Plant Comparison

Angelica vs Parsley

A side-by-side comparison of two medicinal plants — every documented constituent, action, use, safety note and cited source, assembled automatically from the Omnia Sana database.

First plant

Second plant

Plant AAngelicaAngelica archangelicaApiaceaeFull monograph →

Plant BParsleyPetroselinum crispumApiaceaeFull monograph →

At a glance

Angelica and Parsley: both belong to the Apiaceae family; they share 3 indicated uses (bloating, indigestion, urinary support); 2 pharmacological actions in common.

AngelicaParsley

Constituents34

Pharmacological actions126

Indicated uses209

Safety notes32

Cited sources2117

Indicated uses

Only Angelica

Acid refluxAnxietyLoss of appetiteArthritis / joint painBronchitisCancer (anticancer research)Cognitive functionCold & fluCoughFeverInflammation (general)Insomnia / sleeplessnessMemoryNervous tensionRespiratory supportSkin irritationStress

Shared (3)

BloatingIndigestionUrinary support

Only Parsley

Bad breathDetox / cleansingKidney supportLiver supportSwelling / fluid retentionUrinary tract infection (UTI)

Pharmacological actions

Only Angelica

Anti-inflammatoryAnticancer (preclinical)AnticonvulsantAnxiolytic / calmingBitter digestive tonic / stomachicDiaphoreticExpectorantGastroprotectiveNeuroprotective / cognition supportSedative / sleep support

Shared (2)

CarminativeDigestive aid

Only Parsley

AntioxidantDiureticHepatoprotective (liver support)Nephroprotective (kidney support)

Evidence face-off — shared uses

Condition	Angelica	Parsley	Verdict
Bloating	1/10	5/10	Stronger for Parsley
Indigestion	1/10	5/10	Stronger for Parsley
Urinary support	5/10	5/10	Comparable evidence

Evidence scores (1–10) are computed from the tier of each cited source. “Comparable” means the two scores are within one point. Follow a score to its detailed sources.

Key Constituents

Coumarins and furanocoumarins^{[1, 2, 6, 7]}

Including columbianetin, angelicin, imperatorin and xanthotoxin.

Coumarins

Essential (volatile) oil^{[4, 5, 6, 8]}

Rich in monoterpenes such as alpha-pinene and beta-phellandrene; gives the aromatic, carminative character.

Essential (volatile) oilTerpenes / terpenoids

Phenolic acids and flavonoids^{[6, 9]}

Antioxidant constituents.

Phenolic acidsFlavonoids

Flavonoids (apigenin) and other phenolics^{[1, 11, 12]}

Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory constituents.

FlavonoidsPhenolic compoundsApigenin

Essential oil (apiole and myristicin)^[11]

Aromatic constituents that drive the diuretic action but are toxic in large amounts.

Essential (volatile) oil

Furanocoumarins (bergapten, imperatorin)^[12]

Photosensitising constituents; the basis for the mild phototoxicity caution.

Coumarins

Vitamin C and carotenoids^[11]

Nutritive antioxidant constituents.

Carotenoids

Pharmacological Actions

Anti-inflammatory^{[1, 2, 4, 6, 7]}

Anti-inflammatory and gastroprotective

Parts: Root

Anticancer (preclinical)^{[12, 13]}

Angelica archangelica fruit tincture and its furanocoumarins (imperatorin, xanthotoxin) show antiproliferative activity against pancreatic and larynx cancer and rhabdomyosarcoma cells (preclinical).

Anticonvulsant^{[1, 2, 6, 14]}

Anticonvulsant and cognition-supporting (preclinical)

Parts: Fruit and seed

Anxiolytic / calming^{[1, 3, 6]}

Anxiolytic / sedative (anxiety, nervous tension)

Parts: Fruit and seed

Bitter digestive tonic / stomachic^[6]

Carminative and aromatic bitter digestive (indigestion, bloating, flatulence)

Parts: Root

Carminative^[6]

Carminative and aromatic bitter digestive (indigestion, bloating, flatulence)

Parts: Root

Diaphoretic^[6]

Diaphoretic / expectorant support during colds

Parts: Root

Digestive aid^[6]

Carminative and aromatic bitter digestive (indigestion, bloating, flatulence)

Parts: Root

Expectorant^[6]

Diaphoretic / expectorant support during colds

Parts: Root

Gastroprotective^{[1, 2, 6, 7]}

Anti-inflammatory and gastroprotective

Parts: Root

Neuroprotective / cognition support^{[1, 2, 6, 14]}

Anticonvulsant and cognition-supporting (preclinical)

Parts: Fruit and seed

Sedative / sleep support^{[1, 3, 6]}

Anxiolytic / sedative (anxiety, nervous tension)

Parts: Fruit and seed

Antioxidant^{[1, 2, 4, 5, 9, 10, 11, 12]}

Antioxidant, nephroprotective and hepatoprotective

Carminative^[11]

Carminative digestive and stomach tonic (bloating, indigestion)

Digestive aid^{[6, 7, 11]}

Carminative digestive and stomach tonic (bloating, indigestion)

Diuretic^{[11, 12, 13]}

Diuretic - reduces fluid retention/swelling and supports urinary and kidney function (traditionally used for urinary stones); animal studies attribute the effect to inhibition of the renal Na+/K+ pump, raising urine flow

Hepatoprotective (liver support)^{[3, 5, 8, 11, 12]}

Antioxidant, nephroprotective and hepatoprotective

Nephroprotective (kidney support)^{[9, 11, 12]}

Antioxidant, nephroprotective and hepatoprotective

Traditional & Indicated Uses

Acid reflux^{[1, 2, 6, 7]}Traditional · 2/10

inferred from gastroprotective action

Evidence: 2

Label: Acid reflux

Anxiety^{[1, 6]}Traditional · 2/10

Anxiolytic / sedative (anxiety, nervous tension)

Evidence: 2

Label: Anxiety

Loss of appetite^[6]Traditional · 1/10

inferred from bitter-tonic action

Evidence: 1

Label: Loss of appetite

Arthritis / joint pain^{[1, 2, 6, 7]}Traditional · 2/10

inferred from anti-inflammatory action

Evidence: 2

Label: Arthritis / joint pain

Bloating^[6]Traditional · 1/10

Carminative and aromatic bitter digestive (indigestion, bloating, flatulence)

Evidence: 1

Label: Bloating

Bronchitis^[6]Traditional · 1/10

inferred from expectorant action

Evidence: 1

Label: Bronchitis

Cancer (anticancer research)^{[12, 13]}Traditional · 2/10

Angelica archangelica fruit tincture is antiproliferative against PANC-1 pancreatic cancer cells; its furanocoumarins imperatorin and xanthotoxin drive this activity and inhibit larynx cancer and rhabdomyosarcoma cell growth (preclinical).

Evidence: 2

Label: Cancer (anticancer research)

Cognitive function^{[1, 2, 6, 14]}Traditional · 2/10

inferred from neuroprotective action

Evidence: 2

Label: Cognitive function

Cold & flu^[6]Traditional · 1/10

Diaphoretic / expectorant support during colds

Evidence: 1

Label: Cold & flu

Cough^[6]Traditional · 1/10

inferred from expectorant action

Evidence: 1

Label: Cough

Fever^[6]Traditional · 1/10

inferred from diaphoretic action

Evidence: 1

Label: Fever

Indigestion^[6]Traditional · 1/10

Carminative and aromatic bitter digestive (indigestion, bloating, flatulence)

Evidence: 1

Label: Indigestion

Inflammation (general)^{[1, 2, 6, 7]}Traditional · 2/10

inferred from anti-inflammatory action

Evidence: 2

Label: Inflammation (general)

Insomnia / sleeplessness^{[1, 6]}Traditional · 2/10

inferred from sedative action

Evidence: 2

Label: Insomnia / sleeplessness

Memory^{[1, 2, 6, 14]}Traditional · 2/10

inferred from neuroprotective action

Evidence: 2

Label: Memory

Nervous tension^{[1, 6]}Traditional · 2/10

Anxiolytic / sedative (anxiety, nervous tension)

Evidence: 2

Label: Nervous tension

Respiratory support^[6]Traditional · 1/10

inferred from expectorant action

Evidence: 1

Label: Respiratory support

Skin irritation^{[1, 2, 6, 7]}Traditional · 2/10

inferred from anti-inflammatory action

Evidence: 2

Label: Skin irritation

Stress^{[1, 6]}Traditional · 2/10

inferred from anxiolytic action

Evidence: 2

Label: Stress

Urinary support^[10]Moderate · 5/10

Overactive bladder - a pilot RCT of an Angelica archangelica leaf extract reduced daytime voids and storage symptoms and improved quality of life, with near-significant benefit for nocturia

Evidence: 5

Label: Urinary support

Bad breath^[11]Moderate · 5/10

Breath freshener (chlorophyll-rich; traditional for bad breath)

Evidence: 5

Label: Bad breath

Bloating^[11]Moderate · 5/10

Carminative digestive and stomach tonic (bloating, indigestion)

Evidence: 5

Label: Bloating

Detox / cleansing^{[11, 12]}Moderate · 5/10

inferred from hepatoprotective action

Evidence: 5

Label: Detox / cleansing

Indigestion^[11]Moderate · 5/10

Carminative digestive and stomach tonic (bloating, indigestion)

Evidence: 5

Label: Indigestion

Kidney support^{[9, 11, 12]}Moderate · 5/10

inferred from nephroprotective action

Evidence: 5

Label: Kidney support

Liver support^{[3, 11, 12]}Moderate · 5/10

inferred from hepatoprotective action

Evidence: 5

Label: Liver support

Swelling / fluid retention^{[11, 12, 13]}Moderate · 5/10

Evidence: 5

Label: Swelling / fluid retention

Urinary support^{[11, 12, 13]}Moderate · 5/10

inferred from diuretic action

Evidence: 5

Label: Urinary support

Urinary tract infection (UTI)^{[11, 12, 13]}Moderate · 5/10

inferred from diuretic action

Evidence: 5

Label: Urinary tract infection (UTI)

Safety, Cautions & Contraindications

Safety note^[6]Caution

Contains furanocoumarins, which can cause photosensitivity; avoid excessive sun or UV exposure while using the herb medicinally.

Safety note^[6]Caution

Medicinal doses should be avoided during pregnancy and breastfeeding.

Safety note^[6]Caution

Coumarin constituents may interact with anticoagulant medicines, and furanocoumarins with photosensitising drugs; when wild-harvesting, take great care to distinguish garden angelica from poisonous Apiaceae look-alikes such as hemlock.

Safety note^[11]Caution

Culinary amounts are safe, but medicinal/seed doses and the essential oil (apiole, myristicin) can be toxic and stimulate the uterus - AVOID medicinal doses of parsley in pregnancy.

Safety note^{[11, 12]}Caution

Its diuretic action means caution alongside diuretic medicines; the furanocoumarins can cause mild photosensitivity, and concentrated use should be avoided in active kidney disease.

External Ids

Gbif: 5371808

Wikidata: Q207745

Gbif: 7828157

Wikidata: Q25284

Botanical Description

Tall, robust biennial or short-lived perennial herb with a stout, hollow, ridged stem, often tinged purple. The leaves are large, bright green, 2-3-pinnately divided into broad, coarsely toothed leaflets, borne on inflated, sheathing stalks. Large, rounded compound umbels of small greenish-white to yellow-green flowers are borne at the stem tips, followed by pale, ribbed, winged fruit. The whole plant is strongly and pleasantly aromatic (sweet, celery- or juniper-like) when crushed.^[6]

Height: 1-2.5 m

Habit: Tall, robust biennial to short-lived perennial herb

Leaves: Large, 2-3-pinnately divided, coarsely toothed leaflets on inflated sheathing stalks

Flowers: Large, rounded compound umbels of small greenish-white to yellow-green flowers

Stem: Stout, hollow, ridged, often purple-tinged, hairless

Root: Thick, aromatic taproot

Fruit: Pale, ribbed, winged fruit (mericarp)

Flowering Period: June-August

Biennial herb (Apiaceae), usually grown as an annual, 20-60 cm tall, with a slender taproot. Leaves are bright green and finely divided, either flat or tightly curled ('crisped') depending on variety. In the second year, small yellow-green flowers are borne in compound umbels, followed by small, ridged fruit (the 'seed').^[11]

Height: 20-60 cm

Habit: Biennial herb (usually cultivated as an annual)

Leaves: Bright green, finely divided, flat or curled ('crisped')

Flowers: Small, yellow-green, in compound umbels (second year)

Stem: Erect, branched (second-year flowering stem)

Root: Slender taproot (thickened in root-parsley varieties)

Fruit: Small, ridged, aromatic fruit ("seed")

Flowering Period: Second year, June-August

Habitat

Native to northern and eastern Europe and parts of Asia, growing in damp meadows, riverbanks, ditches and woodland margins on moist, rich soils; also widely cultivated as a culinary and medicinal herb.^[6]

Native to the central Mediterranean (Sardinia and southern Italy), long cultivated worldwide as a culinary and medicinal herb in gardens and as a field crop.^[11]

Harvesting

The root is dug in autumn of the first year (or spring of the second, before flowering), when its aromatic oil content is highest; the ripe fruit/seed is collected in late summer as the umbels dry; leaves for standardised extract are picked through the growing season. Careful identification against deadly Apiaceae look-alikes (poison hemlock, water hemlock, hemlock water-dropwort) is essential before wild-harvesting.^[6]

Parts: Root, Fruit and seed, Leaf (standardised extract)

Season: Root in autumn/early spring; fruit and seed in late summer; leaf through the growing season

Leaves are picked fresh throughout the growing season; the root (of root-parsley varieties) is lifted in autumn; the seed (fruit) is collected from second-year plants once ripe and dry - it is used mainly in medicinal/aromatic preparations rather than food, given its higher concentration of the toxic essential-oil constituents apiole and myristicin.^[11]

Parts: Leaf, Root, Seed

Season: Leaf throughout the growing season; root in autumn; seed once ripe (second year)

Traditional Uses

Angelica root has a long Northern European tradition as an aromatic bitter and carminative digestive remedy for indigestion, bloating and flatulence, as a diaphoretic and expectorant support during colds, and the seed/fruit as a calming, anxiolytic nervine. It has also been candied and used as a flavouring.^[6]

Parsley has a long Mediterranean culinary-medicinal tradition as a carminative digestive tonic, breath freshener and mild diuretic traditionally used for urinary complaints and fluid retention. Modern research supports antioxidant, hepatoprotective, nephroprotective and diuretic activity.^{[11, 12]}

Preparations

Decoction/infusion (root)^[6]

Dried root decocted or infused in hot water as a bitter digestive and carminative tea.

Infusion (seed)^[6]

Crushed fruit/seed infused as a calming, carminative tea.

Standardised leaf extract^[10]

Concentrated leaf extract studied in a pilot clinical trial for overactive bladder symptoms.

Fresh leaf^[11]

Eaten fresh as a garnish or herb - a traditional daily digestive and breath-freshening support.

Infusion (tea)^[11]

Dried leaf or crushed seed steeped in hot water, a traditional diuretic and digestive preparation.

Dosage

Root infusion/decoction^[11]

Health Canada's NNHPD monograph gives 0.3-12 g of dried root and rhizome per day for adults 18 years and older, with infusion and decoction among the accepted methods of preparation. Educational reference only, not a prescription.

Tincture (1:5)^[11]

Health Canada's NNHPD monograph accepts a tincture among the methods of preparation for angelica root and rhizome, within the same 0.3-12 g dried-equivalent daily range for adults 18 years and older; it does not state a tincture ratio or volume. Educational reference only, not a prescription.

Leaf infusion^[11]

Culinary amounts of leaf are food-safe; medicinal use should stick to modest infusion amounts (roughly 2-4 g dried leaf or root per cup, a few times daily). Avoid concentrated seed extract or essential oil, which are toxic and uterine-stimulant at higher doses, and avoid medicinal doses entirely in pregnancy. Educational reference only, not a prescription.

References

REF-0695, REF-0696, REF-2410, REF-2411, REF-2412

REF-1486, REF-1487, REF-1488, REF-1489, REF-1490, REF-1491, REF-1492, REF-1493, REF-1494, REF-1495

Drug Class Interactions

Safety note^{[15, 16]}Caution

Drug Class: sedatives-cns-depressants

Mechanism: Angelica is traditionally used as a calming, sedative herb; taken with sedatives, sleeping tablets or other central-nervous-system depressants (including alcohol) it may add to drowsiness and slowed reactions.

Reviewed By: Omnia Sana (owner-authorized)

Reviewed Date: 2026-07-03

Not documented

Lookalikes Review

Outcome: has-lookalikes

Reviewed By: Omnia Sana (owner-authorized)

Reviewed Date: 2026-07-06

Outcome: has-lookalikes

Reviewed By: Omnia Sana (owner-authorized)

Reviewed Date: 2026-07-06

Dangerous Lookalikes

Safety note^{[17, 18]}Fatal

Dangerous Plant: conium-maculatum

Confused Part: The tall hollow stems, ferny leaves and white umbels — the parts cut for candied or cooked stem or leaf.

Confusion Context: Poison hemlock is the classic deadly umbellifer confused with edible ones. It shares angelica's tall hollow stem and white umbels, and both can show purple on the stem — but hemlock's is discrete spots and blotches while angelica's is an even flush. Coniine causes a paralysis that stops breathing; a mouthful can be lethal.

Distinguishing Features: Stem markings: poison hemlock has distinct purple-red spots and blotches scattered on a smooth, hairless stem; angelica's stem is uniformly green or evenly purple-flushed, never discretely spotted., Smell: crushed angelica is strongly and pleasantly aromatic (sweet, celery- or juniper-like); crushed poison hemlock smells rank and mousy. A foul mousy smell is a hard no., Leaf cut: hemlock leaves are finely divided and fern-like; angelica leaflets are broad, large, bright green and coarsely toothed.

Key Test: Inspect the lower stem in good light: discrete purple-red spots or blotches on a smooth, hairless stem = poison hemlock — do not eat. Angelica's purple, if any, is an even flush, and it smells sweetly aromatic, never mousy.

Reviewed By: Omnia Sana (owner-authorized)

Reviewed Date: 2026-07-06

Safety note^[19]Fatal

Dangerous Plant: cicuta-virosa

Confused Part: Wet-habitat plants: the rootstock and lower stem, plus the tall hollow stems and white umbels.

Confusion Context: Water hemlock is among the most violently toxic temperate plants; its cicutoxin causes sudden severe convulsions, often fatal. Its roots have been eaten by mistake for 'wild carrot' and other roots, and it shares angelica's wet, streamside habitat.

Distinguishing Features: Cut the rootstock lengthwise: water hemlock's is hollow and chambered (with horizontal cross-partitions) and exudes a yellowish oily juice; angelica's root is solid. This is the single most reliable trait., Water hemlock's lateral leaf-veins run to the notches between the marginal teeth ('vein to the cut'); angelica's veins run to the tips of the teeth.

Key Test: Slice the rootstock lengthwise: a hollow, horizontally chambered root with a yellowish oily juice = water hemlock — do not eat. Angelica's root is solid.

Reviewed By: Omnia Sana (owner-authorized)

Reviewed Date: 2026-07-06

Safety note^[20]Fatal

Dangerous Plant: oenanthe-crocata

Confused Part: Wet-habitat plant: the fleshy root tubers and celery- or parsley-like leaves.

Confusion Context: Hemlock water-dropwort is one of the deadliest plants in Britain and western Europe; its oenanthotoxin causes violent convulsions, and its pleasant-smelling fleshy roots and celery-like leaves are notoriously mistaken for edible wild vegetables. It shares angelica's wet streamside habitat.

Distinguishing Features: Hemlock water-dropwort has a cluster of pale, fleshy, finger-like root tubers ('dead man's fingers'); angelica has a single solid taproot, not a bunch of tubers., Its roots can smell pleasant and sweetish, so never use smell to clear it — go by the root form and the wet habitat.

Key Test: Examine the roots: a cluster of pale, fleshy, finger-like tubers in wet ground = hemlock water-dropwort — do not eat. Angelica has one solid taproot. Because its roots can smell pleasant, never rely on smell here.

Reviewed By: Omnia Sana (owner-authorized)

Reviewed Date: 2026-07-06

Safety note^[21]Irritant

Dangerous Plant: heracleum-mantegazzianum

Confused Part: The huge hollow stems and large divided leaves of a tall umbellifer.

Confusion Context: Giant hogweed has the same broad silhouette as angelica (very tall hollow stem, big divided leaves, large white umbels) and grows in similar damp margins. Its main hazard is contact, not eating: its sap contains furanocoumarins that make skin blister and burn severely in sunlight (phytophotodermatitis), leaving long-lasting scars.

Distinguishing Features: Size: giant hogweed is enormous — 2 to 5 m tall, with leaves up to 1 to 1.5 m and umbels up to about 50 cm across — dwarfing angelica., Stem surface: hogweed stems are green with purple blotches AND covered in coarse, stiff white bristles; angelica's stem is smooth and hairless.

Key Test: A massive (over about 2 m) stem with purple blotches AND coarse white bristly hairs = giant hogweed — do not cut or handle it with bare skin, because its sap causes severe sunlight burns. Angelica's stem is smooth and hairless.

Reviewed By: Omnia Sana (owner-authorized)

Reviewed Date: 2026-07-06

Safety note^{[14, 15]}Fatal

Dangerous Plant: conium-maculatum

Confused Part: Leaves and stems (foliage); the divided leaves resemble flat-leaf parsley, especially before flowering.

Confusion Context: Poison hemlock is in the same family as parsley and its foliage is often described as parsley- or carrot-top-like; it can be confused with edible parsley-family plants. Its alkaloid coniine causes a paralysis that stops breathing, and eating even a small amount of any part can be fatal.

Distinguishing Features: Poison hemlock stems are smooth, hairless and marked with purple or red spots and streaks; garden parsley stems have no purple blotching., Crushed poison hemlock smells foul and musty ('mousy'); parsley smells clean and pleasantly herby., Poison hemlock grows tall (often 1.5 to 3 m) with hollow stems; culinary parsley is a low herb.

Key Test: Inspect the stem: hairless and smooth with purple or red spots and streaks = poison hemlock — do not eat. Confirm with the crushed-plant smell (foul and mousy versus parsley's pleasant herb scent).

Reviewed By: Omnia Sana (owner-authorized)

Reviewed Date: 2026-07-06

Safety note^{[16, 17]}Dangerous

Dangerous Plant: aethusa-cynapium

Confused Part: Leaves and foliage; the finely divided glossy leaves closely resemble flat-leaf (Italian) parsley — the origin of the name 'fool's parsley'.

Confusion Context: Named directly for the confusion with parsley, fool's parsley contains toxic polyacetylenes; poisoning causes burning in the mouth and throat and gastrointestinal and neurological effects, and it is especially a risk to children.

Distinguishing Features: In flower, each little umbel of fool's parsley has three or four long, narrow bracteoles hanging downward beneath it (a 'beard'); true parsley has no such long drooping bracteoles., Crushed fool's parsley smells foul, acrid and mousy; parsley smells clean and pleasantly herby., Fool's parsley leaves are hairless, more finely divided, and darker and glossier than culinary parsley.

Key Test: Look under the flower clusters for three or four long, downward-hanging bracteoles (a 'beard') — present in fool's parsley, absent in true parsley — and cross-check the foul mousy smell versus parsley's pleasant scent. If a parsley-like plant only smells 'off' and isn't flowering, don't use it without expert confirmation.

Reviewed By: Omnia Sana (owner-authorized)

Reviewed Date: 2026-07-06

References & Sources

Kaur, A. and Bhatti, R (2021) 'Understanding the phytochemistry and molecular insights to the pharmacology of Angelica archangelica L. (garden angelica) and its bioactive components', Phytotherapy Research, 35(11), pp. 5961--5979. doi:10.1002/ptr.7206 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.7206
Kaur, A., Singh, N., Bhatti, M.S. and Bhatti, R (2020) 'Optimization of extraction conditions of Angelica archangelica extract and activity evaluation in experimental fibromyalgia', Journal of Food Science, 85(11), pp. 3700--3710. doi:10.1111/1750-3841.15476 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1111/1750-3841.15476
Kumar, D. and Bhat, Z.A (2012) 'Anti-anxiety Activity of Methanolic Extracts of Different Parts of Angelica archangelica Linn', Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine, 2(3), pp. 235-241. doi:10.1016/s2225-4110(16)30105-5 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1016/s2225-4110(16)30105-5
Fraternale, D. and Teodori, L. and Rudov, A. and Prattichizzo, F. and Olivieri, F. and Guidarelli, A. and Albertini, M.C (2018) 'The In Vitro Activity of Angelica archangelica L. Essential Oil on Inflammation', Journal of Medicinal Food, 21(12), pp. 1238-1243. doi:10.1089/jmf.2018.0017 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1089/jmf.2018.0017
Fraternale, D. and Flamini, G. and Ricci, D (2014) 'Essential oil composition and antimicrobial activity of Angelica archangelica L. (Apiaceae) roots', Journal of Medicinal Food, 17(9), pp. 1043-1047. doi:10.1089/jmf.2013.0012 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1089/jmf.2013.0012
Kaur, A. and Bhatti, R (2021) 'Understanding the phytochemistry and molecular insights to the pharmacology of Angelica archangelica L. (garden angelica) and its bioactive components', Phytotherapy Research. doi:10.1002/ptr.7206 Traditional / reference
https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.7206
Patel, D.K. and Patel, K (2023) 'Biological Potential and Pharmacological Activity of Columbianetin in Chronic Diseases', Drug Metabolism and Bioanalysis Letters. doi:10.2174/1872312815666230124154630 Traditional / reference
https://doi.org/10.2174/1872312815666230124154630
Suenaga-Hiromori, M., Mogi, D., Kikuchi, Y., Tong, J., Kurisu, N., Aoki, Y. and others (2022) 'Comprehensive identification of terpene synthase genes and organ-dependent accumulation of terpenoid volatiles in a traditional medicinal plant Angelica archangelica L', Plant Biotechnology, 39(4), pp. 391--404. doi:10.5511/plantbiotechnology.22.1006a Traditional / reference
https://doi.org/10.5511/plantbiotechnology.22.1006a
Raafat, B.M., Gamal-Eldeen, A.M., Almehmadi, M.M., El-Daly, S.M., Faizo, N.L. and Althobaiti, F (2022) 'Angelica archangelica and Ginkgo biloba Extracts Recover Functional Blood Hemoglobin Derivatives in Rabbits Exposed to High Altitude', Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, 23(11), pp. 1377--1382. doi:10.2174/1389201022666211118112356 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.2174/1389201022666211118112356
Lopez-Seoane, J., Gesteiro, E., Castro-Alija, M.J., Quesada-Gonzalez, C., Perez-Ruiz, M. and Gonzalez-Gross, M (2025) 'Effects of Angelica archangelica Extract on Overactive Bladder: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial', Food Science & Nutrition, 13(12). doi:10.1002/fsn3.71258 Randomized trial
https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.71258
Health Canada, Natural and Non-prescription Health Products Directorate (2026) 'Natural Health Product Monograph: Angelica - Angelica archangelica'. Available at: https://webprod.hc-sc.gc.ca/nhpid-bdipsn/dbImages/mono_angelica_english.pdf Traditional / reference
https://webprod.hc-sc.gc.ca/nhpid-bdipsn/dbImages/mono_angelica_english.pdf
Sigurdsson, S. and Ogmundsdottir, H.M. and Gudbjarnason, S (2004) 'Antiproliferative effect of Angelica archangelica fruits', Zeitschrift fur Naturforschung C, 59(7-8), pp. 523-527. doi:10.1515/znc-2004-7-813 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1515/znc-2004-7-813
Grabarska, A. and Skalicka-Wozniak, K. and Kielbus, M. and Dmoszynska-Graniczka, M. and Miziak, P. and Szumilo, J. and Nowosadzka, E. and Kowalczuk, K. and Khalifa, S. and Smok-Kalwat, J. and Klatka, J. and Kupisz, K. and Polberg, K. and Rivero-Muller, A. and Stepulak, A (2020) 'Imperatorin as a Promising Chemotherapeutic Agent Against Human Larynx Cancer and Rhabdomyosarcoma Cells', Molecules, 25(9), pp. 2046. doi:10.3390/molecules25092046 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25092046
Suciu, F., Mihai, D.P., Ungurianu, A., Andrei, C., Puscasu, C., Chitescu, C.L. and others (2025) 'Investigation of Anticonvulsant Potential of Morus, Angelica, Passiflora and Viola Extracts: In Vivo and In Silico Studies', International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 26(13). doi:10.3390/ijms26136426 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26136426
Ghasemzadeh Rahbardar, M. and Hosseinzadeh, H (2024) 'Therapeutic potential of hypnotic herbal medicines: A comprehensive review', Phytotherapy Research, 38(6), pp. 3037-3059. doi:10.1002/ptr.8201 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.8201
Block, K.I., Gyllenhaal, C. and Mead, M.N (2004) 'Safety and efficacy of herbal sedatives in cancer care', Integrative Cancer Therapies, 3(2), pp. 128-148. doi:10.1177/1534735404265003 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.1177/1534735404265003
Dayan, A.D (2024) 'Death of Socrates: a likely case of poison hemlock (Conium maculatum) poisoning', Clinical Toxicology (Philadelphia, Pa.), 62(1), pp. 56-60. doi:10.1080/15563650.2024.2309328 Clinical study
https://doi.org/10.1080/15563650.2024.2309328
King County Noxious Weeds (2024) 'Poison hemlock (Conium maculatum) identification and control'. Available at: https://kingcounty.gov/en/dept/dnrp/nature-recreation/environment-ecology-conservation/noxious-weeds/identification-control/poison-hemlock Traditional / reference
https://kingcounty.gov/en/dept/dnrp/nature-recreation/environment-ecology-conservation/noxious-weeds/identification-control/poison-hemlock
Heath, K.B (2001) 'A fatal case of apparent water hemlock poisoning', Veterinary and Human Toxicology, 43(1), pp. 35-6. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11205076/ Clinical study
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11205076/
Mitchell, M.I. and Routledge, P.A (1978) 'Hemlock water dropwort poisoning - a review', Clinical Toxicology, 12(4), pp. 417-26. doi:10.3109/15563657809150012 Clinical study
https://doi.org/10.3109/15563657809150012
Lagey, K. and Duinslaeger, L. and Vanderkelen, A (1995) 'Burns induced by plants', Burns, 21(7), pp. 542-3. doi:10.1016/0305-4179(95)00026-8 Clinical study
https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-4179(95)00026-8

Ebrahimi, P., Bayram, I., Lante, A. and Decker, E.A (2024) 'Acid-hydrolyzed phenolic extract of parsley (Petroselinum crispum L.) leaves inhibits lipid oxidation in soybean oil-in-water emulsions', Food Research International, 187, pp. 114452. doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2024.114452 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2024.114452
Ertik, O., Pazarbasi, S.E., Sener, G. and Sacan, O (2023) 'Petroselinum crispum Extract Prevents Scopolamine-Induced Lens Damage in Rats', Chemistry & Biodiversity, 20(11), pp. e202300776. doi:10.1002/cbdv.202300776 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1002/cbdv.202300776
Ede, S., Ozbeyli, D., Erdogan, O., Cevik, O. and others (2023) 'Hepatoprotective effects of parsley (Petroselinum crispum) extract in rats with bile duct ligation', Arab Journal of Gastroenterology, 24(1), pp. 45-51. doi:10.1016/j.ajg.2022.10.006 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajg.2022.10.006
Mara de Menezes Epifanio, N., Rykiel Iglesias Cavalcanti, L., Falcao Dos Santos, K., Soares Coutinho Duarte, P. and others (2020) 'Chemical characterization and in vivo antioxidant activity of parsley (Petroselinum crispum) aqueous extract', Food & Function, 11(6), pp. 5346-5356. doi:10.1039/d0fo00484g Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1039/d0fo00484g
Ozsoy-Sacan, O., Yanardag, R., Orak, H., Ozgey, Y. and others (2006) 'Effects of parsley (Petroselinum crispum) extract versus glibornuride on the liver of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats', Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 104(1-2), pp. 175-181. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2005.08.069 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2005.08.069
Moazedi, A.A., Mirzaie, D.N., Seyyednejad, S.M., Zadkarami, M.R. and others (2007) 'Spasmolytic effect of Petroselinum crispum (Parsley) on rat's ileum at different calcium chloride concentrations', Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences, 10(22), pp. 4036-4042. doi:10.3923/pjbs.2007.4036.4042 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.3923/pjbs.2007.4036.4042
Al-Howiriny, T., Al-Sohaibani, M., El-Tahir, K. and Rafatullah, S (2003) 'Prevention of experimentally-induced gastric ulcers in rats by an ethanolic extract of 'Parsley' Petroselinum crispum', The American Journal of Chinese Medicine, 31(5), pp. 699-711. doi:10.1142/S0192415X03001405 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1142/S0192415X03001405
Nair, V.Y., Balakrishanan, N. and Antony Santiago, J.V (2015) 'Petroselinum crispum extract attenuates hepatic steatosis in rats fed with fructose enriched diet', Bratislava Medical Journal, 116(9), pp. 547-553. doi:10.4149/bll_2015_108 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.4149/bll_2015_108
Maodaa, S.N., Allam, A.A., Ajarem, J., Abdel-Maksoud, M.A. and others (2016) 'Effect of parsley (Petroselinum crispum, Apiaceae) juice against cadmium neurotoxicity in albino mice', Behavioral and Brain Functions, 12(1), pp. 6. doi:10.1186/s12993-016-0090-3 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12993-016-0090-3
Ganea, M., Vicas, L.G., Gligor, O., Sarac, I. and others (2024) 'Exploring the Therapeutic Efficacy of Parsley (Petroselinum crispum Mill.) as a Functional Food: Implications in Immunological Tolerability, Reduction of Muscle Cramps, and Treatment of Dermatitis', Molecules, 29(3), pp. 608. doi:10.3390/molecules29030608 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29030608
Bahramsoltani, R., Ahmadian, R., Daglia, M. and Rahimi, R (2024) 'Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) Fuss (Parsley): An Updated Review of the Traditional Uses, Phytochemistry, and Pharmacology', Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.3c06429 Randomized trial
https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.3c06429
Mahmood, S. and Hussain, S. and Malik, F (2014) 'Critique of medicinal conspicuousness of Parsley (Petroselinum crispum): a culinary herb of Mediterranean region', Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 27(1), pp. 193--202. Preclinical
https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Critique%20of%20medicinal%20conspicuousness%20of%20Parsley%20%28Petroselinum%20crispum%29%3A%20a%20culinary%20herb%20of%20Mediterranean%20region
Kreydiyyeh, S.I. and Usta, J (2002) 'Diuretic effect and mechanism of action of parsley', Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 79(3), pp. 353--357. doi:10.1016/s0378-8741(01)00408-1 Traditional / reference
https://doi.org/10.1016/s0378-8741(01)00408-1
Dayan, A.D (2024) 'Death of Socrates: a likely case of poison hemlock (Conium maculatum) poisoning', Clinical Toxicology (Philadelphia, Pa.), 62(1), pp. 56-60. doi:10.1080/15563650.2024.2309328 Clinical study
https://doi.org/10.1080/15563650.2024.2309328
King County Noxious Weeds (2024) 'Poison hemlock (Conium maculatum) identification and control'. Available at: https://kingcounty.gov/en/dept/dnrp/nature-recreation/environment-ecology-conservation/noxious-weeds/identification-control/poison-hemlock Traditional / reference
https://kingcounty.gov/en/dept/dnrp/nature-recreation/environment-ecology-conservation/noxious-weeds/identification-control/poison-hemlock
Teuscher, E. and Greger, H. and Adrian, V (1990) 'Toxicity of Aethusa cynapium L. (fool's parsley)', Pharmazie, 45(7), pp. 537-8. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2236201/ Preclinical
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2236201/
Minnesota Wildflowers (2024) 'Aethusa cynapium (Fool's Parsley)'. Available at: https://www.minnesotawildflowers.info/flower/fools-parsley Traditional / reference
https://www.minnesotawildflowers.info/flower/fools-parsley

Angelica monograph Parsley monograph Compare other plants

Generated automatically from the Omnia Sana plant database and its cited sources. For educational purposes only — not medical advice. Always consult a qualified practitioner before using medicinal plants.