Plant Comparison

Blackcurrant vs Figwort

A side-by-side comparison of two medicinal plants — every documented constituent, action, use, safety note and cited source, assembled automatically from the Omnia Sana database.

First plant
Second plant
Show:
Plant ABlackcurrantRibes nigrumGrossulariaceaeFull monograph →
Plant BFigwortScrophularia nodosaScrophulariaceaeFull monograph →

At a glance

Blackcurrant and Figwort: they share 6 indicated uses (arthritis / joint pain, inflammation (general), skin irritation, …); 2 pharmacological actions in common.

BlackcurrantFigwort
Constituents33
Pharmacological actions54
Indicated uses1112
Safety notes22
Cited sources1416
Indicated uses
Only Blackcurrant
Cardiovascular / heart healthCold & fluEye strain / eye healthImmune supportInfection (general)
Shared (6)
Arthritis / joint painInflammation (general)Skin irritationSwelling / fluid retentionUrinary supportUrinary tract infection (UTI)
Only Figwort
AcneDetox / cleansingEczemaMenstrual crampsMuscle spasmPsoriasis
Pharmacological actions
Only Blackcurrant
AntioxidantAntiviralImmunomodulator / immune support
Shared (2)
Anti-inflammatoryDiuretic
Only Figwort
Alterative / depurative ('detox')Antispasmodic

Evidence face-off — shared uses

ConditionBlackcurrantFigwortVerdict
Arthritis / joint pain5/101/10Stronger for Blackcurrant
Inflammation (general)5/102/10Stronger for Blackcurrant
Skin irritation5/102/10Stronger for Blackcurrant
Swelling / fluid retention5/101/10Stronger for Blackcurrant
Urinary support5/101/10Stronger for Blackcurrant
Urinary tract infection (UTI)5/101/10Stronger for Blackcurrant

Evidence scores (1–10) are computed from the tier of each cited source. “Comparable” means the two scores are within one point. Follow a score to its detailed sources.

Key Constituents

Anthocyanins (delphinidin, cyanidin glycosides)[1]

Give the berries their deep colour and are the principal antioxidant constituents.

Anthocyanins
Vitamin C and polyphenols[9]

The fruit is exceptionally rich in vitamin C, contributing to its traditional cold/flu use.

Phenolic compounds
Gamma-linolenic acid (GLA, seed oil)[3]

The seed oil is a well-known plant source of the omega-6 fatty acid GLA.

Gamma-linolenic acid (GLA)
Iridoid glycosides (aucubin, harpagoside, harpagide, catalpol)[3, 4, 11, 12]

Anti-inflammatory constituents; harpagoside also has cardiac (inotropic) activity.

Iridoid glycosidesHarpagosideGlycosides
Flavonoids[5, 11]

Antioxidant constituents.

Flavonoids
Phenolic acids (caffeic, ferulic, vanillic)[11]

Supporting antioxidant constituents.

Phenolic acidsCaffeic acidFerulic acid

Pharmacological Actions

Anti-inflammatory[1, 4, 9, 11, 12, 13]
Antioxidant[9, 10, 11, 12, 13]
Antiviral[11, 12, 13]
Diuretic[11, 12, 13]
Immunomodulator / immune support[9, 11, 12, 13]
Alterative / depurative ('detox')[6, 9, 10, 11, 12]

Mild diuretic and lymphatic 'detoxifying' herb (traditional); Traditional 'alterative' for chronic skin conditions - eczema, psoriasis, rashes (as a poultice, salve or tea)

Anti-inflammatory[2, 7, 11]

Anti-inflammatory; soothes inflamed, irritated skin

Antispasmodic[13]

Antispasmodic / smooth-muscle relaxant (preclinical - an extract relaxed isolated intestinal smooth muscle, apparently via muscarinic receptors)

Diuretic[11]

Mild diuretic and lymphatic 'detoxifying' herb (traditional)

Traditional & Indicated Uses

Arthritis / joint pain[11, 12, 13]Moderate · 5/10

inferred from anti-inflammatory action

Evidence: 5
Label: Arthritis / joint pain
Cardiovascular / heart health[6, 7, 8, 11, 12, 13]Moderate · 6/10
Evidence: 6
Label: Cardiovascular / heart health
Cold & flu[11, 12, 13]Moderate · 5/10

inferred from antiviral action

Evidence: 5
Label: Cold & flu
Eye strain / eye health[11, 12, 13]Moderate · 5/10
Evidence: 5
Label: Eye strain / eye health
Immune support[11, 12, 13]Moderate · 5/10
Evidence: 5
Label: Immune support
Infection (general)[11, 12, 13]Moderate · 5/10

inferred from antiviral action

Evidence: 5
Label: Infection (general)
Inflammation (general)[1, 4, 11, 12, 13]Moderate · 5/10

inferred from anti-inflammatory action

Evidence: 5
Label: Inflammation (general)
Skin irritation[11, 12, 13]Moderate · 5/10

inferred from anti-inflammatory action

Evidence: 5
Label: Skin irritation
Swelling / fluid retention[11, 12, 13]Moderate · 5/10

inferred from diuretic action

Evidence: 5
Label: Swelling / fluid retention
Urinary support[11, 12, 13]Moderate · 5/10

inferred from diuretic action

Evidence: 5
Label: Urinary support
Urinary tract infection (UTI)[11, 12, 13]Moderate · 5/10

inferred from diuretic action

Evidence: 5
Label: Urinary tract infection (UTI)
Acne[11, 12]Traditional · 1/10

inferred from alterative action

Evidence: 1
Label: Acne
Arthritis / joint pain[11]Traditional · 1/10

inferred from anti-inflammatory action

Evidence: 1
Label: Arthritis / joint pain
Detox / cleansing[11, 12]Traditional · 1/10

inferred from alterative action

Evidence: 1
Label: Detox / cleansing
Eczema[11, 12]Traditional · 1/10

Traditional 'alterative' for chronic skin conditions - eczema, psoriasis, rashes (as a poultice, salve or tea)

Evidence: 1
Label: Eczema
Inflammation (general)[7, 11]Traditional · 2/10

inferred from anti-inflammatory action

Evidence: 2
Label: Inflammation (general)
Menstrual cramps[13]Traditional · 1/10

inferred from antispasmodic action

Evidence: 1
Label: Menstrual cramps
Muscle spasm[13]Traditional · 1/10

inferred from antispasmodic action

Evidence: 1
Label: Muscle spasm
Psoriasis[11, 12]Traditional · 1/10

Traditional 'alterative' for chronic skin conditions - eczema, psoriasis, rashes (as a poultice, salve or tea)

Evidence: 1
Label: Psoriasis
Skin irritation[1, 6, 11, 12]Traditional · 2/10

Anti-inflammatory; soothes inflamed, irritated skin; Traditional 'alterative' for chronic skin conditions - eczema, psoriasis, rashes (as a poultice, salve or tea)

Evidence: 2
Label: Skin irritation
Swelling / fluid retention[11]Traditional · 1/10

inferred from diuretic action

Evidence: 1
Label: Swelling / fluid retention
Urinary support[11]Traditional · 1/10

inferred from diuretic action

Evidence: 1
Label: Urinary support
Urinary tract infection (UTI)[11]Traditional · 1/10

inferred from diuretic action

Evidence: 1
Label: Urinary tract infection (UTI)

Safety, Cautions & Contraindications

Safety note[11, 12, 13]Caution

Fruit (berries) • Generally safe as food for most people; adverse effects mainly GI discomfort or allergy in sensitive individuals. • If using high-dose extracts, use extra caution with blood-thinners/anticoagulants (evidence is not definitive, but polyphenol-rich supplements are often treated cautiously in practice). Leaf (folium) • EMA classifies blackcurrant leaf as a traditional herbal medicinal product (not “well-established use”): minor joint pain and urinary-tract flushing. • Typical label cautions (EMA-style): not recommended <18, avoid if you have edema due to impaired heart/kidney function, and seek medical advice if urinary symptoms persist/worsen. • Pregnancy/lactation: food use is fine, but medicinal leaf dosing is generally used cautiously due to limited robust safety data. Seed (seed oil) • Usually well tolerated, but may cause GI upset in some people. • Caution with anticoagulants/antiplatelet drugs (PUFA supplements are often used cautiously here). • Note: some trials explored maternal/infant contexts, but that does not automatically mean “recommended in pregnancy” outside medical supervision.

Safety note[11, 12, 13, 14]Info

Duke (2002) rates blackcurrant fruit highly (+++), with evidence for anti-inflammatory, angioprotective, and antioxidant activities. Ribes nigrum extracts showed the richest anthocyanin and polyphenol content in antioxidant studies, outperforming many other common berries. Clinical use is supported for diarrhea, colds, and flu. The high vitamin C and anthocyanin content underpin its vasoprotective effects. The fruit is treated as food-grade medicine and is classified as generally safe (Duke, 2002).

Safety note[11, 12]Caution

Avoid if you have a heart condition or take cardiac medicines: figwort's harpagoside has a stimulating (inotropic) effect on the heart, so it is traditionally avoided with rapid heartbeat or heart disease.

Safety note[12]Caution

Avoid during pregnancy. There is insufficient reliable evidence on the safety of taking figwort by mouth, so internal use should be cautious and short-term.

External Ids

Gbif: 2986192
Wikidata: Q146604
Gbif: 3170886
Wikidata: Q159115

Botanical Description

Deciduous shrub (Grossulariaceae), 1-2 m tall, aromatic when the leaves are crushed. Leaves are palmately lobed (3-5 lobes), toothed, with resinous glands on the underside. Small, greenish-white to dull purple, bell-shaped flowers are borne in drooping racemes, followed by clusters of glossy black berries.

Height: 1-2 m
Habit: Deciduous shrub
Leaves: Palmately lobed (3-5 lobes), toothed, resin-glanded beneath, aromatic
Flowers: Small, greenish-white to dull purple, bell-shaped, in drooping racemes
Stem: Woody, multi-stemmed
Root: Fibrous woody root system
Fruit: Clusters of glossy black berries
Flowering Period: April-May

Tall perennial herb (Scrophulariaceae), 50-100 cm (occasionally more), with a distinctly square stem. Leaves are opposite, ovate, toothed and unpleasant-smelling. Small, dull maroon-brown, two-lipped flowers are borne in loose, branched clusters (cymes), followed by small dry seed capsules.[11]

Height: 50-100 cm (occasionally more)
Habit: Tall, square-stemmed perennial herb
Leaves: Opposite, ovate, toothed, unpleasant-smelling
Flowers: Small, dull maroon-brown, two-lipped, in loose branched cymes
Stem: Distinctly square
Root: Knotty rhizomatous root (historically likened to swollen glands, per the Doctrine of Signatures)
Fruit: Small dry seed capsule
Flowering Period: June-September

Habitat

Native to central and northern Europe and Siberia, growing in damp woodland, fens, riverbanks and hedgerows; widely cultivated commercially as a fruit crop in cool-temperate climates.

Native to Europe and western Asia, growing in damp woods, hedge banks, ditches and shady waste ground on moist, nutrient-rich soils.[11]

Harvesting

Berries are hand- or machine-harvested in mid- to late summer once fully ripe and black. Leaves are gathered in late spring to early summer, before flowering fades, for the medicinal leaf preparation. Seed oil is cold-pressed from the seeds after juicing.

Parts: Fruit, Leaf, Seed
Season: Berries mid-late summer; leaf late spring-early summer

Aerial parts are cut during flowering (summer); the root can also be dug in autumn.[11]

Parts: Aerial parts, Root
Season: Aerial parts in summer (flowering); root in autumn

Traditional Uses

Blackcurrant has a long northern-European food-medicine tradition: the vitamin-C- and anthocyanin-rich berries have traditionally been used for colds, flu and general vitality, while the leaf has an official EU traditional-use registration for minor joint pain and as a urinary-tract flush, and the seed oil is valued as a source of gamma-linolenic acid (GLA). Modern research confirms broad antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory and vasoprotective activity across the fruit, leaf and seed oil.[11, 12, 13]

Figwort takes one common name, 'scrofula plant', from its historic traditional use for scrofula (tuberculous lymph-node swelling) under the Doctrine of Signatures, its knotty root resembling swollen glands. It has a long folk-medicine reputation as an 'alterative' (blood-purifying) herb for chronic skin conditions such as eczema and psoriasis, applied as a poultice, salve or tea.[11, 12]

Preparations

Leaf infusion (tea)[11, 12, 13]

Dried leaf steeped in hot water - the traditional joint-comfort/urinary-flush preparation.

Standardised fruit extract[1, 4]

Concentrated anthocyanin extract used in some clinical research.

Poultice/salve (topical)[11]

Crushed fresh or prepared aerial parts applied to skin conditions such as eczema and psoriasis.

Infusion (tea)[11]

Dried aerial parts steeped in hot water, a traditional alterative/diuretic preparation.

Dosage

Leaf infusion[11, 12, 13]

EMA-style traditional-use guidance for the leaf suggests roughly 2-4 g dried leaf per cup as an infusion, up to three times daily, for short-term joint or urinary support (not recommended under 18, or with fluid retention linked to heart/kidney disease). Berries and juice are food-safe at normal dietary amounts. Educational reference only, not a prescription.

Infusion (tea)[11, 12]

Traditional guidance suggests roughly 2-4 g dried herb per cup as an infusion, taken cautiously and short-term given limited safety data and the cardioactive harpagoside content. Educational reference only, not a prescription; avoid with heart conditions/cardiac medicines and in pregnancy.

References

REF-1243, REF-1244, REF-1245, REF-1246, REF-1247, REF-1248, REF-1249, REF-1250, REF-1251, REF-1252
REF-1035, REF-1036, REF-1037, REF-1038, REF-1039, REF-1040, REF-1041, REF-1042, REF-1043, REF-1044

Lookalikes Review

Outcome: none-known
Reviewed By: Omnia Sana (owner-authorized)
Reviewed Date: 2026-07-07
Outcome: has-lookalikes
Reviewed By: Omnia Sana (owner-authorized)
Reviewed Date: 2026-07-07

Dangerous Lookalikes

Not documented

Safety note[14, 15, 16]Fatal
Dangerous Plant: atropa-belladonna
Confused Part: Tall shady-ground plant with small dark flowers gathered for herbal use; deadly nightshade grows in similar ground and has been confused with figwort.
Confusion Context: Common figwort (Scrophularia nodosa) is a tall plant of damp woods and hedge banks used in traditional herbal medicine. As the botanical reference First Nature notes, it is sometimes confused with deadly nightshade (Atropa belladonna) - both are shade-loving plants with dull, dark-coloured flowers. Deadly nightshade is one of the most poisonous plants in Europe: its tropane alkaloids (atropine, hyoscyamine, scopolamine) cause a dry flushed skin, dilated pupils, hallucinations, seizures and can be fatal. Because the two can be mistaken, especially by the dark flowers, careful identification matters.
Distinguishing Features: Stem (decisive): common figwort has a distinctly SQUARE stem in cross-section. Deadly nightshade has a round stem., Flower size: figwort's flowers are tiny (only about 8 mm across), roughly a third the size of deadly nightshade's larger purplish-brown bell flowers., Fruit: figwort forms small dry seed capsules, whereas deadly nightshade bears shiny black cherry-sized berries in a green star-shaped calyx - any such berries mean deadly nightshade.
Key Test: Feel the stem and look at the flowers/fruit. A square stem with tiny (~8 mm) dark flowers and dry seed capsules = figwort. A round stem, larger brown-purple bell flowers and shiny black berries = deadly nightshade - potentially fatal, do not gather it. If you see black berries, do not use the plant.
Reviewed By: Omnia Sana (owner-authorized)
Reviewed Date: 2026-07-07

References & Sources

  1. Lee, Y., Pham, T.X., Bae, M., Hu, S. and others (2019) 'Blackcurrant (Ribes nigrum) Prevents Obesity-Induced Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis in Mice', Obesity (Silver Spring), 27(1), pp. 112-120. doi:10.1002/oby.22353 Preclinical
    https://doi.org/10.1002/oby.22353
  2. da Costa, P., Schetinger, M.R.C., Baldissarelli, J., Stefanello, N. and others (2024) 'Blackcurrant (Ribes nigrum L.) improves cholinergic signaling and protects against chronic scopolamine-induced memory impairment in mice', Journal of Psychopharmacology, 38(12), pp. 1170-1183. doi:10.1177/02698811241273776 Preclinical
    https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811241273776
  3. Nanashima, N., Horie, K., Yamanouchi, K., Tomisawa, T. and others (2020) 'Blackcurrant (Ribes nigrum) Extract Prevents Dyslipidemia and Hepatic Steatosis in Ovariectomized Rats', Nutrients, 12(5), pp. 1541. doi:10.3390/nu12051541 Preclinical
    https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12051541
  4. Lee, Y. and Lee, J.Y (2019) 'Blackcurrant (Ribes nigrum) Extract Exerts an Anti-Inflammatory Action by Modulating Macrophage Phenotypes', Nutrients, 11(5), pp. 975. doi:10.3390/nu11050975 Preclinical
    https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11050975
  5. Lappi, J., Raninen, K., Vakevainen, K., Karlund, A. and others (2020) 'Blackcurrant (Ribes nigrum) lowers sugar-induced postprandial glycaemia independently and in a product with fermented quinoa: a randomised crossover trial', British Journal of Nutrition, 126(5), pp. 708-717. doi:10.1017/S0007114520004468 Randomized trial
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114520004468
  6. Horie, K., Maeda, H., Nanashima, N. and Oey, I (2021) 'Potential Vasculoprotective Effects of Blackcurrant (Ribes nigrum) Extract in Diabetic KK-Ay Mice', Molecules, 26(21), pp. 6459. doi:10.3390/molecules26216459 Preclinical
    https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26216459
  7. Nanashima, N., Horie, K., Kitajima, M., Takamagi, S. and others (2021) 'Hypocholesterolemic Effect of Blackcurrant (Ribes nigrum) Extract in Healthy Female Subjects: A Pilot Study', Molecules, 26(13), pp. 4085. doi:10.3390/molecules26134085 Clinical study
    https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26134085
  8. Horie, K., Nanashima, N., Maeda, H., Tomisawa, T. and others (2021) 'Blackcurrant (Ribes nigrum L.) Extract Exerts Potential Vasculoprotective Effects in Ovariectomized Rats, Including Prevention of Elastin Degradation and Pathological Vascular Remodeling', Nutrients, 13(2), pp. 560. doi:10.3390/nu13020560 Preclinical
    https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13020560
  9. Oczkowski, M (2021) 'Health-promoting effects of bioactive compounds in blackcurrant (Ribes nigrum L.) berries', Roczniki Panstwowego Zakladu Higieny, 72(3), pp. 229-238. doi:10.32394/rpzh.2021.0174 Meta-analysis / review
    https://doi.org/10.32394/rpzh.2021.0174
  10. Vagiri, M., Conner, S., Stewart, D., Andersson, S.C. and others (2015) 'Phenolic compounds in blackcurrant (Ribes nigrum L.) leaves relative to leaf position and harvest date', Food Chemistry, 172, pp. 135-142. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.09.041 Preclinical
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.09.041
  11. Gopalan, A., Reuben, S.C., Ahmed, S., Darvesh, A.S., Hohmann, J. and Bishayee, A (2012) 'The health benefits of blackcurrants', 3(8), pp. 795--809. doi:10.1039/c2fo30058c Randomized trial
    https://doi.org/10.1039/c2fo30058c
  12. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew (n.d.). Available at: https://powo.science.kew.org Traditional / reference
    https://powo.science.kew.org
  13. Watson, A.W., Haskell-Ramsay, C.F., Kennedy, D.O., Dodd, F.L., Wightman, E.L. and Reay, J.L (2015) 'Acute supplementation with blackcurrant extracts modulates cognitive functioning and inhibits monoamine oxidase-B in healthy young adults', 54(3), pp. 505--513. Traditional / reference
    https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Acute%20supplementation%20with%20blackcurrant%20extracts%20modulates%20cognitive%20functioning%20and%20inhibits%20monoamine%20oxidase-B%20in%20healthy%20young%20adults
  14. Duke, J.A (2002) 'Handbook of Medicinal Herbs, Second Edition'. Traditional / reference
    https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Handbook%20of%20Medicinal%20Herbs%2C%20Second%20Edition
  1. Stevenson, P.C., Simmonds, M.S.J., Sampson, J., Houghton, P.J. and Grice, P (2002) 'Wound healing activity of acylated iridoid glycosides from Scrophularia nodosa', Phytotherapy Research, 16(1), pp. 33-35. doi:10.1002/ptr.798 Preclinical
    https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.798
  2. Ahmad, M., Muhammad, N., Mehjabeen, Jahan, N. and others (2012) 'Biological screening of Scrophularia nodosa extract and its fractions', Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 25(2), pp. 307-313. Preclinical
    https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Biological%20screening%20of%20Scrophularia%20nodosa%20extract%20and%20its%20fractions
  3. Miyase, T. and Mimatsu, A (1999) 'Acylated iridoid and phenylethanoid glycosides from the aerial parts of Scrophularia nodosa', Journal of Natural Products, 62(8), pp. 1079-1084. doi:10.1021/np9805746 Preclinical
    https://doi.org/10.1021/np9805746
  4. Sesterhenn, K., Distl, M. and Wink, M (2006) 'Occurrence of iridoid glycosides in in vitro cultures and intact plants of Scrophularia nodosa L', Plant Cell Reports, 26(3), pp. 365-371. doi:10.1007/s00299-006-0233-3 Preclinical
    https://doi.org/10.1007/s00299-006-0233-3
  5. Soualeh, N., Stiévenard, A., Baudelaire, E., Bouayed, J. and Soulimani, R (2019) 'Powders with small microparticle size from Hedera helix and Scrophularia nodosa exhibited high preventive antioxidant activity against H2O2-induced oxidative stress in mouse primary spleen cells', International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research, 88(3-4), pp. 208-218. doi:10.1024/0300-9831/a000526 Preclinical
    https://doi.org/10.1024/0300-9831/a000526
  6. Papp, N., Czégényi, D., Tóth, M., Dénes, T. and others (2022) 'Ethnomedicine survey on folk dermatology in Transylvania, Romania', Clinics in Dermatology, 40(6), pp. 651-664. doi:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2022.07.013 Traditional / reference
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clindermatol.2022.07.013
  7. Soulimani, R., Dicko, A., Baudelaire, E. and Bouayed, J (2021) 'Increased anti-inflammatory activity and enhanced phytochemical concentrations in superfine powders obtained by controlled differential sieving process from four medicinal plants', International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research, 93(4), pp. 339-351. doi:10.1024/0300-9831/a000739 Preclinical
    https://doi.org/10.1024/0300-9831/a000739
  8. Ohiienko, T., Kutsyk, R., Kurovets, L., Ohiienko, S. and others (2023) 'Screening of medicinal and aromatic plants extracts for the synergism with fluconazole against Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis fungi associated with denture stomatitis', Wiadomosci Lekarskie, 76(7), pp. 1615-1620. doi:10.36740/WLek202307115 Preclinical
    https://doi.org/10.36740/WLek202307115
  9. Leclerc, H (1949) '[The scrofular, Scrophularia nodosa L.]', Revue de Phytotherapie, 13(87), pp. 381-383. Traditional / reference
    https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%5BThe%20scrofular%2C%20Scrophularia%20nodosa%20L.%5D
  10. Akerreta, S., Cavero, R.Y. and Calvo, M.I (2007) 'First comprehensive contribution to medical ethnobotany of Western Pyrenees', Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine, 3, pp. 26. doi:10.1186/1746-4269-3-26 Traditional / reference
    https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-4269-3-26
  11. Medicinal Herbals (n.d.) 'Figwort (Scrophularia nodosa): The Natural Skin Healer'. Available at: https://medicinalherbals.net/figwort-scrophularia-nodosa-natural-skin-healer/ Traditional / reference
    https://medicinalherbals.net/figwort-scrophularia-nodosa-natural-skin-healer/
  12. WebMD (n.d.) 'Figwort: Overview, Uses, Side Effects, Precautions, Interactions'. Available at: https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-446/figwort Traditional / reference
    https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-446/figwort
  13. Ahmad, M., Muhammad, N., Mehjabeen, Jahan, N., Ahmad, M., Obaidullah, Qureshi, M. and Jan, S.U (2012) 'Spasmolytic effects of Scrophularia nodosa extract on isolated rabbit intestine', Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 25(1), pp. 267--275. Traditional / reference
    https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Spasmolytic%20effects%20of%20Scrophularia%20nodosa%20extract%20on%20isolated%20rabbit%20intestine
  14. First Nature 'Scrophularia nodosa, Common Figwort'. Available at: https://www.first-nature.com/flowers/scrophularia-nodosa.php Traditional / reference
    https://www.first-nature.com/flowers/scrophularia-nodosa.php
  15. Berdai, M.A. and Labib, S. and Chetouani, K. and Harandou, M (2012) 'Atropa belladonna intoxication: a case report', Pan African Medical Journal, 11, pp. 72. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22655106/ Clinical study
    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22655106/
  16. Oerlemans, C. and de Vries, I. and van Riel, A.J.H.P (2017) 'Anticholinergic syndrome caused by contaminated herbal tea; acting swiftly to identify the source', Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde, 161, pp. D1261. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28612694/ Clinical study
    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28612694/

Generated automatically from the Omnia Sana plant database and its cited sources. For educational purposes only — not medical advice. Always consult a qualified practitioner before using medicinal plants.