Plant Comparison

Mugwort vs White clover

A side-by-side comparison of two medicinal plants — every documented constituent, action, use, safety note and cited source, assembled automatically from the Omnia Sana database.

First plant

Second plant

Plant AMugwortArtemisia vulgarisAsteraceaeFull monograph →

Plant BWhite cloverTrifolium repensFabaceaeFull monograph →

At a glance

Mugwort and White clover: they share 8 indicated uses (arthritis / joint pain, cancer (anticancer research), infection (general), …); 5 pharmacological actions in common.

MugwortWhite clover

Constituents33

Pharmacological actions711

Indicated uses1115

Safety notes22

Cited sources2133

Indicated uses

Only Mugwort

BloatingIndigestionInsomnia / sleeplessness

Shared (8)

Arthritis / joint painCancer (anticancer research)Infection (general)Inflammation (general)Menstrual crampsMuscle spasmSkin irritationWounds

Only White clover

BruisingCold & fluImmune supportKidney supportLiver supportBlood sugar / diabetes supportCognitive function

Pharmacological actions

Only Mugwort

Digestive aidSedative / sleep support

Shared (5)

Anti-inflammatoryAnticancer (preclinical)AntimicrobialAntioxidantAntispasmodic

Only White clover

Immunomodulator / immune supportVulnerary (wound healing)Nephroprotective (kidney support)Hepatoprotective (liver support)Antidiabetic (blood-sugar lowering)Neuroprotective / cognition support

Evidence face-off — shared uses

Condition	Mugwort	White clover	Verdict
Arthritis / joint pain	1/10	1/10	Comparable evidence
Cancer (anticancer research)	2/10	2/10	Comparable evidence
Infection (general)	1/10	2/10	Comparable evidence
Inflammation (general)	1/10	2/10	Comparable evidence
Menstrual cramps	1/10	1/10	Comparable evidence
Muscle spasm	1/10	1/10	Comparable evidence
Skin irritation	1/10	1/10	Comparable evidence
Wounds	1/10	7/10	Stronger for White clover

Evidence scores (1–10) are computed from the tier of each cited source. “Comparable” means the two scores are within one point. Follow a score to its detailed sources.

Key Constituents

Sesquiterpenoids and triterpenoids^[1]

Multiple undescribed and known sesquiterpenoids and triterpenoids isolated from the leaves, several with anti-inflammatory activity.

SesquiterpenesTerpenes / terpenoids

Essential oil (thujone, cineole, camphor)^[3]

Volatile oil containing thujone and other monoterpenes; thujone content is the basis of the caution on prolonged internal use.

Essential (volatile) oil1,8-Cineole (eucalyptol)CamphorTerpenes / terpenoids

Flavonoids and coumarins^[3]

Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory flavonoid and coumarin constituents.

FlavonoidsCoumarins

Isoflavones^[32]

Phytoestrogenic isoflavones, present at lower levels than in red clover.

Flavonoids

Cyanogenic glycosides (trace)^[30]

Present in small amounts; not significant in normal food or tea use.

Glycosides

Phenolic acids and flavonoids^[32]

Contribute to antioxidant activity.

Phenolic acidsFlavonoids

Pharmacological Actions

Anti-inflammatory^{[1, 3, 4, 5, 14, 15, 16]}

Anticancer (preclinical)^{[3, 10, 11, 12]}

Artemisia vulgaris (mugwort) extracts inhibit BCR/ABL and induce apoptosis, ferroptosis and necroptosis in chronic myeloid leukaemia and breast cancer cells (preclinical).

Antimicrobial^{[3, 6, 7, 14, 15, 16]}

Antioxidant^{[14, 15, 16]}

Antispasmodic^{[14, 15, 16]}

Antispasmodic (cramp easing)

Digestive aid^{[4, 14, 15, 16]}

Sedative / sleep support^{[14, 15, 16]}

Anti-inflammatory^{[1, 2, 5, 6, 22, 28, 30, 31, 32]}

Antioxidant^{[1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 14, 16, 17, 20, 21, 23, 24, 25, 28, 30, 31, 32]}

Antispasmodic^{[30, 31, 32]}

Antispasmodic (cramp easing)

Immunomodulator / immune support^{[2, 30, 31, 32]}

Vulnerary (wound healing)^{[1, 7, 13, 30, 31, 32]}

Nephroprotective (kidney support)^[4]

Anticancer (preclinical)^{[3, 10]}

Hepatoprotective (liver support)^[9]

Antimicrobial^{[12, 18, 22, 26, 28]}

Antidiabetic (blood-sugar lowering)^{[10, 20]}

Neuroprotective / cognition support^{[22, 23]}

Traditional & Indicated Uses

Arthritis / joint pain^{[14, 15, 16]}Traditional · 1/10

inferred from anti-inflammatory action

Evidence: 1

Label: Arthritis / joint pain

Bloating^{[14, 15, 16]}Traditional · 1/10

inferred from digestive action

Evidence: 1

Label: Bloating

Cancer (anticancer research)^{[3, 10, 11, 12]}Traditional · 2/10

Artemisia vulgaris (mugwort) extracts inhibit BCR/ABL and induce apoptosis in chronic myeloid leukaemia cells (including imatinib-resistant), and trigger tumour-selective ferroptosis/necroptosis in breast cancer and leukaemia cells via lysosomal Ca2+ signalling (preclinical).

Evidence: 2

Label: Cancer (anticancer research)

Indigestion^{[14, 15, 16]}Traditional · 1/10

inferred from digestive action

Evidence: 1

Label: Indigestion

Infection (general)^{[14, 15, 16]}Traditional · 1/10

inferred from antimicrobial action

Evidence: 1

Label: Infection (general)

Inflammation (general)^{[14, 15, 16]}Traditional · 1/10

inferred from anti-inflammatory action

Evidence: 1

Label: Inflammation (general)

Insomnia / sleeplessness^{[14, 15, 16]}Traditional · 1/10

inferred from sedative action

Evidence: 1

Label: Insomnia / sleeplessness

Menstrual cramps^{[14, 15, 16]}Traditional · 1/10

Evidence: 1

Label: Menstrual cramps

Muscle spasm^{[14, 15, 16]}Traditional · 1/10

inferred from antispasmodic action

Evidence: 1

Label: Muscle spasm

Skin irritation^{[14, 15, 16]}Traditional · 1/10

inferred from anti-inflammatory action

Evidence: 1

Label: Skin irritation

Wounds^{[14, 15, 16]}Traditional · 1/10

inferred from antimicrobial action

Evidence: 1

Label: Wounds

Arthritis / joint pain^{[30, 31, 32]}Traditional · 1/10

inferred from anti-inflammatory action

Evidence: 1

Label: Arthritis / joint pain

Bruising^{[30, 31, 32]}Traditional · 1/10

inferred from vulnerary action

Evidence: 1

Label: Bruising

Cancer (anticancer research)^{[3, 10]}Traditional · 2/10

inferred from anticancer action

Evidence: 2

Label: Cancer (anticancer research)

Cold & flu^{[30, 31, 32]}Traditional · 1/10

inferred from immunomodulator action

Evidence: 1

Label: Cold & flu

Immune support^{[30, 31, 32]}Traditional · 1/10

Evidence: 1

Label: Immune support

Inflammation (general)^{[6, 30, 31, 32]}Traditional · 2/10

inferred from anti-inflammatory action

Evidence: 2

Label: Inflammation (general)

Menstrual cramps^{[30, 31, 32]}Traditional · 1/10

inferred from antispasmodic action

Evidence: 1

Label: Menstrual cramps

Muscle spasm^{[30, 31, 32]}Traditional · 1/10

inferred from antispasmodic action

Evidence: 1

Label: Muscle spasm

Skin irritation^{[30, 31, 32]}Traditional · 1/10

inferred from anti-inflammatory action

Evidence: 1

Label: Skin irritation

Wounds^{[1, 7, 13, 30, 31, 32]}Good · 7/10

inferred from vulnerary action

Evidence: 7

Label: Wounds

Kidney support^[4]Traditional · 2/10

Evidence: 2

Label: Kidney support

Liver support^[9]Traditional · 2/10

Evidence: 2

Label: Liver support

Blood sugar / diabetes support^{[10, 20]}Traditional · 2/10

Evidence: 2

Label: Blood sugar / diabetes support

Infection (general)^{[12, 18, 22, 26]}Traditional · 2/10

inferred from antimicrobial action

Evidence: 2

Label: Infection (general)

Cognitive function^{[22, 23]}Traditional · 2/10

Evidence: 2

Label: Cognitive function

Safety, Cautions & Contraindications

Safety note^{[14, 15, 16]}Caution

Contains thujone; avoid high doses or prolonged use. Contraindicated in pregnancy (uterine stimulant and abortifacient). May cause allergic reactions in individuals sensitive to the Asteraceae family. Avoid in epilepsy. Not recommended for children.

Safety note^{[14, 15, 16, 17]}Caution

Duke (2002) rates mugwort as + (use with caution) and notes abortifacient (score 1), emmenagogue, aperitif (score 1), and insecticide activities. Duke clearly flags mugwort as contraindicated in pregnancy due to well-documented abortifacient and uterotonic properties. Traditional use has been as a digestive bitter, and the plant contains volatile oils, sesquiterpene lactones, and flavonoids. Duke notes that the plant may cause allergic reactions in individuals sensitive to Asteraceae and warns against long-term use due to potential neurotoxicity from thujone-containing essential oil (Duke, 2002).

Safety note^{[30, 31, 32]}Caution

Generally very safe as a food and in moderate herbal use. Cyanogenic glucosides present in very small amounts — not significant in normal food or tea use. Isoflavones are phytoestrogens (as in red clover) — same precautions apply in hormone-sensitive conditions. Well tolerated by most people.

Safety note^{[30, 31, 32, 33]}Info

Duke (2002) does not include a dedicated entry for white clover (Trifolium repens) in the Handbook of Medicinal Herbs, Second Edition.

External Ids

Gbif: 3120946

Wikidata: Q26663

Gbif: 5358748

Wikidata: Q148675

Botanical Description

Tall, aromatic perennial herb with deeply lobed, dark green leaves that are distinctively silvery-white and woolly beneath. Small, dull reddish-brown to yellowish flower heads are borne in dense, branched, leafy spikes. The reddish-brown, ridged stems and the leaf's contrasting silver underside are characteristic field marks.^[3]

Height: 60-150 cm

Habit: Tall, erect, aromatic perennial herb

Leaves: Deeply lobed, dark green above, distinctively silvery-white woolly beneath

Flowers: Small, dull reddish-brown to yellowish flower heads in dense, branched, leafy spikes

Stem: Reddish-brown, ridged, often woody at the base

Root: Woody, spreading rhizome

Fruit: Small achene without pappus

Flowering Period: July-September

Low, creeping perennial herb rooting at the nodes, with trifoliate leaves, each leaflet oval and often marked with a pale chevron. Rounded white (sometimes pink-tinged) flower heads are borne on long stalks above the foliage.^[30]

Height: 5-15 cm (creeping, flower stalks slightly taller)

Habit: Low, creeping, mat-forming perennial herb

Leaves: Trifoliate, each leaflet oval, often marked with a pale chevron

Flowers: Rounded white (sometimes pink-tinged) heads of small pea-like flowers on long stalks

Stem: Creeping, rooting at the nodes

Root: Fibrous roots with nitrogen-fixing nodules

Fruit: Small pod containing 3-4 seeds

Flowering Period: May-October

Habitat

A common plant of waste ground, roadsides, hedgerows and riverbanks; native to Europe, Asia and North Africa and widely naturalised in North America.^[3]

Grows in lawns, pastures, meadows and grassy waste ground; native to Europe and western Asia and now naturalised worldwide, including as a common lawn and forage plant.^[30]

Harvesting

The flowering aerial parts (leaf and stem) are cut in summer as flowering begins and dried in a warm, shaded, airy place; the root can be dug in autumn.^[3]

Parts: Leaf, Root, Stem

Season: Summer for aerial parts; autumn for root

Flowering heads and leaves are picked through the flowering season and dried in a warm, shaded, airy place.^[30]

Parts: Flower, Leaf

Season: May-October

Traditional Uses

Mugwort is a widely used traditional bitter digestive tonic and calming nervine, and has a long reputation as an emmenagogue for menstrual complaints (reflected in its traditional use to bring on delayed menstruation, which is also why it is contraindicated in pregnancy). It has also been burned as 'moxa' in East Asian moxibustion and used as an insect repellent ('sailor's tobacco').^[3]

White clover has a folk tradition, similar to but lighter than its relative red clover, as an anti-inflammatory and wound-healing remedy and mild expectorant, and modern research on its isoflavones and phenolics has additionally investigated antioxidant, kidney-protective and liver-protective activity.^{[30, 31, 32]}

Preparations

Infusion^[3]

Dried leaf and flowering tops infused in hot water as a bitter digestive and calming tea.

Moxa (external heat therapy)^[3]

Dried, processed leaf ('moxa') burned near or on the skin over acupuncture points in traditional East Asian moxibustion.

Infusion (flower/leaf)^[30]

Dried flower and leaf infused in hot water as a traditional mild tonic and expectorant tea.

Dosage

Infusion^[13]

Health Canada's NNHPD monograph gives 0.2-2.4 g of dried herb top, 3 times per day, for adults 18 years and older, with infusion and decoction among the accepted methods of preparation. Educational reference only, not a prescription.

Not documented

References

REF-0731, REF-0732, REF-0733, REF-1935, REF-1936, REF-1937, REF-1938, REF-1939, REF-1940, REF-1941, REF-1942, REF-1943

REF-1323, REF-1324, REF-1325, REF-1326, REF-1327, REF-2366, REF-2367, REF-2368, REF-2369, REF-2901, REF-2902, REF-2903, REF-2904, REF-2905, REF-2906, REF-2907, REF-2908, REF-2909, REF-2910, REF-2935, REF-2936, REF-2937, REF-2938, REF-2939, REF-2940, REF-2941, REF-2942, REF-2943, REF-2944

Drug Class Interactions

Safety note^{[18, 19]}Caution

Drug Class: sedatives-cns-depressants

Mechanism: Mugwort is traditionally used as a calming, sedative herb; taken with sedatives, sleeping tablets or other central-nervous-system depressants (including alcohol) it may add to drowsiness and slowed reactions.

Reviewed By: Omnia Sana (owner-authorized)

Reviewed Date: 2026-07-03

Not documented

Lookalikes Review

Outcome: has-lookalikes

Reviewed By: Omnia Sana (owner-authorized)

Reviewed Date: 2026-07-07

Outcome: none-known

Reviewed By: Omnia Sana (owner-authorized)

Reviewed Date: 2026-07-07

Dangerous Lookalikes

Safety note^{[20, 21]}Fatal

Dangerous Plant: aconitum-napellus

Confused Part: Young deeply lobed leaves gathered for use; young monkshood - the most poisonous plant in Europe - has similar deeply divided leaves.

Confusion Context: Mugwort (Artemisia vulgaris) is foraged for its aromatic, deeply lobed leaves. As Totally Wild UK warns, it would be a very deadly mistake to confuse young mugwort with monkshood (Aconitum napellus), whose young leaves are similarly deeply divided. Monkshood is considered the most poisonous plant in Europe: all parts contain aconitine, the lethal dose is only 2-6 mg, and poisoning can kill within hours through respiratory and cardiac failure - the toxin is even absorbed through the skin. Although monkshood is less common, its extreme toxicity makes this confusion critical to avoid.

Distinguishing Features: Leaf underside (decisive): mugwort leaves have a distinctive silvery-white woolly underside. Monkshood leaves are green and hairless on both sides, with no silver felt. No silver underside = not mugwort., Flowers: mugwort has small, dull reddish-brown flower spikes; monkshood has tall spikes of unmistakable hooded blue-purple flowers., Handling: do not handle a suspected monkshood with bare hands - aconitine can be absorbed through the skin.

Key Test: Turn the leaf over. A silvery-white woolly underside (with small dull flowers) = mugwort. Green, hairless undersides - and especially any hooded blue-purple flowers - mean monkshood, the most poisonous plant in Europe; do not gather or even handle it with bare hands.

Reviewed By: Omnia Sana (owner-authorized)

Reviewed Date: 2026-07-07

Not documented

References & Sources

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Parić, A. and Mesic, A. and Mahmutović-Dizdarević, I. and Jerković-Mujkić, A. and Žujo, B. and Bašić, N. and Pustahija, F (2024) 'Bioactive potential of Trifolium repens L. essential oil', J Environ Sci Health B, 59(9), pp. 584-594. doi:10.1080/03601234.2024.2396730 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1080/03601234.2024.2396730
Renda, G. and Yalçın, F.N. and Nemutlu, E. and Akkol, E.K. and Süntar, I. and Keleş, H. and Ina, H. and Çalış, I. and Ersöz, T (2013) 'Comparative assessment of dermal wound healing potentials of various Trifolium L. extracts and determination of their isoflavone contents as potential active ingredients', J Ethnopharmacol, 148(2), pp. 423-32. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2013.04.031 Preclinical
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Ahmed, I.A.M. and Matthäus, B. and Özcan, M.M. and Juhaimi, F.A. and Ghafoor, K. and Babiker, E.E. and Osman, M.A. and Alqah, H.A.S (2020) 'Determination of Bioactive Lipid and Antioxidant Activity of Onobrychis, Pimpinella, Trifolium, and Phleum spp. Seed and Oils', J Oleo Sci, 69(11), pp. 1367-1371. doi:10.5650/jos.ess20153 Preclinical
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Harlow, B.E. and Flythe, M.D. and Goodman, J.P. and Ji, H. and Aiken, G.E (2022) 'Isoflavone Containing Legumes Mitigate Ergot Alkaloid-Induced Vasoconstriction in Goats (Capra hircus)', Animals (Basel), 12(6). doi:10.3390/ani12060750 Preclinical
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Shang, H. and Li, R. and Wu, H. and Sun, Z (2019) 'Polysaccharides from Trifolium repens L. extracted by different methods and extraction condition optimization', Sci Rep, 9(1), pp. 6353. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-42877-5 Preclinical
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Prati, S. and Baravelli, V. and Fabbri, D. and Schwarzinger, C. and Brandolini, V. and Maietti, A. and Tedeschi, P. and Benvenuti, S. and Macchia, M. and Marotti, I. and Bonetti, A. and Catizone, P. and Dinelli, G (2007) 'Composition and content of seed flavonoids in forage and grain legume crops', J Sep Sci, 30(4), pp. 491-501. doi:10.1002/jssc.200600383 Preclinical
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Woolsey, I.D. and Zeller, W.E. and Blomstrand, B.M. and Øines, Ø. and Enemark, H.L (2022) 'Effects of selected condensed tannins on Cryptosporidium parvum growth and proliferation in HCT-8 cell cultures', Exp Parasitol, 241, pp. 108353. doi:10.1016/j.exppara.2022.108353 Preclinical
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Hou, K. and Xue, Q. and Shi, L. and Liu, S. and Zhong, X. and Liu, Y. and Wang, C (2026) 'Identification of Trifolium repens as a New Source of Glycyrrhetinic Acid: Pathway Elucidation and Heterologous Reconstruction in Yeast', J Agric Food Chem, 74(19), pp. 15182-15194. doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.6c02001 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.6c02001
Tundis, R. and Marrelli, M. and Conforti, F. and Tenuta, M.C. and Bonesi, M. and Menichini, F. and Loizzo, M.R (2015) 'Trifolium pratense and T. repens (Leguminosae): Edible Flower Extracts as Functional Ingredients', Foods, 4(3), pp. 338-348. doi:10.3390/foods4030338 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.3390/foods4030338
Başar, Y. and Yıldız, İ. and HOSAFLIOĞLU, İ. and Azeroual, A. and Erenler, R (2026) 'The Phytochemical Content and DPPH Activity of Trifolium repens L. Methanol Extract, and In Silico Studies', Adıyaman üniversitesi fen bilimleri dergisi, 16(1), pp. 61-76. doi:10.37094/adyujsci.1813336 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.37094/adyujsci.1813336
Ayoubi, S.A. and Abdelwahab, I. and Ela, M.A. and Lakany, A.E. and Raafat, K (2026) 'Advanced Hybrid-Green Ultrasound–Infrared–Microwave Trifolium repens Essential oil Isolation with Multi-Target Ethnomedicine Bioactivity against Neuropathy, Inflammation and Multidrug-Resistant Infection', Journal of Food and Drug Analysis, 34(2). doi:10.38212/2224-6614.3595 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.38212/2224-6614.3595
Ahmad, S. and Zeb, A. and Ayaz, M. and Murkovic, M (2019) 'Characterization of phenolic compounds using UPLC–HRMS and HPLC–DAD and anti-cholinesterase and anti-oxidant activities of Trifolium repens L. leaves', European Food Research and Technology, 246(3), pp. 485-496. doi:10.1007/s00217-019-03416-8 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00217-019-03416-8
Petrović, M. and Stanković, M. and Anđelković, B. and Babić, S. and Zornić, V. and Vasiljević, S. and Stevanović, Z.D (2016) 'Quality Parameters and Antioxidant Activity of Three Clover Species in Relation to the Livestock Diet', Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca, 44(1), pp. 201-208. doi:10.15835/nbha44110144 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.15835/nbha44110144
Jakubczyk, K. and Łukomska, A. and Gutowska, I. and Kochman, J. and Janił, J. and Janda, K (2021) 'Edible Flowers Extracts as a Source of Bioactive Compounds with Antioxidant Properties—In Vitro Studies', Applied Sciences, 11(5), pp. 2120-2120. doi:10.3390/app11052120 Preclinical
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Generated automatically from the Omnia Sana plant database and its cited sources. For educational purposes only — not medical advice. Always consult a qualified practitioner before using medicinal plants.