Plant Comparison
Chili Pepper vs Field restharrow
A side-by-side comparison of two medicinal plants — every documented constituent, action, use, safety note and cited source, assembled automatically from the Omnia Sana database.
At a glance
Chili Pepper and Field restharrow: they share 6 indicated uses (cardiovascular / heart health, infection (general), inflammation (general), …); 3 pharmacological actions in common.
Evidence face-off — shared uses
| Condition | Chili Pepper | Field restharrow | Verdict |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cardiovascular / heart health | 3/10 | 2/10 | Comparable evidence |
| Infection (general) | 1/10 | 2/10 | Comparable evidence |
| Inflammation (general) | 1/10 | 2/10 | Comparable evidence |
| Pain (general) | 6/10 | 2/10 | Stronger for Chili Pepper |
| Skin irritation | 1/10 | 2/10 | Comparable evidence |
| Wounds | 1/10 | 2/10 | Comparable evidence |
Evidence scores (1–10) are computed from the tier of each cited source. “Comparable” means the two scores are within one point. Follow a score to its detailed sources.
Key Constituents
The pungent alkaloid-like compounds responsible for the fruit's heat and its counterirritant/analgesic action via TRPV1 receptor desensitisation.
Give ripe red fruit its colour and contribute antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity.
Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory flavonoids identified in leaf and fruit extracts.
Formononetin and its 7-O-glucoside ononin, plus related isoflavones - the signature restharrow constituents (also phytoestrogens).
Pterocarpans and isoflavanones and their glucosides, contributing to antimicrobial and wound-healing activity.
alpha-Onocerin (onocerin), a characteristic triterpene of the genus Ononis.
Caffeic, chlorogenic and p-coumaric acids (antioxidant).
A volatile oil present in the root and aerial parts.
Pharmacological Actions
Aquaretic diuretic; the classic irrigation-therapy action of restharrow root (Ononidis radix), used interchangeably for O. arvensis and O. spinosa.
Aqueous root extract reduced adhesion of uropathogenic E. coli to bladder cells (anti-adhesive).
Inhibits IL-8 release via TLR4/LPS and cytosolic phospholipase A2alpha (restharrow root).
Analgesic activity of Ononis extract in animals (congener O. spinosa).
Protective against ethanol-induced gastric mucosal injury (congener O. spinosa).
Ononis isoflavones showed chemopreventive/antiproliferative activity against breast cancer cells (preclinical).
Traditional & Indicated Uses
inferred from anti-inflammatory action
inferred from analgesic action
inferred from digestive action
inferred from antimicrobial action
inferred from anti-inflammatory action
inferred from anti-inflammatory action
inferred from anticancer action
Aquaretic diuretic for irrigation therapy of the urinary tract.
Anti-adhesive activity against uropathogenic E. coli.
inferred from diuretic / urinary 'gravel' traditional use
inferred from diuretic (aquaretic) action
inferred from antimicrobial action
Isoflavonoid wound-healing agents from restharrow root.
inferred from anti-inflammatory and traditional skin/eczema use
Safety, Cautions & Contraindications
Capsaicin causes intense burning sensation; avoid contact with eyes and mucous membranes. High oral doses can cause gastrointestinal irritation, nausea, and diarrhoea. Topical preparations may cause skin irritation and should be used diluted. Not recommended for individuals with active peptic ulcers. Caution with anticoagulants — capsaicin may enhance bleeding risk. During pregnancy, culinary amounts are considered safe, but high-dose supplements should be avoided. Repeated topical application leads to desensitisation (TRPV1 depletion), which is the basis for its analgesic use. Children under 2 should not be given capsaicin-containing topical products (Basu and Bhattacharyya, 2023).
Duke (2002) rates cayenne/chili pepper (Capsicum annuum) highly for its clinically documented analgesic, counterirritant, and rubefacient activities. Commission E approves topical capsaicin preparations for muscle pain, arthritis, and neuralgia (score 2). The active compound capsaicin depletes substance P in sensory neurons upon repeated application, reducing pain signals. Capsaicin cream (0.025–0.075%) is a validated treatment for post-herpetic neuralgia, diabetic neuropathy, and osteoarthritis pain. Internal use can irritate mucous membranes; external use requires avoiding contact with eyes and mucous membranes (Duke, 2002).
A safety signal exists in the genus: an Ononis spinosa root extract showed hepatotoxic effects at higher doses in animals (alongside analgesic activity). Avoid excessive or prolonged use, and use caution in liver disease.
Used as an aquaretic for irrigation therapy of the urinary tract, restharrow should be taken with a generous fluid intake; it should NOT be used for 'flushing' when there is oedema due to impaired heart or kidney function (standard irrigation-therapy caution).
External Ids
Botanical Description
Bushy annual or short-lived perennial herb (grown as an annual in temperate climates) with glossy, oval to lance-shaped leaves. Small, star-shaped, white to greenish flowers give way to the characteristic fleshy, hollow fruit (a berry), which ripens from green through yellow to red and varies enormously in size, shape and pungency between cultivars.[1]
A tough, deep-rooted perennial herb or low subshrub of the pea family, 30-80 cm tall, sometimes bearing soft spines. It has a very long, woody, tenacious taproot - so strong it was said to stop (arrest) the harrow, giving 'rest-harrow' its name. The stems are hairy and sticky, often reddish, and clothed in small trifoliolate (clover-like) leaves with toothed leaflets. The flowers are typical pea flowers, pink to purplish-pink (occasionally white), borne singly or in pairs in the leaf axils. Field restharrow (O. arvensis) is generally less spiny than its close relative spiny restharrow (O. spinosa).[8, 10]
Habitat
Native to Central and South America; cultivated worldwide in warm and temperate climates as a food and medicinal crop, thriving in full sun on well-drained soil.[1]
Rough grassland, field margins, roadsides, dunes and dry, sandy or calcareous waste ground across Europe, western Asia and parts of North Africa. As a deep-rooted, nitrogen-fixing legume it colonises poor, disturbed soils and was historically a troublesome weed of arable fields (hence 'restharrow').[8]
Harvesting
Fruit is picked at the desired stage of ripeness (green for milder use, fully red for maximum capsaicin and carotenoid content) through summer and autumn; seeds are separated and dried from fully ripe fruit.
The root (Ononidis radix) is the principal medicinal part, dug in autumn from the second year onward and dried; the aerial flowering parts are also gathered in summer. The long woody taproot is cleaned and cut before drying for decoctions and infusions.[8]
Traditional Uses
Chili pepper fruit has a long history across the Americas and, after global spread, in many other traditional medicine systems as a warming digestive stimulant and topical counterirritant/analgesic for muscle and joint pain, building on capsaicin's now well-documented ability to desensitise pain-sensing nerve fibres with repeated application.[1]
Restharrow root has a long place in European herbal medicine as a gentle aquaretic diuretic used for 'irrigation therapy' of the urinary tract - to increase urine flow in cystitis, urinary gravel and stones, and to flush the bladder. Field restharrow (Ononis arvensis) is used interchangeably with the officinal spiny restharrow (O. spinosa, Ononidis radix). The root and flowering herb have also been used as a mild anti-inflammatory, for skin complaints and eczema, for rheumatic conditions, and (as a decoction or gargle) for the mouth and throat. The isoflavone-rich root is a folk remedy in central and eastern European traditions.[8, 13]
Preparations
Standardised capsaicin cream or patch applied to the affected area for muscle, joint or nerve pain; repeated application depletes substance P and reduces pain signalling.
The dried root simmered in water and taken as an aquaretic diuretic for irrigation of the urinary tract; the classic restharrow preparation.
The flowering aerial parts infused as a milder diuretic and anti-inflammatory tea.
A root decoction used traditionally as a mouth/throat gargle and as a wash for skin complaints.
Dosage
The EU herbal monograph on Capsici fructus gives semi-solid dosage forms corresponding to 40-53 mg capsaicinoids per 100 g, applied as a thin layer to the affected area 2-4 times daily, in adults and elderly. For medicated plasters, a maximum of 1 plaster per day applied for at least 4 and up to 12 hours, with at least 12 hours before a new plaster is applied to the same area. Not recommended under 18 years. Expect an initial burning sensation that lessens with repeated use. Note the monograph covers hot chilli fruit (C. annuum var. minimum and small-fruited C. frutescens), not sweet peppers. Educational reference only, not a prescription.
Not documented
References
Lookalikes Review
Synonyms
Not documented
Drug Class Interactions
Not documented
Pairings
Not documented
Classic urinary irrigation-therapy pairing: both are aquaretic diuretics used to increase urine flow in cystitis and urinary gravel.[13]
Both are traditional diuretic 'flushing' herbs for irrigation therapy of the urinary tract.[13]
Both are Fabaceae rich in the isoflavone phytoestrogen formononetin; combined use adds to phytoestrogen exposure - use caution in hormone-sensitive conditions.[1]
References & Sources
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https://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2020.1789983 - European Medicines Agency (HMPC) (2015) 'European Union herbal monograph on Capsicum annuum L. var. minimum (Miller) Heiser and small fruited varieties of Capsicum frutescens L., fructus'. Available at: https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/herbal-monograph/final-european-union-herbal-monograph-capsicum-annuum-l-var-minimum-miller-heiser-and-small-fruited-varieties-capsicum-frutescens-l-fructus_en.pdf Traditional / reference
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https://doi.org/10.29296/25877313-2024-12-02 - Mauro, E.D. and Saldutto, P. and Rocca, R.L. and Sangiorgi, G. and Patelli, G. and Barone, B. and Verratti, V. and Castellucci, R. and Napolitano, L. and Iacono, F. and Altieri, V (2024) 'Efficacy and Safety of Boldine Combined with Phyllanthus niruri and Ononis spinosa in Medical Expulsive Therapy for Distal Ureteral Stones with Renal Colic: A Single-Center, Retrospective Cohort Study', Medicina. doi:10.3390/medicina60091455 Clinical study
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https://doi.org/10.31925/farmacia.2022.3.20 - Zarga, M.H.A. and Al‐Jaber, H.I. and Al‐Qudah, M.A. and Al-Aboudi, A.M (2021) 'A new cyclic polyketide and other constituents from Ononis spinosa growing wildly in Jordan and their antioxidant activity', Journal of Asian Natural Products Research. doi:10.1080/10286020.2021.1914597 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1080/10286020.2021.1914597 - Abbas, M.A. and Jaffal, S.M (2019) 'ANTINOCICEPTIVE ACTION OF ONONIS SPINOSA LEAF EXTRACT IN MOUSE PAIN MODELS', Acta Poloniae Pharmaceutica - Drug Research. doi:10.32383/appdr/99291 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.32383/appdr/99291 - (2009) 'Radical scavenger and Antioxidant activities of extracts and fractions from Bulgarian Ononis spinosa L. and GC-MS analysis of Ethanol extract', The Internet Journal of Alternative Medicine. doi:10.5580/121d Preclinical
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https://doi.org/10.29296/25877313-2024-05-01 - Gampe, N. and Dávid, D.N. and Takács‐Novák, K. and Backlund, A. and Béni, S (2022) 'In vitro and in silico evaluation of Ononis isoflavonoids as molecules targeting the central nervous system', PLoS ONE. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0265639 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0265639 - Pauli, G.F (2000) 'Comprehensive Spectroscopic Investigation of α-Onocerin', Planta Medica. doi:10.1055/s-2000-14895 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2000-14895 - Köster, J. and Strack, D. and Barz, W (1983) 'High Performance Liquid Chromatographic Separation of Isoflavones and Structural Elucidation of Isoflavone 7-O-glucoside 6″-malonates from Cicer arietinum', Planta Medica. doi:10.1055/s-2007-969907 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-969907 - Spiegler, V. and Michalak, B. and Addotey, J.N. and Saenger, T. and Jose, J. and Kiss, A.K. and Hensel, A (2019) 'Root extracts from Ononis spinosa exert anti-inflammatory activity in vitro on IL-8 and TNF-α release by inhibition of TLR-4 receptor', Planta Medica. doi:10.1055/s-0039-3399691 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-3399691 - Çoban, T. and Çitoğlu, G.S. and Yılmaz, B.S. and İşcan, M (2003) 'Antioxidant Activities of Plants Used in Traditional Medicine in Turkey', Pharmaceutical Biology. doi:10.1080/13880200390501974 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1080/13880200390501974 - Obiștioiu, D. and Cocan, I. and Tîrziu, E. and Herman, V. and Negrea, M. and Ban-Cucerzan, A. and Neacşu, A. and Cozma, A. and Nichita, I. and Hulea, A. and Radulov, I. and Alexa, E (2021) 'Phytochemical Profile and Microbiological Activity of Some Plants Belonging to the Fabaceae Family', Antibiotics. doi:10.3390/antibiotics10060662 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10060662 - Orlando, G. and Chiavaroli, A. and Ferrante, C. and Recinella, L. and Leone, S. and Brunetti, L. and Simone, S.C.D. and Menghini, L. and Petrucci, M. and Zengin, G. and Cesaroni, F. and Pontarelli, G. and Cindolo, L. and Neri, F (2021) 'Protective effects induced by the food supplement Fluxonorm® in the lower urinary tract', PubMed. doi:10.26355/eurrev_202104_25562 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.26355/eurrev_202104_25562
Generated automatically from the Omnia Sana plant database and its cited sources. For educational purposes only — not medical advice. Always consult a qualified practitioner before using medicinal plants.