Pharmacological Actions

Digestive aid^{[1, 2, 12, 13, 14, 15]}

Traditional & Indicated Uses

Bloating^{[1, 12, 13, 14, 15]}Traditional · 1/10

inferred from digestive action

more plants for bloating →detailed sources →

Indigestion^{[1, 2, 6, 12, 13, 14, 15]}Traditional · 2/10

inferred from digestive action

more plants for indigestion →detailed sources →

Menstrual cramps^{[1, 12, 13, 14, 15]}Traditional · 1/10

more plants for menstrual cramps →detailed sources →

Oral & throat health^{[1, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15]}Traditional · 2/10

more plants for oral & throat health →detailed sources →

Respiratory support^{[1, 12, 13, 14, 15]}Traditional · 1/10

more plants for respiratory support →detailed sources →

Safety, Cautions & Contraindications

Safety note^{[1, 12, 13, 14, 15]}Caution

Generally safe at culinary amounts used in Indian and Middle Eastern cooking. Ajwain essential oil is highly concentrated and should not be ingested in large quantities — thymol toxicity can cause nausea, vomiting, and central nervous system effects at high doses. May increase photosensitivity (phototoxic potential of essential oil). May mildly lower blood pressure and blood sugar — caution when combined with antihypertensive or antidiabetic medications. Contains thymol, which may enhance anticoagulant effects at very high doses. Not recommended in medicinal doses during pregnancy (has emmenagogue properties in traditional use) or breastfeeding. Avoid in large amounts with peptic ulcer as it may aggravate gastric acidity in some individuals (Bairwa et al., 2012).

Safety note^{[1, 12, 13, 14, 15]}Info

According to Duke (2002), ajowan essential oil is fungitoxic at 500 ppm and possesses spasmogenic activity. The oil is rich in thymol, which may be responsible for many of the plant's biological activities including its antispasmodic, carminative, and antimicrobial effects. Recommended dosage in traditional medicine is 3–6 g of powdered seed, or 125 mg of standardized extract (Duke, 2002).

References

REF-0017, REF-1914, REF-1915, REF-1916, REF-1917, REF-1918, REF-1919, REF-1920, REF-1921, REF-1922, REF-1923

References & Sources

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https://doi.org/10.4103/0973-7847.95871
Eftekhari, M., Hoseinsalari, A., Mansourian, M., Farjadmand, F., Shams Ardekani, M.R., Sharifzadeh, M., Hassanzadeh, G., Khanavi, M. and Gholami, M (2019) 'Trachyspermum ammi (L.) Sprague, superb essential oil and its major components on peptic ulcers: in vivo combined in silico studies', DARU Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 27(1), pp. 317-327. doi:10.1007/s40199-019-00279-y Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40199-019-00279-y
Khan, A. and Gilani, A.H (2023) 'An insight investigation to the antiurolithic activity of Trachyspermum ammi using the in vitro and in vivo experiments', Urolithiasis, 51(1), pp. 43. doi:10.1007/s00240-023-01415-9 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00240-023-01415-9
Soni, K. and Parle, M (2017) 'Trachyspermum ammi Seeds Supplementation Helps Reverse Scopolamine, Alprazolam and Electroshock Induced Amnesia', Neurochemical Research, 42(5), pp. 1333-1344. doi:10.1007/s11064-017-2177-0 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11064-017-2177-0
Gupta, B.D., Kar, A., Narayan, S., Thakur, C.P., Mukherjee, P.K. and Haldar, P.K (2023) 'Ultra-performance liquid chromatography-Quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry-based metabolite profiling, quality evaluation, and marker analysis of Trachyspermum ammi (L.) Sprague by high-performance thin-layer chromatography', Journal of Separation Science, 46(10), pp. e2200872. doi:10.1002/jssc.202200872 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1002/jssc.202200872
Arasu, A., Pingley, V., Prabha, N., O V, R., Annathurai, K., Kasirajan, S., Govindasamy, A., Alwahibi, M.S., Elshikh, M.S., Abdel Gawwad, M.R. and Arockiaraj, J (2021) 'Impact and fungitoxic spectrum of Trachyspermum ammi against Candida albicans, an opportunistic pathogenic fungus commonly found in human gut that causes Candidiasis infection', Journal of Infection and Public Health, 14(12), pp. 1854-1863. doi:10.1016/j.jiph.2021.09.027 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiph.2021.09.027
Sharifzadeh, A., Khosravi, A.R., Shokri, H. and Sharafi, G (2015) 'Antifungal effect of Trachyspermum ammi against susceptible and fluconazole-resistant strains of Candida albicans', Journal de Mycologie Medicale, 25(2), pp. 143-150. doi:10.1016/j.mycmed.2015.03.008 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mycmed.2015.03.008
Petramfar, P., Moein, M., Samani, S.M., Tabatabaei, S.H. and Zarshenas, M.M (2016) 'Trachyspermum ammi 10% topical cream versus placebo on neuropathic pain, a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial', Neurological Sciences, 37(9), pp. 1449-1455. doi:10.1007/s10072-016-2600-3 Randomized trial
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10072-016-2600-3
Saleem, U., Riaz, S., Ahmad, B. and Saleem, M (2017) 'Pharmacological Screening of Trachyspermum ammi for Antihyperlipidemic Activity in Triton X-100 Induced Hyperlipidemia Rat Model', Pharmacognosy Research, 9(Suppl 1), pp. S34-S40. doi:10.4103/pr.pr_37_17 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.4103/pr.pr_37_17
Dadpe, M.V., Dhore, S.V., Dahake, P.T., Kale, Y.J., Kendre, S.B. and Siddiqui, A.G (2018) 'Evaluation of antimicrobial efficacy of Trachyspermum ammi (Ajwain) oil and chlorhexidine against oral bacteria: An in vitro study', Journal of the Indian Society of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, 36(4), pp. 357-363. doi:10.4103/JISPPD.JISPPD_65_18 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.4103/JISPPD.JISPPD_65_18
Arabi Monfared, A., Ayatollahi Mousavi, S.A., Zomorodian, K., Mehrabani, D., Iraji, A. and Moein, M.R (2020) 'Trachyspermum ammi aromatic water: A traditional drink with considerable anti-Candida activity', Current Medical Mycology, 6(3), pp. 1-8. doi:10.18502/cmm.6.3.3979 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.18502/cmm.6.3.3979
Awan, S.J., Kanwal, M., Riaz, M.N. et al (2021) 'A Review on the Medicinal Potential of Trachyspermum ammi', pp. 302--311. doi:10.9734/jpri/2021/v33i41B32457 Traditional / reference
https://doi.org/10.9734/jpri/2021/v33i41B32457
Boskabady, M.H., Alitaneh, S. and Alavinezhad, A (2014) 'Carum copticum L.: A Herbal Medicine with Various Pharmacological Effects'. doi:10.1155/2014/569087 Traditional / reference
https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/569087
Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew (n.d.) 'Trachyspermum ammi (L.) Sprague'. Available at: https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:http://ipni.org:names:436285-1 Traditional / reference
https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:http://ipni.org:names:436285-1
Shova, D.C., Shrestha, S., Sharma, S. and Dhakal, H (2020) 'GC-MS analysis, antibacterial, antioxidant study and brine shrimp lethality analysis of Trachyspermum ammi (L.) Sprague', 1(1), pp. 45--50. Traditional / reference
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