Plant Comparison

Ground Elder vs Lesser Burdock

A side-by-side comparison of two medicinal plants — every documented constituent, action, use, safety note and cited source, assembled automatically from the Omnia Sana database.

First plant

Second plant

Plant AGround ElderAegopodium podagrariaApiaceaeFull monograph →

Plant BLesser BurdockArctium minusAsteraceaeFull monograph →

At a glance

Ground Elder and Lesser Burdock: they share 6 indicated uses (arthritis / joint pain, inflammation (general), skin irritation, …); 2 pharmacological actions in common.

Ground ElderLesser Burdock

Constituents33

Pharmacological actions45

Indicated uses911

Safety notes22

Cited sources1920

Indicated uses

Only Ground Elder

Back painHeadachePain (general)

Shared (6)

Arthritis / joint painInflammation (general)Skin irritationSwelling / fluid retentionUrinary supportUrinary tract infection (UTI)

Only Lesser Burdock

AcneCancer (anticancer research)Detox / cleansingEczemaPsoriasis

Pharmacological actions

Only Ground Elder

Analgesic (pain relief)Anti-rheumatic / anti-arthritic

Shared (2)

Anti-inflammatoryDiuretic

Only Lesser Burdock

Alterative / depurative ('detox')Anticancer (preclinical)Antioxidant

Evidence face-off — shared uses

Condition	Ground Elder	Lesser Burdock	Verdict
Arthritis / joint pain	1/10	1/10	Comparable evidence
Inflammation (general)	1/10	1/10	Comparable evidence
Skin irritation	1/10	1/10	Comparable evidence
Swelling / fluid retention	1/10	1/10	Comparable evidence
Urinary support	1/10	1/10	Comparable evidence
Urinary tract infection (UTI)	1/10	1/10	Comparable evidence

Evidence scores (1–10) are computed from the tier of each cited source. “Comparable” means the two scores are within one point. Follow a score to its detailed sources.

Key Constituents

Polyacetylenes (falcarindiol)^{[6, 10]}

Falcarindiol, a potent COX-1 inhibitor (IC50 0.3 microM), identified as a key anti-inflammatory constituent underlying the plant's traditional anti-rheumatic and analgesic use.

Flavonoids and phenolic compounds^[1]

Contribute to the plant's antioxidant activity.

FlavonoidsPhenolic compounds

Coumarins and essential oil^[1]

Minor aromatic and coumarin constituents of the aerial parts.

CoumarinsEssential (volatile) oil

Inulin (prebiotic fructan, up to ~50% of the root)^{[15, 16]}

The major storage carbohydrate; a prebiotic fibre.

PolysaccharidesInulin

Lignans (arctigenin, arctiin)^[15]

Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant constituents.

Arctigenin / arctiinLignans

Polyphenolic acids (caffeic, chlorogenic), polyacetylenes and tannins^[16]

Antimicrobial and antioxidant constituents.

Chlorogenic acidCaffeic acidTannins

Pharmacological Actions

Analgesic (pain relief)^{[11, 12, 13]}

Anti-inflammatory^{[1, 3, 6, 10, 11, 12, 13]}

Anti-rheumatic / anti-arthritic^{[1, 11, 12, 13]}

Diuretic^{[1, 11, 12, 13]}

Alterative / depurative ('detox')^{[15, 16, 17]}

Traditional 'alterative' / depurative for chronic skin conditions - eczema, psoriasis, acne and boils (internally and topically)

Anti-inflammatory^{[4, 5, 15]}

Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant

Anticancer (preclinical)^{[6, 7, 11]}

Lesser burdock (Arctium minus) leaf, flower and root extracts (rich in arctiin/arctigenin and chlorogenic acid) are cytotoxic to breast and liver cancer cells, including multidrug-resistant tumour lines (preclinical).

Antioxidant^{[5, 6, 10, 15]}

Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant

Diuretic^{[15, 16]}

Mild diuretic supporting elimination ('detox', traditional)

Traditional & Indicated Uses

Arthritis / joint pain^{[11, 12, 13]}Traditional · 1/10

inferred from anti-inflammatory action

Evidence: 1

Label: Arthritis / joint pain

Back pain^{[11, 12, 13]}Traditional · 1/10

inferred from anti-rheumatic action

Evidence: 1

Label: Back pain

Headache^{[11, 12, 13]}Traditional · 1/10

inferred from analgesic action

Evidence: 1

Label: Headache

Inflammation (general)^{[11, 12, 13]}Traditional · 1/10

inferred from anti-inflammatory action

Evidence: 1

Label: Inflammation (general)

Pain (general)^{[11, 12, 13]}Traditional · 1/10

Evidence: 1

Label: Pain (general)

Skin irritation^{[11, 12, 13]}Traditional · 1/10

inferred from anti-inflammatory action

Evidence: 1

Label: Skin irritation

Swelling / fluid retention^{[11, 12, 13]}Traditional · 1/10

inferred from diuretic action

Evidence: 1

Label: Swelling / fluid retention

Urinary support^{[11, 12, 13]}Traditional · 1/10

inferred from diuretic action

Evidence: 1

Label: Urinary support

Urinary tract infection (UTI)^{[11, 12, 13]}Traditional · 1/10

inferred from diuretic action

Evidence: 1

Label: Urinary tract infection (UTI)

Acne^{[15, 16, 17]}Traditional · 1/10

Sebaceous-gland regulator - helps balance skin oil (acne); Traditional 'alterative' / depurative for chronic skin conditions - eczema, psoriasis, acne and boils (internally and topically)

Evidence: 1

Label: Acne

Arthritis / joint pain^[15]Traditional · 1/10

inferred from anti-inflammatory action

Evidence: 1

Label: Arthritis / joint pain

Cancer (anticancer research)^{[6, 7, 11]}Traditional · 2/10

Arctium minus extracts show dose-dependent cytotoxicity against MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer and HepG2 liver cancer cells and are active against both sensitive and multidrug-resistant tumour cell lines (preclinical).

Evidence: 2

Label: Cancer (anticancer research)

Detox / cleansing^{[15, 16, 17]}Traditional · 1/10

Mild diuretic supporting elimination ('detox', traditional); Traditional 'alterative' / depurative for chronic skin conditions - eczema, psoriasis, acne and boils (internally and topically)

Evidence: 1

Label: Detox / cleansing

Eczema^{[15, 16, 17]}Traditional · 1/10

Traditional 'alterative' / depurative for chronic skin conditions - eczema, psoriasis, acne and boils (internally and topically)

Evidence: 1

Label: Eczema

Inflammation (general)^[15]Traditional · 1/10

inferred from anti-inflammatory action

Evidence: 1

Label: Inflammation (general)

Psoriasis^{[15, 16, 17]}Traditional · 1/10

Traditional 'alterative' / depurative for chronic skin conditions - eczema, psoriasis, acne and boils (internally and topically)

Evidence: 1

Label: Psoriasis

Skin irritation^[15]Traditional · 1/10

inferred from anti-inflammatory action

Evidence: 1

Label: Skin irritation

Swelling / fluid retention^{[15, 16]}Traditional · 1/10

inferred from diuretic action

Evidence: 1

Label: Swelling / fluid retention

Urinary support^{[15, 16]}Traditional · 1/10

inferred from diuretic action

Evidence: 1

Label: Urinary support

Urinary tract infection (UTI)^{[15, 16]}Traditional · 1/10

inferred from diuretic action

Evidence: 1

Label: Urinary tract infection (UTI)

Safety, Cautions & Contraindications

Safety note^{[9, 11, 12, 13]}Caution

Generally safe as a food plant when young leaves are harvested. Contains furocoumarins (photosensitising compounds) — handling large quantities in bright sunlight may cause skin irritation. Individuals with Apiaceae allergies should exercise caution. Not recommended in therapeutic doses during pregnancy.

Safety note^{[11, 12, 13, 14]}Info

Duke (2002) does not appear to include a dedicated entry for ground elder (Aegopodium podagraria) in the Handbook of Medicinal Herbs, Second Edition.

Safety note^[16]Info

As a member of the daisy family (Asteraceae), it can cause allergic reactions in people sensitive to ragweed and related plants. The high inulin content can cause temporary bloating or gas.

Safety note^[16]Caution

May lower blood sugar (caution with antidiabetic medicines) and add to diuretics; avoid medicinal doses in pregnancy.

External Ids

Gbif: 3034620

Wikidata: Q217778

Gbif: 5393103

Wikidata: Q20996

Botanical Description

Vigorous, low, patch-forming perennial herb spreading rapidly by white, brittle, creeping rhizomes. The leaves are broad and twice-ternate (in threes of threes), with oval, sharply toothed leaflets, borne on long stalks. In summer it sends up hollow, grooved, unspotted green stems topped with flat umbels of small white flowers, typical of the carrot family. The whole plant smells mildly of parsley or carrot when crushed.^[1]

Height: 30-100 cm

Habit: Low, mat-forming, rhizomatous perennial herb

Leaves: Broad, twice-ternate, with oval sharply toothed leaflets in groups of three

Flowers: Small white flowers in flat compound umbels

Stem: Hollow, grooved, plain green (never purple-spotted)

Root: Thin, white, brittle, fast-spreading creeping rhizome

Fruit: Small ridged schizocarp typical of the carrot family

Flowering Period: May-July

Biennial herb closely related to greater burdock, forming a first-year rosette of large, heart-shaped, long-stalked leaves, green above and grey-woolly beneath, generally smaller than Arctium lappa. In the second year it produces a branching flowering stem with smaller purple thistle-like flower heads in a looser, more sprawling habit, each enclosed in a globe of hooked bracts that ripen into clinging burrs.^[15]

Height: 0.5-1.5 m (flowering stem, second year)

Habit: Biennial herb; first-year rosette, sprawling branched second-year stem

Leaves: Large, heart-shaped, long-stalked, green above and grey-woolly beneath (smaller than A. lappa)

Flowers: Smaller purple thistle-like flower heads in a looser, sprawling arrangement, enclosed in hooked bracts

Stem: Branching, more sprawling than A. lappa (second year only)

Root: Long, fleshy first-year taproot ('wild rhubarb')

Fruit: Bristly, hooked burr enclosing small achenes

Flowering Period: July-September (second year)

Habitat

A common weed of gardens, hedgerows, shaded waste ground and disturbed soil, often near old dwellings; native to Europe and temperate Asia and widely naturalised elsewhere, where its invasive spreading rhizomes make it a persistent garden weed.^[1]

A common weed of waste ground, roadsides, hedgerows and disturbed soil; native to Europe and widely naturalised in North America, where it is often the most common wild burdock species.^[15]

Harvesting

The young leaves and stems are gathered in spring, before flowering, when they are most tender and least bitter; the root can be dug at the same time. Careful identification against poisonous Apiaceae look-alikes (poison hemlock, hemlock water-dropwort, fool's parsley) is essential before harvesting.^[1]

Parts: Leaf, Root, Stem

Season: Spring, before flowering

The root is dug at the end of the first growing season or early in the second spring, before flowering; leaf may be gathered through the first year. Careful identification against deadly nightshade, whose root can resemble burdock, is essential before digging.^[15]

Parts: Root (and leaf)

Season: End of year one or start of year two, before flowering

Traditional Uses

Ground elder has long been used in European folk medicine as a remedy for gout and rheumatic and arthritic joint pain (reflected in the name 'podagraria', from podagra, gout), typically applied as a poultice or taken as a decoction. The young leaves have also been eaten as a spring pot-herb, valued for their nutrient content as well as their medicinal reputation.^[1]

Lesser burdock is used interchangeably with the better-studied Arctium lappa in Western herbal medicine, as a traditional alterative/depurative for chronic skin conditions such as eczema, psoriasis and acne, and as a mild diuretic supporting elimination.^{[15, 16]}

Preparations

Decoction^[1]

Dried or fresh leaf, stem and root simmered in water as a traditional remedy for gout and rheumatic pain.

Poultice^[1]

Fresh leaves crushed or boiled and applied directly to gouty or arthritic joints.

Fresh leaf (culinary/medicinal)^[1]

Young spring leaves eaten as a cooked pot-herb, similarly to spinach, continuing the traditional food-medicine use.

Decoction (root)^[15]

Dried or fresh root simmered in water as a traditional alterative and skin-support decoction.

Topical wash^[15]

Cooled decoction used as a topical wash for eczema, acne and other skin irritation, reflecting the traditional external alterative use.

References

REF-0719, REF-0720, REF-0721, REF-1688, REF-1689, REF-1690, REF-1691, REF-2560, REF-2561, REF-2562

REF-0723, REF-0722, REF-0724, REF-1924, REF-1925, REF-1926, REF-1927, REF-1928, REF-1929, REF-1930, REF-1931, REF-1932, REF-1933, REF-1934

Lookalikes Review

Outcome: has-lookalikes

Reviewed By: Omnia Sana (owner-authorized)

Reviewed Date: 2026-07-06

Outcome: has-lookalikes

Reviewed By: Omnia Sana (owner-authorized)

Reviewed Date: 2026-07-07

Dangerous Lookalikes

Safety note^{[15, 16]}Fatal

Dangerous Plant: conium-maculatum

Confused Part: Young leaves and foliage gathered in spring, before flowering.

Confusion Context: Poison hemlock is a carrot-family plant with lacy foliage that can be mistaken for edible umbellifer greens; its alkaloid coniine causes an ascending paralysis that stops breathing, and even a small amount can be fatal. It grows in the same disturbed ground, hedgerows and waste places as ground elder.

Distinguishing Features: Ground elder leaves are in neat groups of three (twice-ternate) with broad, oval, sharply toothed leaflets. Poison hemlock leaves are finely divided, feathery and fern-like — not in groups of three., Poison hemlock has a hairless stem blotched and streaked with purple; ground elder's stem is plain green and grooved, never purple-spotted., Crushed ground elder smells mildly of parsley or carrot; crushed poison hemlock smells foul and musty ('mousy').

Key Test: Check the stem: purple blotches or streaks on a smooth, hairless stem = poison hemlock — do not eat. Ground elder has a plain green grooved stem, broad toothed leaflets in threes, and a mild parsley smell (never mousy).

Reviewed By: Omnia Sana (owner-authorized)

Reviewed Date: 2026-07-06

Safety note^[17]Fatal

Dangerous Plant: oenanthe-crocata

Confused Part: Foliage (mistaken for celery or parsley) and roots (mistaken for parsnip), where the plant grows near water.

Confusion Context: Hemlock water-dropwort is probably the most poisonous plant in Britain; its toxin oenanthotoxin causes violent convulsions, and its parsnip-like roots and celery-like leaves have repeatedly been eaten by mistake, often fatally. It grows in and beside water.

Distinguishing Features: Habitat is the first filter: hemlock water-dropwort grows in or right beside water (wet ditches, streams, marshes); ground elder grows in dry gardens, hedgerows and disturbed ground., Hemlock water-dropwort has a cluster of pale, swollen, finger-like root tubers ('dead man's fingers'); ground elder spreads by thin white creeping rhizomes, not fleshy tubers.

Key Test: If the plant is growing in or at the edge of water and has a cluster of swollen finger-like root tubers, treat it as hemlock water-dropwort — do not touch the roots. Ground elder grows in dry ground from thin creeping rhizomes.

Reviewed By: Omnia Sana (owner-authorized)

Reviewed Date: 2026-07-06

Safety note^{[18, 19]}Dangerous

Dangerous Plant: aethusa-cynapium

Confused Part: Young leaves and foliage in spring.

Confusion Context: Fool's parsley is a common carrot-family weed of gardens and disturbed ground — named for being mistaken for parsley — that contains toxic polyacetylenes and can cause burning of the mouth, vomiting and neurological effects, especially in children.

Distinguishing Features: Fool's parsley leaves are finely dissected, thin, dark green and fern-like; ground elder leaves are broad, oval, toothed leaflets in neat groups of three — a coarser, very different leaf., In flower, fool's parsley shows three long, narrow bracteoles hanging down beneath each small flower cluster (a 'beard'); ground elder umbels have no such drooping beard., Crushed fool's parsley smells foul and acrid ('mousy'); ground elder smells mildly of parsley or carrot.

Key Test: Finely dissected fern-like leaves with a foul mousy smell — and, if flowering, a drooping three-part 'beard' under each little umbel — mean fool's parsley, not ground elder (which has broad toothed leaflets in threes and a mild parsley scent).

Reviewed By: Omnia Sana (owner-authorized)

Reviewed Date: 2026-07-06

Safety note^{[18, 19, 20]}Fatal

Dangerous Plant: atropa-belladonna

Confused Part: First-year taproots dug for use as food or 'burdock root tea'; the root of deadly nightshade closely resembles a burdock root and the two grow as weeds in the same rough ground.

Confusion Context: Lesser burdock (Arctium minus) is dug for its long first-year taproot, used as a vegetable and as 'burdock root tea.' Deadly nightshade (Atropa belladonna) grows as a weed in the same disturbed ground and its root closely resembles a burdock root, so belladonna root can be gathered or processed in mistake for burdock. This has caused real poisonings: a JAMA case report (Bryson et al., 1978) describes atropine poisoning from a commercial burdock root tea, and belladonna-contaminated herbal teas have caused severe anticholinergic poisoning from as little as a few milligrams of atropine. Belladonna contains tropane alkaloids (atropine, hyoscyamine, scopolamine); poisoning causes dry flushed skin, widely dilated pupils, blurred vision, fever, a racing heart, agitation, hallucinations, seizures and can be fatal, especially in children.

Distinguishing Features: Whole plant: only dig burdock when you can match the whole living plant - burdock has huge rhubarb-like heart-shaped leaves that are whitish-woolly underneath and, in its second year, the familiar hooked burrs. Deadly nightshade is a branching plant with dull green oval pointed leaves, solitary purple-brown bell-shaped flowers and shiny black cherry-sized berries., Berries (decisive if present): burdock never bears berries - it makes bristly burrs. A plant near your 'burdock' bearing shiny black berries in green star-shaped calyces is deadly nightshade - do not dig roots from that ground., Best practice: because the roots alone are hard to tell apart, do not wild-harvest burdock root unless an expert has confirmed the living plant - buy it from a reputable supplier instead.

Key Test: Identify the whole living plant before digging any root. Confirm large rhubarb-like leaves that are woolly-white underneath (and hooked burrs in the second year) for burdock. If there are shiny black berries, purple-brown bell-shaped flowers or oval pointed leaves among the plants, deadly nightshade may be present - do not dig or brew root tea from there. When in doubt, buy burdock rather than foraging the root.

Reviewed By: Omnia Sana (owner-authorized)

Reviewed Date: 2026-07-07

References & Sources

Dębia, K., Dzięcioł, M., Wróblewska, A. and Janda-Milczarek, K (2025) 'Goutweed (Aegopodium podagraria L.): An Edible Weed with Health-Promoting Properties', Molecules, 30(7), pp. 1603. doi:10.3390/molecules30071603 Traditional / reference
https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30071603
Engelhardt, L., Pöhnl, T. and Neugart, S (2022) 'Edible Wild Vegetables Urtica dioica L. and Aegopodium podagraria L.: Antioxidants Affected by Processing', Plants (Basel), 11(20), pp. 2710. doi:10.3390/plants11202710 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11202710
Jakubczyk, K., Łukomska, A., Czaplicki, S., Wajs-Bonikowska, A., Gutowska, I. et al (2021) 'Bioactive Compounds in Aegopodium podagraria Leaf Extracts and Their Effects against Fluoride-Modulated Oxidative Stress in the THP-1 Cell Line', Pharmaceuticals (Basel), 14(12), pp. 1334. doi:10.3390/ph14121334 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.3390/ph14121334
Tovchiga, O.V (2016) 'The influence of goutweed (Aegopodium podagraria L.) tincture and metformin on the carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in dexamethasone-treated rats', BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 16, pp. 235. doi:10.1186/s12906-016-1221-y Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-016-1221-y
Flieger, J. and Flieger, M (2020) 'The [DPPH/DPPH-H]-HPLC-DAD Method on Tracking the Antioxidant Activity of Pure Antioxidants and Goutweed (Aegopodium podagraria L.) Hydroalcoholic Extracts', Molecules, 25(24), pp. 6005. doi:10.3390/molecules25246005 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25246005
Prior, R.M., Lundgaard, N.H., Light, M.E., Stafford, G.I., van Staden, J. and Jager, A.K (2007) 'The polyacetylene falcarindiol with COX-1 activity isolated from Aegopodium podagraria L', Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 113(1), pp. 176-178. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2007.05.005 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2007.05.005
Niziol-Lukaszewska, Z., Zagorska-Dziok, M., Ziemlewska, A. and Bujak, T (2020) 'Comparison of the Antiaging and Protective Properties of Plants from the Apiaceae Family', Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 2020, pp. 5307614. doi:10.1155/2020/5307614 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/5307614
Baranauskiene, R., Rackauskiene, I. and Venskutonis, P.R (2025) 'Characterization of Steam Volatiles and Evaluation of the Antioxidant Properties of Different Extracts from Leaves and Roots of Aegopodium podagraria L', Molecules, 30(24), pp. 4786. doi:10.3390/molecules30244786 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30244786
Ojala, T., Vuorela, P., Kiviranta, J., Vuorela, H. and Hiltunen, R (1999) 'A bioassay using Artemia salina for detecting phototoxicity of plant coumarins', Planta Medica, 65(8), pp. 715-718. doi:10.1055/s-1999-14049 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1055/s-1999-14049
Schulte, K.E. and Wulfhorst, G (1977) 'Polyacetylene compounds from Aegopodium podagraria L', Archiv der Pharmazie, 310(4), pp. 285-298. doi:10.1002/ardp.19773100403 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1002/ardp.19773100403
Grieve, M (1931) 'A Modern Herbal'. Traditional / reference
https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=A%20Modern%20Herbal
Moerman, D.E (1998) 'Native American Ethnobotany'. Traditional / reference
https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Native%20American%20Ethnobotany
Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew (n.d.). Available at: https://powo.science.kew.org Traditional / reference
https://powo.science.kew.org
Duke, J.A (2002) 'Handbook of Medicinal Herbs, Second Edition'. Traditional / reference
https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Handbook%20of%20Medicinal%20Herbs%2C%20Second%20Edition
Dayan, A.D (2024) 'Death of Socrates: a likely case of poison hemlock (Conium maculatum) poisoning', Clinical Toxicology (Philadelphia, Pa.), 62(1), pp. 56-60. doi:10.1080/15563650.2024.2309328 Clinical study
https://doi.org/10.1080/15563650.2024.2309328
King County Noxious Weeds (2024) 'Poison hemlock (Conium maculatum) identification and control'. Available at: https://kingcounty.gov/en/dept/dnrp/nature-recreation/environment-ecology-conservation/noxious-weeds/identification-control/poison-hemlock Traditional / reference
https://kingcounty.gov/en/dept/dnrp/nature-recreation/environment-ecology-conservation/noxious-weeds/identification-control/poison-hemlock
Mitchell, M.I. and Routledge, P.A (1978) 'Hemlock water dropwort poisoning - a review', Clinical Toxicology, 12(4), pp. 417-26. doi:10.3109/15563657809150012 Clinical study
https://doi.org/10.3109/15563657809150012
Teuscher, E. and Greger, H. and Adrian, V (1990) 'Toxicity of Aethusa cynapium L. (fool's parsley)', Pharmazie, 45(7), pp. 537-8. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2236201/ Preclinical
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2236201/
Minnesota Wildflowers (2024) 'Aethusa cynapium (Fool's Parsley)'. Available at: https://www.minnesotawildflowers.info/flower/fools-parsley Traditional / reference
https://www.minnesotawildflowers.info/flower/fools-parsley

Ahangarpour, A., Heidari, H., Oroojan, A.A., Mirzavandi, F., Nasr Esfehani, K. and Dehghan Mohammadi, Z (2017) 'Antidiabetic, hypolipidemic and hepatoprotective effects of Arctium lappa root's hydro-alcoholic extract on nicotinamide-streptozotocin induced type 2 model of diabetes in male mice', Avicenna Journal of Phytomedicine, 7(2), pp. 169-179. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28348972/ Preclinical
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28348972/
Gao, Q., Yang, M. and Zuo, Z (2018) 'Overview of the anti-inflammatory effects, pharmacokinetic properties and clinical efficacies of arctigenin and arctiin from Arctium lappa L', Acta Pharmacologica Sinica, 39(5), pp. 787-801. doi:10.1038/aps.2018.32 Traditional / reference
https://doi.org/10.1038/aps.2018.32
Zeng, F., Li, Y., Zhang, X., Shen, L., Zhao, X. et al (2023) 'Immune regulation and inflammation inhibition of Arctium lappa L. polysaccharides by TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway in cells', International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 254, pp. 127700. doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127700 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127700
Fischer, S.P.M., Brusco, I., Camponogara, C., Piana, M., Faccin, H., Gobo, L.A., de Carvalho, L.M. and Oliveira, S.M (2017) 'Arctium minus crude extract presents antinociceptive effect in a mice acute gout attack model', Inflammopharmacology, 26(2), pp. 505-519. doi:10.1007/s10787-017-0384-6 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10787-017-0384-6
Erdemoglu, N., Turan, N.N., Akkol, E.K., Sener, B. and Abacioglu, N (2008) 'Estimation of anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive and antioxidant activities of Arctium minus (Hill) Bernh. ssp. minus', Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 121(2), pp. 318-323. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2008.11.009 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2008.11.009
Ilgun, S., Karatoprak, G.S., Polat, D.C., Safak, E.K., Yildiz, G., Kupeli Akkol, E. and Sobarzo-Sanchez, E (2022) 'Phytochemical Composition and Biological Activities of Arctium minus (Hill) Bernh.: A Potential Candidate as Antioxidant, Enzyme Inhibitor, and Cytotoxic Agent', Antioxidants, 11(10), pp. 1852. doi:10.3390/antiox11101852 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11101852
Erol, E., Erol, K.F., Yanikoglu, R.S., Taskin, C., Kizilarslan Hancer, C. and Topcu, G (2024) 'Quantitative Determination of the Cytotoxic Compounds in Different Organs of Arctium minus (Hill) Bernh. by LC-HRESIMS Using Response Surface Methodology', ACS Omega, 9(40), pp. 41890-41903. doi:10.1021/acsomega.4c06644 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.4c06644
Malanik, M., Farkova, V., Krizova, J., Kresova, A., Smejkal, K., Kasparovsky, T. and Dadakova, K (2024) 'Comparison of Metabolic Profiles of Fruits of Arctium lappa, Arctium minus, and Arctium tomentosum', Plant Foods for Human Nutrition, 79(2), pp. 497-502. doi:10.1007/s11130-024-01175-w Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11130-024-01175-w
Cimino, C.V., Colombo, M.L., Liggieri, C., Bruno, M. and Vairo-Cavalli, S (2015) 'Partial Molecular Characterization of Arctium minus Aspartylendopeptidase and Preparation of Bioactive Peptides by Whey Protein Hydrolysis', Journal of Medicinal Food, 18(8), pp. 856-864. doi:10.1089/jmf.2014.0101 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1089/jmf.2014.0101
Kenny, O., Smyth, T.J., Walsh, D., Kelleher, C.T., Hewage, C.M. and Brunton, N.P (2014) 'Investigating the potential of under-utilised plants from the Asteraceae family as a source of natural antimicrobial and antioxidant extracts', Food Chemistry, 161, pp. 79-86. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.03.126 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.03.126
Karadeniz, A., Alexie, G., Greten, H.J., Andersch, K. and Efferth, T (2015) 'Cytotoxicity of medicinal plants of the West-Canadian Gwich'in Native Americans towards sensitive and multidrug-resistant cancer cells', Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 168, pp. 191-200. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2015.03.052 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2015.03.052
Watkins, F., Pendry, B., Sanchez-Medina, A. and Corcoran, O (2012) 'Antimicrobial assays of three native British plants used in Anglo-Saxon medicine for wound healing formulations in 10th century England', Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 144(2), pp. 408-415. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2012.09.031 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2012.09.031
Abraham, E.P. and Crowfoot, D.M (1946) 'An antibacterial substance from Arctium minus and Onopordon tauricum', Nature, 158(4021), pp. 744. doi:10.1038/158744a0 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1038/158744a0
Cavallito, C.J. and Kirchner, F.K (1947) 'The antibacterial principle of Arctium minus; the unsaturated lactone structure', Journal of the American Chemical Society, 69(12), pp. 3030-3032. doi:10.1021/ja01204a028 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01204a028
Herbal Reality (n.d.) 'Burdock (Arctium): Benefits, Medicinal Uses, Safety'. Available at: https://www.herbalreality.com/herb/burdock/ Traditional / reference
https://www.herbalreality.com/herb/burdock/
Drugs.com (n.d.) 'Burdock Uses, Benefits & Dosage'. Available at: https://www.drugs.com/npp/burdock.html Traditional / reference
https://www.drugs.com/npp/burdock.html
Chan, Y.S., Cheng, L.N., Wu, J.H., Chan, E., Kwan, Y.W., Lee, S.M.Y., Leung, G.P.H., Yu, P.H.F. and Chan, S.W (2011) 'A review of the pharmacological effects of Arctium lappa (burdock)', Inflammopharmacology, 19(5), pp. 245--254. doi:10.1007/s10787-010-0062-4 Traditional / reference
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10787-010-0062-4
Bryson, P.D. and Watanabe, A.S. and Rumack, B.H. and Murphy, R.C (1978) 'Burdock root tea poisoning. Case report involving a commercial preparation', JAMA, 239(20), pp. 2157. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/642161/ Clinical study
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/642161/
Berdai, M.A. and Labib, S. and Chetouani, K. and Harandou, M (2012) 'Atropa belladonna intoxication: a case report', Pan African Medical Journal, 11, pp. 72. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22655106/ Clinical study
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22655106/
Oerlemans, C. and de Vries, I. and van Riel, A.J.H.P (2017) 'Anticholinergic syndrome caused by contaminated herbal tea; acting swiftly to identify the source', Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde, 161, pp. D1261. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28612694/ Clinical study
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28612694/

Ground Elder monograph Lesser Burdock monograph Compare other plants

Generated automatically from the Omnia Sana plant database and its cited sources. For educational purposes only — not medical advice. Always consult a qualified practitioner before using medicinal plants.