Plant Comparison

Lesser Burdock vs Butterbur

A side-by-side comparison of two medicinal plants — every documented constituent, action, use, safety note and cited source, assembled automatically from the Omnia Sana database.

First plant

Second plant

Plant ALesser BurdockArctium minusAsteraceaeFull monograph →

Plant BButterburPetasites hybridusAsteraceaeFull monograph →

At a glance

Lesser Burdock and Butterbur: both belong to the Asteraceae family; they share 1 indicated use (cancer (anticancer research)); 1 pharmacological action in common.

Lesser BurdockButterbur

Constituents32

Pharmacological actions54

Indicated uses119

Safety notes22

Cited sources2014

Indicated uses

Only Lesser Burdock

AcneArthritis / joint painDetox / cleansingEczemaInflammation (general)PsoriasisSkin irritationSwelling / fluid retentionUrinary supportUrinary tract infection (UTI)

Shared (1)

Cancer (anticancer research)

Only Butterbur

Allergy / hay feverAsthmaCoughFeverHeadacheMenstrual crampsMigraineMuscle spasm

Pharmacological actions

Only Lesser Burdock

Alterative / depurative ('detox')Anti-inflammatoryAntioxidantDiuretic

Shared (1)

Anticancer (preclinical)

Only Butterbur

Antihistaminic / antiallergicAntispasmodicBronchodilator / anti-asthmatic

Evidence face-off — shared uses

Condition	Lesser Burdock	Butterbur	Verdict
Cancer (anticancer research)	2/10	2/10	Comparable evidence

Evidence scores (1–10) are computed from the tier of each cited source. “Comparable” means the two scores are within one point. Follow a score to its detailed sources.

Key Constituents

Inulin (prebiotic fructan, up to ~50% of the root)^{[15, 16]}

The major storage carbohydrate; a prebiotic fibre.

PolysaccharidesInulin

Lignans (arctigenin, arctiin)^[15]

Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant constituents.

Arctigenin / arctiinLignans

Polyphenolic acids (caffeic, chlorogenic), polyacetylenes and tannins^[16]

Antimicrobial and antioxidant constituents.

Chlorogenic acidCaffeic acidTannins

Sesquiterpenes (petasin and isopetasin)^{[2, 5, 7, 9, 10, 11]}

The anti-inflammatory and antispasmodic active principles; standardised in commercial extracts.

Sesquiterpenes

Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs)^[11]

Naturally present but hepatotoxic and carcinogenic; must be removed to make a safe product.

Alkaloids

Pharmacological Actions

Alterative / depurative ('detox')^{[15, 16, 17]}

Traditional 'alterative' / depurative for chronic skin conditions - eczema, psoriasis, acne and boils (internally and topically)

Anti-inflammatory^{[4, 5, 15]}

Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant

Anticancer (preclinical)^{[6, 7, 11]}

Lesser burdock (Arctium minus) leaf, flower and root extracts (rich in arctiin/arctigenin and chlorogenic acid) are cytotoxic to breast and liver cancer cells, including multidrug-resistant tumour lines (preclinical).

Antioxidant^{[5, 6, 10, 15]}

Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant

Diuretic^{[15, 16]}

Mild diuretic supporting elimination ('detox', traditional)

Anticancer (preclinical)^[5]

Antihistaminic / antiallergic^{[2, 3, 8, 11, 12]}

Relief of allergic rhinitis / hay fever (antihistaminic and leukotriene-inhibiting; systematic review found it superior to placebo and comparable to non-sedating antihistamines for intermittent allergic rhinitis)

Antispasmodic^{[2, 6, 8, 9, 11]}

Antispasmodic support in bronchial asthma

Bronchodilator / anti-asthmatic^{[6, 11]}

Antispasmodic support in bronchial asthma

Traditional & Indicated Uses

Acne^{[15, 16, 17]}Traditional · 1/10

Sebaceous-gland regulator - helps balance skin oil (acne); Traditional 'alterative' / depurative for chronic skin conditions - eczema, psoriasis, acne and boils (internally and topically)

Evidence: 1

Label: Acne

Arthritis / joint pain^[15]Traditional · 1/10

inferred from anti-inflammatory action

Evidence: 1

Label: Arthritis / joint pain

Cancer (anticancer research)^{[6, 7, 11]}Traditional · 2/10

Arctium minus extracts show dose-dependent cytotoxicity against MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer and HepG2 liver cancer cells and are active against both sensitive and multidrug-resistant tumour cell lines (preclinical).

Evidence: 2

Label: Cancer (anticancer research)

Detox / cleansing^{[15, 16, 17]}Traditional · 1/10

Mild diuretic supporting elimination ('detox', traditional); Traditional 'alterative' / depurative for chronic skin conditions - eczema, psoriasis, acne and boils (internally and topically)

Evidence: 1

Label: Detox / cleansing

Eczema^{[15, 16, 17]}Traditional · 1/10

Traditional 'alterative' / depurative for chronic skin conditions - eczema, psoriasis, acne and boils (internally and topically)

Evidence: 1

Label: Eczema

Inflammation (general)^[15]Traditional · 1/10

inferred from anti-inflammatory action

Evidence: 1

Label: Inflammation (general)

Psoriasis^{[15, 16, 17]}Traditional · 1/10

Traditional 'alterative' / depurative for chronic skin conditions - eczema, psoriasis, acne and boils (internally and topically)

Evidence: 1

Label: Psoriasis

Skin irritation^[15]Traditional · 1/10

inferred from anti-inflammatory action

Evidence: 1

Label: Skin irritation

Swelling / fluid retention^{[15, 16]}Traditional · 1/10

inferred from diuretic action

Evidence: 1

Label: Swelling / fluid retention

Urinary support^{[15, 16]}Traditional · 1/10

inferred from diuretic action

Evidence: 1

Label: Urinary support

Urinary tract infection (UTI)^{[15, 16]}Traditional · 1/10

inferred from diuretic action

Evidence: 1

Label: Urinary tract infection (UTI)

Allergy / hay fever^{[3, 11, 12]}Good · 8/10

Evidence: 8

Label: Allergy / hay fever

Asthma^{[6, 11]}Limited · 3/10

Antispasmodic support in bronchial asthma

Evidence: 3

Label: Asthma

Cancer (anticancer research)^[5]Traditional · 2/10

inferred from anticancer action

Evidence: 2

Label: Cancer (anticancer research)

Cough^[11]Traditional · 2/10

inferred from bronchodilator action

Evidence: 2

Label: Cough

Fever^{[11, 12]}Good · 7/10

Evidence: 7

Label: Fever

Headache^{[4, 11, 13]}Moderate · 6/10

Evidence: 6

Label: Headache

Menstrual cramps^[11]Traditional · 2/10

inferred from antispasmodic action

Evidence: 2

Label: Menstrual cramps

Migraine^{[4, 11, 13]}Moderate · 6/10

Migraine prophylaxis (reduces attack frequency; up to ~60% reduction vs placebo in a randomised controlled trial of a standardised CO2 root extract)

Evidence: 6

Label: Migraine

Muscle spasm^[11]Traditional · 2/10

inferred from antispasmodic action

Evidence: 2

Label: Muscle spasm

Safety, Cautions & Contraindications

Safety note^[16]Info

As a member of the daisy family (Asteraceae), it can cause allergic reactions in people sensitive to ragweed and related plants. The high inulin content can cause temporary bloating or gas.

Safety note^[16]Caution

May lower blood sugar (caution with antidiabetic medicines) and add to diuretics; avoid medicinal doses in pregnancy.

Safety note^[11]Serious

Use ONLY certified pyrrolizidine-alkaloid (PA)-free, standardised extracts. Raw or unprocessed butterbur contains PAs that are toxic to the liver and potentially carcinogenic.

Safety note^[11]Caution

Avoid during pregnancy and breastfeeding. As a member of the daisy family (Asteraceae), it can cause allergic reactions in people sensitive to ragweed and related plants. Watch for and report any signs of liver problems.

External Ids

Gbif: 5393103

Wikidata: Q20996

Gbif: 9490132

Wikidata: Q375620

Botanical Description

Biennial herb closely related to greater burdock, forming a first-year rosette of large, heart-shaped, long-stalked leaves, green above and grey-woolly beneath, generally smaller than Arctium lappa. In the second year it produces a branching flowering stem with smaller purple thistle-like flower heads in a looser, more sprawling habit, each enclosed in a globe of hooked bracts that ripen into clinging burrs.^[15]

Height: 0.5-1.5 m (flowering stem, second year)

Habit: Biennial herb; first-year rosette, sprawling branched second-year stem

Leaves: Large, heart-shaped, long-stalked, green above and grey-woolly beneath (smaller than A. lappa)

Flowers: Smaller purple thistle-like flower heads in a looser, sprawling arrangement, enclosed in hooked bracts

Stem: Branching, more sprawling than A. lappa (second year only)

Root: Long, fleshy first-year taproot ('wild rhubarb')

Fruit: Bristly, hooked burr enclosing small achenes

Flowering Period: July-September (second year)

Robust, rhizomatous perennial herb (Asteraceae) that flowers before the leaves emerge: thick, pinkish, scaly flower spikes push up from the ground in early spring, followed by enormous rounded to heart-shaped leaves - up to about 1 m across at maturity - on stout stalks, giving rise to the common name 'umbrella plant'.^[2]

Height: Flower spikes low in early spring; leaves later up to ~1 m across

Habit: Robust, rhizomatous, colony-forming perennial herb

Leaves: Enormous, rounded to heart-shaped, up to ~1 m across, on stout stalks

Flowers: Thick, pinkish, scaly flower spikes, appearing before the leaves

Stem: Thick underground rhizome; scaly flowering stalks in early spring

Root: Thick, spreading rhizome

Fruit: Small ribbed achenes with a pappus (typical Asteraceae)

Flowering Period: February-April, before the leaves emerge

Habitat

A common weed of waste ground, roadsides, hedgerows and disturbed soil; native to Europe and widely naturalised in North America, where it is often the most common wild burdock species.^[15]

Native to damp, marshy ground across Europe and western Asia - riverbanks, ditches, wet meadows and damp woodland margins - favouring moist, nutrient-rich soils.^[2]

Harvesting

The root is dug at the end of the first growing season or early in the second spring, before flowering; leaf may be gathered through the first year. Careful identification against deadly nightshade, whose root can resemble burdock, is essential before digging.^[15]

Parts: Root (and leaf)

Season: End of year one or start of year two, before flowering

Rhizome/root is dug in autumn or early spring; leaves are gathered during the growing season. Raw material naturally contains hepatotoxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids, so commercial products are manufactured to remove them (PA-free standardised extracts); home-gathered material should never be used medicinally.^[11]

Parts: Root/rhizome, Leaf

Season: Root/rhizome in autumn or early spring; leaf during the growing season

Traditional Uses

Lesser burdock is used interchangeably with the better-studied Arctium lappa in Western herbal medicine, as a traditional alterative/depurative for chronic skin conditions such as eczema, psoriasis and acne, and as a mild diuretic supporting elimination.^{[15, 16]}

Butterbur has a long European folk-medicine history as a fever remedy - the name 'pestilence wort' reflects its historic use during plague outbreaks - and for asthma, cough and migraine-type headache. Modern clinical trials of standardised, pyrrolizidine-alkaloid-free extracts support its use for migraine prevention and allergic rhinitis.^{[2, 3, 4]}

Preparations

Decoction (root)^[15]

Dried or fresh root simmered in water as a traditional alterative and skin-support decoction.

Topical wash^[15]

Cooled decoction used as a topical wash for eczema, acne and other skin irritation, reflecting the traditional external alterative use.

Standardised PA-free extract (tablet)^{[3, 4, 11]}

The only recommended form - e.g. the CO2-extracted root product studied for migraine prevention, or the Ze 339 leaf extract studied for allergic rhinitis. Raw root or leaf tea should never be used, as it retains hepatotoxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids.

References

REF-0723, REF-0722, REF-0724, REF-1924, REF-1925, REF-1926, REF-1927, REF-1928, REF-1929, REF-1930, REF-1931, REF-1932, REF-1933, REF-1934

REF-1476, REF-1477, REF-1478, REF-1479, REF-1480, REF-1481, REF-1482, REF-1483, REF-1484, REF-1485

Lookalikes Review

Outcome: has-lookalikes

Reviewed By: Omnia Sana (owner-authorized)

Reviewed Date: 2026-07-07

Outcome: has-lookalikes

Reviewed By: Omnia Sana (owner-authorized)

Reviewed Date: 2026-07-07

Dangerous Lookalikes

Safety note^{[18, 19, 20]}Fatal

Dangerous Plant: atropa-belladonna

Confused Part: First-year taproots dug for use as food or 'burdock root tea'; the root of deadly nightshade closely resembles a burdock root and the two grow as weeds in the same rough ground.

Confusion Context: Lesser burdock (Arctium minus) is dug for its long first-year taproot, used as a vegetable and as 'burdock root tea.' Deadly nightshade (Atropa belladonna) grows as a weed in the same disturbed ground and its root closely resembles a burdock root, so belladonna root can be gathered or processed in mistake for burdock. This has caused real poisonings: a JAMA case report (Bryson et al., 1978) describes atropine poisoning from a commercial burdock root tea, and belladonna-contaminated herbal teas have caused severe anticholinergic poisoning from as little as a few milligrams of atropine. Belladonna contains tropane alkaloids (atropine, hyoscyamine, scopolamine); poisoning causes dry flushed skin, widely dilated pupils, blurred vision, fever, a racing heart, agitation, hallucinations, seizures and can be fatal, especially in children.

Distinguishing Features: Whole plant: only dig burdock when you can match the whole living plant - burdock has huge rhubarb-like heart-shaped leaves that are whitish-woolly underneath and, in its second year, the familiar hooked burrs. Deadly nightshade is a branching plant with dull green oval pointed leaves, solitary purple-brown bell-shaped flowers and shiny black cherry-sized berries., Berries (decisive if present): burdock never bears berries - it makes bristly burrs. A plant near your 'burdock' bearing shiny black berries in green star-shaped calyces is deadly nightshade - do not dig roots from that ground., Best practice: because the roots alone are hard to tell apart, do not wild-harvest burdock root unless an expert has confirmed the living plant - buy it from a reputable supplier instead.

Key Test: Identify the whole living plant before digging any root. Confirm large rhubarb-like leaves that are woolly-white underneath (and hooked burrs in the second year) for burdock. If there are shiny black berries, purple-brown bell-shaped flowers or oval pointed leaves among the plants, deadly nightshade may be present - do not dig or brew root tea from there. When in doubt, buy burdock rather than foraging the root.

Reviewed By: Omnia Sana (owner-authorized)

Reviewed Date: 2026-07-07

Safety note^[14]Dangerous

Dangerous Plant: adenostyles-alliariae

Confused Part: Very large rounded leaves and rhizome gathered for use; alpendost has similar large rounded leaves and the same hepatotoxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids.

Confusion Context: Butterbur (Petasites hybridus) has very large rounded leaves and is used medicinally (as pyrrolizidine-free standardised extracts). In the wild its foliage is confused with alpendost (Adenostyles alliariae) and coltsfoot, all large-leaved damp-ground plants. Alpendost contains hepatotoxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids and, gathered in mistake for coltsfoot/butterbur and brewed as tea, has caused liver veno-occlusive disease (Sperl et al., 1995). Butterbur's own raw leaves also contain pyrrolizidine alkaloids, so wild butterbur should only be used as tested, PA-free products rather than home-gathered material.

Distinguishing Features: Leaf: butterbur has enormous rounded leaves (up to about 1 m across when mature) on stout stalks; alpendost leaves are large but smaller and more coarsely toothed. Neither should be brewed from home-gathered material., Flowers: butterbur pushes up thick pinkish flower spikes in early spring before the leaves; alpendost has fluffy whitish-pink flower clusters among its leaves in summer., Best practice: do not brew wild butterbur or its large-leaved lookalikes at all - use only standardised, pyrrolizidine-free commercial butterbur preparations.

Key Test: Do not gather large rounded 'butterbur' leaves for tea - butterbur, alpendost and coltsfoot all look alike and carry liver-damaging pyrrolizidine alkaloids. Use only standardised, pyrrolizidine-free commercial butterbur products rather than home-collected leaves.

Reviewed By: Omnia Sana (owner-authorized)

Reviewed Date: 2026-07-07

Dosage

Not documented

Standardised PA-free extract^{[3, 4]}

Clinical trials have used standardised PA-free extracts (for example around 50-75 mg twice daily of a CO2 root extract for migraine prevention). Always use a certified PA-free commercial product, never raw plant material. Educational reference only, not a prescription.

References & Sources

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Generated automatically from the Omnia Sana plant database and its cited sources. For educational purposes only — not medical advice. Always consult a qualified practitioner before using medicinal plants.