Common Names: Indian Ginseng, Winter Cherry, Poison Gooseberry, Ajagandha, Kanaje Hindi, Asgand
Genus: Withania
Parts Used: Leaf, Root
Medicinal Actions: Anti-inflammatory, Anticancer, Antidiabetic, Antioxidant, Cognitive support, Fertility, Immune Support, Physical performance / strength improvement, Sedative
Preparation Methods: Capsule/Pill, Decoction, Powder, Tea/Infusion, Tincture
Tags: Nervous System, Traditional Medicine
Entry Type: Plant
Status: Research
Book Part: Materia Medica
Summary:
Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) is a premier adaptogenic herb in Ayurvedic medicine, extensively researched for stress reduction, cognitive enhancement, and physical performance. The root contains withanolides as primary bioactive compounds responsible for most therapeutic effects. Clinical evidence supports efficacy in reducing stress and anxiety, improving sleep quality, enhancing cognitive function, supporting male fertility, increasing muscle strength and recovery, and modulating immune function. Also demonstrates anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, neuroprotective, cardioprotective, and anti-diabetic properties in research studies.
Distribution:
Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) is native to a broad range spanning the Indian subcontinent, northern Africa, the Mediterranean, the Canary Islands, and parts of the Middle East. It grows naturally in dry, stony soils and semi-arid habitats in India (particularly in the states of Rajasthan, Punjab, and Madhya Pradesh), Pakistan, Afghanistan, and the Mediterranean. India remains by far the largest producer globally, cultivating it extensively in Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Haryana, and Uttar Pradesh. Not found wild in Latvia; imported as root powder or supplement extracts (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, n.d.; Singh et al., 2011).
Notes:
Root and leaf have different chemical compositions. Clinical trials show significant improvements in stress scores, anxiety levels, sleep parameters, testosterone levels, sperm quality, muscle mass, strength, and VO2 max. Demonstrates neuroprotective effects in neurodegenerative disease models. Root extract standardized to withanolides is most commonly studied form.
Cultural Notes:
Used for over 3,000 years in Ayurvedic medicine, considered one of the most important herbs and called ‘Rasayana’ (rejuvenator/tonic). The Sanskrit name means ‘smell of horse,’ referring both to the root’s odor and the belief it imparts horse-like strength and vitality. Known as the ‘Queen of Ayurveda’ for its broad therapeutic effects. Also used in traditional Unani medicine. Historically mentioned in ancient Ayurvedic texts including Charaka Samhita and Sushruta Samhita. Traditionally prescribed for stress, fatigue, pain, skin diseases, diabetes, gastrointestinal conditions, rheumatoid arthritis, and epilepsy. Used as a general tonic to improve energy, health, and longevity.
Safety Notes:
Generally well-tolerated in clinical trials at doses up to 600 mg/day for up to 12 weeks. Common side effects may include mild drowsiness, gastrointestinal upset, and diarrhea at higher doses. Contraindicated during pregnancy due to potential abortifacient effects. May interact with sedatives, immunosuppressants, thyroid medications, and blood sugar medications. People with autoimmune diseases, hyperthyroidism, or scheduled for surgery should consult healthcare providers before use. May cause allergic reactions in sensitive individuals. Not recommended for children without medical supervision.