Stage II heart insufficiency (NYHA). Clinical evidence supports hawthorn standardized extracts (80-500 mg, standardized to flavonoids or procyanidins) for angina, arrhythmia, atherosclerosis, and hypertension. Hawthorn may potentiate digitalis and other cardiac medications and is not considered suitable for self-medication without professional guidance (Duke, 2002).

Safety note^{[2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21]}Info

Food amounts are generally considered safe; in the US it’s listed as GRAS as a spice/flavoring (LactMed, 2025).

Safety note^{[2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21]}Info

Allergy risk: cumin can trigger allergic reactions in sensitive people; cross-reactivity is reported within Apiaceae spices (e.g., celery/coriander/fennel/cumin) and in “pollen–spice” allergy patterns (Lisiecka et al., 2025; Berghea et al., 2025).

Safety note^{[2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 27]}Caution

Duke (2002) rates cumin as +++ and notes carminative, digestive, and aperitif activities at experimental levels (score 1). The plant demonstrates estrogenic activity in animal studies and has antifungal and antioxidant properties. Photodermatitic potential (phototoxicity) of the essential oil is noted — users should avoid sun exposure after topical application. Duke advises caution in pregnancy due to potential emmenagogue and antifertility effects at high medicinal doses (Duke, 2002).

External Ids

Gbif: 8252683

Wikidata: Q159553

Gbif: 3034775

Powo: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:840882-1

Wikidata: Q132624

Botanical Description

Small deciduous tree or large shrub with thorny branches and glossy, shallowly lobed leaves (less deeply cut than common hawthorn). Clusters of small, five-petalled white (occasionally pink) flowers with a strong scent appear in spring, followed by small red berries (haws), each usually containing two seeds (nutlets).^[1]

Height: 4-8 m

Habit: Small deciduous, thorny tree or large shrub

Leaves: Glossy, shallowly lobed (less deeply cut than C. monogyna)

Flowers: Clusters of small, five-petalled white to pink, strongly scented flowers

Stem: Thorny branches; grey, fissured bark on older wood

Root: Deep, spreading root system

Fruit: Small red berry (haw), usually with two seeds

Flowering Period: April-May

Slender annual herb with finely divided, thread-like leaves similar to dill or fennel but smaller. Small white or pale pink flowers are borne in small compound umbels, followed by small, ridged, boat-shaped, strongly aromatic seeds.

Height: 20-30 cm

Habit: Slender, low-growing annual herb

Leaves: Finely divided, thread-like, similar to dill but smaller

Flowers: Small white or pale pink flowers in small compound umbels

Stem: Slender, branching

Root: Slender taproot

Fruit: Small, ridged, boat-shaped, strongly aromatic seed (mericarp)

Flowering Period: Summer

Habitat

Grows in woodland, woodland edges, hedgerows and scrub, typically on richer, damper soils than common hawthorn; native to western and central Europe.^[1]

Believed native to the eastern Mediterranean and Central Asia; cultivated widely in warm, dry climates including India, the Middle East and North Africa as a major spice crop.

Harvesting

Flowers are picked as they open in spring, leaves are picked with the young flowering shoots, and the ripe red berries (haws) are gathered in autumn; all three parts are used, often combined, in hawthorn preparations.^[1]

Parts: Flower, Fruit, Leaf

Season: Flower and leaf in spring; fruit in autumn

The seed heads are cut when the fruit has ripened but before it shatters, usually in mid- to late summer, then dried and threshed.

Parts: Seed

Season: Mid- to late summer

Traditional Uses

Hawthorn flower, leaf and berry have a long European tradition, and substantial modern clinical study, as a cardiovascular tonic - supporting heart function, mild circulatory complaints and calming nervous tension - reflected in its traditional use for 'heart strengthening' and its modern standing as a well-studied botanical for mild heart failure symptoms.^[1]

Cumin seed has an ancient culinary and medicinal history across the Middle East, South Asia and the Mediterranean as a warming digestive carminative for indigestion, bloating and cramping, and is one of the most widely used spices worldwide.

Preparations

Standardised extract^[1]

Leaf-and-flower extract standardised to flavonoid or oligomeric proanthocyanidin content, taken as tablets or capsules; the best-studied clinical form.

Not documented

Dosage

Standardised extract^[14]

The EU herbal monograph on Crataegus spp., folium cum flore gives dry extracts in divided daily doses of 240-900 mg (single dose 80-450 mg) or, for one quantified extract, 570-1750 mg daily (single dose 190-350 mg), in adults and elderly. If symptoms persist longer than 2 weeks a doctor should be consulted, and hawthorn is never used as a substitute for prescribed heart medication without medical supervision. Educational reference only, not a prescription.

Herbal tea^[14]

The EU herbal monograph gives 1-2 g of the comminuted leaf and flower in 150 mL of boiling water as an infusion, up to 4 times daily (maximum 6 g daily), in adults and elderly. Educational reference only, not a prescription.

Not documented

References

REF-0782, REF-0783, REF-0784, REF-1779, REF-1780, REF-1781, REF-1782, REF-1783, REF-1784, REF-1785, REF-1786, REF-1787, REF-1788

Not documented

Drug Class Interactions

Safety note^{[18, 19, 20]}Caution

Drug Class: cardiac-glycosides

Mechanism: Hawthorn has its own positive effect on the heart (a Cochrane review found it improves heart-failure symptoms and exercise tolerance) and shares P-glycoprotein handling with digoxin, so combining it with digoxin or other cardiac-glycoside heart drugs should be supervised even though a controlled study found no major change in digoxin levels.

Reviewed By: Omnia Sana (owner-authorized)

Reviewed Date: 2026-07-03

Safety note^{[19, 20]}Caution

Drug Class: antihypertensives

Mechanism: Hawthorn can mildly lower blood pressure and reduce cardiac oxygen demand (a Cochrane meta-analysis found a lower pressure-heart-rate product), which may add to the effect of blood-pressure and heart-failure medicines.

Reviewed By: Omnia Sana (owner-authorized)

Reviewed Date: 2026-07-03

Safety note^{[21, 22]}Caution

Drug Class: sedatives-cns-depressants

Mechanism: Hawthorn is traditionally used as a calming, sedative herb; taken with sedatives, sleeping tablets or other central-nervous-system depressants (including alcohol) it may add to drowsiness and slowed reactions.

Reviewed By: Omnia Sana (owner-authorized)

Reviewed Date: 2026-07-03

Not documented

Lookalikes Review

Outcome: none-known

Reviewed By: Omnia Sana (owner-authorized)

Reviewed Date: 2026-07-07

Outcome: none-known

Reviewed By: Omnia Sana (owner-authorized)

Reviewed Date: 2026-07-07

References & Sources

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Vikipēdija (n.d.). Available at: https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kum%C4%ABns Traditional / reference
https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kum%C4%ABns
Wikisource (2018) '1911 Encyclopædia Britannica: Cumin'. Available at: https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Cumin Traditional / reference
https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Cumin
Amin, E.A., Ismail, E., Mahboobeh, R. and Tabandeh, S (2024) 'The effect of Cuminum cyminum on the return of bowel motility after abdominal surgery: a triple-blind randomized clinical trial', BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies, 24(1). doi:10.1186/s12906-024-04530-1 Randomized trial
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-024-04530-1
Hadi, A., Mohammadi, H., Hadi, Z., Roshanravan, N. and Kafeshani, M (2018) 'Cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) is a safe approach for management of lipid parameters: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials', Phytotherapy Research, 32(11), pp. 2146--2154. doi:10.1002/ptr.6162 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.6162
Tavakoli-Rouzbehani, O.M., Faghfouri, A.H., Anbari, M., Papi, S., Shojaei, F.S., Ghaffari, M. and Alizadeh, M (2021) 'The effects of Cuminum cyminum on glycemic parameters: A systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled clinical trials', Journal of Ethnopharmacology, pp. 2021. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2021.114510 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2021.114510
Karimian, J., Farrokhzad, A. and Jalili, C (2021) 'The effect of cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) supplementation on glycemic indices: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials', Phytotherapy Research, 35(8), pp. 4127--4135. doi:10.1002/ptr.7075 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.7075
Morovati, A., Pourghassem Gargari, B. and Sarbakhsh, P (2019) 'Effects of cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) essential oil supplementation on metabolic syndrome components: A randomized, triple-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial', Phytotherapy Research, 33(12), pp. 3261--3269. doi:10.1002/ptr.6500 Randomized trial
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Duke, J.A (2002) 'Handbook of Medicinal Herbs, Second Edition'. Traditional / reference
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