Omnia SanaPlant Comparison
Selfheal vs Dandelion
A side-by-side comparison of two medicinal plants — every documented constituent, action, use, safety note and cited source, assembled automatically from the Omnia Sana database.
First plant
Second plant
Show:
At a glance
Selfheal and Dandelion: they share 8 indicated uses (arthritis / joint pain, immune support, infection (general), …); 8 pharmacological actions in common.
SelfhealDandelion
Constituents24
Pharmacological actions1016
Indicated uses1217
Safety notes25
Cited sources3756
Indicated uses
Only Selfheal
BruisingCold & fluBlood sugar / diabetes supportCognitive function
Shared (8)
Arthritis / joint painImmune supportInfection (general)Inflammation (general)Skin irritationWoundsCancer (anticancer research)Cardiovascular / heart health
Only Dandelion
Loss of appetiteBloatingConstipationDetox / cleansingIndigestionLiver supportSwelling / fluid retentionUrinary supportUrinary tract infection (UTI)
Pharmacological actions
Only Selfheal
Vulnerary (wound healing)Antidiabetic (blood-sugar lowering)
Shared (8)
Anti-inflammatoryAntimicrobialAntioxidantAntiviralImmunomodulator / immune supportAnticancer (preclinical)Neuroprotective / cognition supportHepatoprotective (liver support)
Only Dandelion
Bitter digestive tonic / stomachicCholeretic / cholagogue (bile flow)Digestive aidDiureticLaxativePrebioticLipid-loweringAntihypertensive
Evidence face-off — shared uses
| Condition | Selfheal | Dandelion | Verdict |
|---|---|---|---|
| Arthritis / joint pain | 2/10 | 1/10 | Comparable evidence |
| Immune support | 2/10 | 2/10 | Comparable evidence |
| Infection (general) | 2/10 | 1/10 | Comparable evidence |
| Inflammation (general) | 2/10 | 1/10 | Comparable evidence |
| Skin irritation | 2/10 | 1/10 | Comparable evidence |
| Wounds | 2/10 | 1/10 | Comparable evidence |
| Cancer (anticancer research) | 7/10 | 2/10 | Stronger for Selfheal |
| Cardiovascular / heart health | 2/10 | 2/10 | Comparable evidence |
Evidence scores (1–10) are computed from the tier of each cited source. “Comparable” means the two scores are within one point. Follow a score to its detailed sources.
Key Constituents
Pentacyclic triterpenoids (ursolic, oleanolic and betulinic acids), the phenolic acid rosmarinic acid, coumarins (umbelliferone, scopoletin, esculetin) and the flavonoid luteolin are the main bioactives behind self-heal's antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activity.
Rosmarinic acidPhenolic acidsCoumarinsFlavonoidsLuteolin
Water-extracted polysaccharides — including a partially sulphated arabinogalactomannan (PSP-2B) and polyphenolic-protein-polysaccharide conjugates (PVG/PVE30) — are the principal antiviral and immunomodulatory constituents, blocking herpes simplex virus attachment and modulating innate immune signalling.
PolysaccharidesPhenolic compounds
Bitter principles (e.g. taraxacin) responsible for the characteristic bitterness and bitter-tonic action.
Sesquiterpene lactonesSesquiterpenes
Including taraxasterol; contribute to anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective signals.
Terpenes / terpenoidsPhytosterols
Antioxidant constituents (e.g. chicoric acid, luteolin derivatives).
Phenolic acidsFlavonoidsLuteolin
Pharmacological Actions
Traditional & Indicated Uses
inferred from anti-inflammatory action
Evidence: 2
Label: Arthritis / joint pain
inferred from antiviral action
Evidence: 2
Label: Cold & flu
inferred from antimicrobial action
Evidence: 2
Label: Infection (general)
inferred from anti-inflammatory action
Evidence: 2
Label: Inflammation (general)
inferred from anti-inflammatory action
Evidence: 2
Label: Skin irritation
inferred from antimicrobial action
Evidence: 2
Label: Wounds
inferred from anticancer action
Evidence: 7
Label: Cancer (anticancer research)
Evidence: 2
Label: Blood sugar / diabetes support
Evidence: 2
Label: Cardiovascular / heart health
inferred from bitter-tonic action
Evidence: 1
Label: Loss of appetite
inferred from anti-inflammatory action
Evidence: 1
Label: Arthritis / joint pain
inferred from anticancer action
Evidence: 2
Label: Cancer (anticancer research)
inferred from hepatoprotective action
Evidence: 1
Label: Detox / cleansing
Infection (general)[52]Traditional · 1/10
inferred from antimicrobial action
Evidence: 1
Label: Infection (general)
inferred from anti-inflammatory action
Evidence: 1
Label: Inflammation (general)
inferred from choleretic action
Evidence: 1
Label: Liver support
inferred from anti-inflammatory action
Evidence: 1
Label: Skin irritation
inferred from diuretic action
Evidence: 5
Label: Swelling / fluid retention
inferred from diuretic action
Evidence: 5
Label: Urinary support
inferred from diuretic action
Evidence: 5
Label: Urinary tract infection (UTI)
Dandelion root and leaf lowered serum lipids and oxidative stress (preclinical).
Evidence: 2
Label: Cardiovascular / heart health
Safety, Cautions & Contraindications
Generally very safe and well tolerated. No significant known toxicity or drug interactions. Safe for topical and internal use in normal medicinal doses. Suitable for most adults including children in appropriate doses.
Duke (2002) rates self-heal as +++ and notes antioxidant (score 2), anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and COX-2 inhibitory activities. The plant contains luteolin, rosmarinic acid, and hyperoside — all with well-documented bioactivities. Hepatoprotective activity has been experimentally demonstrated. Duke notes that self-heal has a broad antimicrobial spectrum and an impressive antioxidant profile, supporting its traditional reputation as a versatile wound-healing herb. No significant safety concerns at normal herbal doses (Duke, 2002).
Allergy risk in individuals sensitive to Asteraceae (daisy family) plants such as ragweed and chamomile.
Safety note[54]Caution
Avoid medicinal use in anyone with a blocked bile duct or gallstones; use caution with gallbladder or serious liver disease.
May potentiate prescription diuretics; possible interactions with lithium and drugs metabolised by the liver.
Can accumulate soil pollutants and heavy metals; harvest from clean, unpolluted sites.
Safety note[54]Caution
Use during pregnancy or breastfeeding should be guided by a qualified practitioner. Herbal use should support, not replace, conventional medical care.
External Ids
Gbif: 5341297
Wikidata: Q158469
Gbif: 5394163
Wikidata: Q131219
Botanical Description
Low, creeping to semi-erect perennial herb (Lamiaceae), 5-30 cm tall, with square, often purplish stems. Leaves are opposite, ovate with slightly toothed margins. Small, two-lipped, violet-purple flowers are densely packed into a compact, club-shaped terminal spike subtended by purplish bracts.[1]
Height: 5-30 cm
Habit: Low, creeping to semi-erect perennial herb
Leaves: Opposite, ovate, slightly toothed
Flowers: Small, two-lipped, violet-purple, in a compact club-shaped terminal spike
Stem: Square, often purplish
Root: Fibrous, spreading perennial rootstock
Fruit: Four small nutlets (typical Lamiaceae schizocarp)
Flowering Period: June-September
Perennial herb (Asteraceae) with a deep taproot, forming a basal rosette of deeply toothed, lance-shaped leaves - the name 'dandelion' comes from the French 'dent-de-lion', lion's tooth. Hollow flowering stalks each bear a single, bright yellow composite flower head made entirely of ray florets, followed by the familiar spherical 'clock' of parachute-tufted seeds (achenes) that disperse on the wind.[50]
Height: Low rosette; flowering stalks 5-40 cm
Habit: Deep-taprooted perennial rosette herb
Leaves: Deeply toothed, lance-shaped, in a basal rosette
Flowers: Single, bright yellow composite head of ray florets, on a hollow stalk
Stem: Hollow flowering stalk (scape), leafless
Root: Deep taproot
Fruit: Small achenes with a parachute-like pappus (the "clock")
Flowering Period: Can flower almost year-round, peaking March-October
Habitat
Native throughout Europe, Asia and North America (circumboreal), extremely common in lawns, meadows, woodland clearings, roadsides and waste ground, tolerating mowing and a wide range of soils.[1]
Native to Europe and Asia, now a cosmopolitan weed found on every continent except Antarctica; grows in lawns, meadows, roadsides, waste ground and disturbed soil of almost any type.[50]
Harvesting
Whole flowering aerial parts (flower, leaf and stem) are cut during flowering (summer) and dried.[1]
Parts: Flower, Leaf, Stem
Season: Summer, during flowering
Leaves are picked young in spring for the mildest flavour; the root is dug in autumn (traditionally after the first frost), when its inulin and bitter-principle content is considered optimal; flowers are picked as they open.[50, 53]
Parts: Leaf, Root, Flower
Season: Leaf in spring; root in autumn; flower as it opens
Traditional Uses
Selfheal has an extremely broad folk-medicine reputation across European, North American and Traditional Chinese Medicine traditions - as its name suggests, used as an all-purpose wound herb, gargle for sore throat, and internal remedy for fevers and inflammation. Modern research on its triterpenoid, phenolic and polysaccharide constituents supports wide-ranging antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and antiviral activity.[1]
Dandelion is one of the most widely used bitter tonic herbs worldwide, traditionally taken as a digestive bitter and mild diuretic - the French name 'pissenlit' (wet-the-bed) reflects this - and the root specifically as a liver and gallbladder tonic. Every part is also used as food: spring greens, roasted-root coffee substitute, and flower wine.[50]
Preparations
Infusion (tea)[1]
Dried aerial parts steeped in hot water, taken internally or used as a gargle or wash.
Dosage
Infusion (tea)[1]
Traditional guidance suggests roughly 2-4 g dried herb per cup as an infusion, up to three times daily, or an equivalent tincture; used topically as a wash or gargle at similar strength. Educational reference only, not a prescription.
Traditional guidance suggests roughly 4-10 g dried leaf, or 2-8 g dried root, per day as an infusion or decoction, divided into 2-3 doses. Educational reference only, not a prescription; avoid in bile-duct obstruction or gallstones, and harvest away from polluted ground.
References
REF-0659, REF-2422, REF-2423, REF-2424, REF-2425, REF-2878, REF-2879, REF-2880, REF-2881, REF-2882, REF-2883, REF-2884, REF-2885, REF-2886, REF-2887, REF-2888, REF-2911, REF-2912, REF-2913, REF-2914, REF-2915, REF-2916, REF-2917, REF-2918, REF-2919, REF-2920, REF-2921, REF-2922
REF-0248, REF-0320, REF-0322, REF-0323, REF-0324, REF-0325, REF-0327, REF-0330, REF-0331, REF-0334, REF-0335, REF-0336, REF-0337, REF-2387, REF-2388, REF-2389, REF-2390, REF-2391, REF-2392, REF-2393, REF-2394, REF-2395, REF-2396, REF-2945, REF-2946, REF-2947, REF-2948, REF-2949, REF-2950, REF-2951, REF-2952, REF-2953, REF-2954, REF-2955, REF-2956, REF-2957, REF-2958, REF-2959, REF-2960, REF-2961, REF-2962, REF-2963, REF-2964, REF-2965, REF-2966, REF-2967, REF-2968, REF-0070, REF-0264
Lookalikes Review
Outcome: none-known
Reviewed By: Omnia Sana (owner-authorized)
Reviewed Date: 2026-07-07
Outcome: none-known
Reviewed By: Omnia Sana (owner-authorized)
Reviewed Date: 2026-07-07
References & Sources
- Mir, R.H., Bhat, M.F., Sawhney, G., Kumar, P., Andrabi, N.I., Shaikh, M., Mohi-Ud-Din, R. and Masoodi, M.H (2022) 'Prunella vulgaris L.: Critical Pharmacological, Expository Traditional Uses and Extensive Phytochemistry: A Review', Current Drug Discovery Technologies, 19(1). doi:10.2174/1570163818666210203181542 Traditional / reference
https://doi.org/10.2174/1570163818666210203181542 - Pan, J. and Wang, H. and Chen, Y (2022) 'Prunella vulgaris L. - A Review of its Ethnopharmacology, Phytochemistry, Quality Control and Pharmacological Effects', Frontiers in Pharmacology, 13, pp. 903171. doi:10.3389/fphar.2022.903171 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2022.903171 - Wang, S.J. and Wang, X.H. and Dai, Y.Y. and Ma, M.H. and Rahman, K. and Nian, H. and Zhang, H (2019) 'Prunella vulgaris: A Comprehensive Review of Chemical Constituents, Pharmacological Effects and Clinical Applications', Current Pharmaceutical Design, 25(3), pp. 359-369. doi:10.2174/1381612825666190313121608 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.2174/1381612825666190313121608 - Zhu, M.J. and Song, Y.J. and Rao, P.L. and Gu, W.Y. and Xu, Y. and Xu, H.X (2025) 'Therapeutic role of Prunella vulgaris L. polysaccharides in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and gut dysbiosis', Journal of Integrative Medicine, 23(3), pp. 297-308. doi:10.1016/j.joim.2025.03.002 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joim.2025.03.002 - Zhang, Y. and Qu, X. and Xu, N. and He, H. and Li, Q. and Wei, X. and Chen, Y. and Xu, Y. and Li, X. and Zhang, R. and Zhong, R. and Liu, C. and Xiang, P. and Zhu, F (2024) 'Mechanism of Prunella vulgaris L. and luteolin in restoring Tfh/Tfr balance and alleviating oxidative stress in Graves' disease', Phytomedicine, 132, pp. 155818. doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2024.155818 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2024.155818 - Zhang, S. and Wang, Y. and Wang, M. and Jiang, L. and Ma, X. and Huang, Y. and Liu, T. and Zheng, L. and Li, Y (2024) 'Construction and anti-pancreatic cancer activity of selenium nanoparticles stabilized by Prunella vulgaris polysaccharide', Int J Biol Macromol, 278(Pt 3), pp. 134924. doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.134924 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.134924 - Ning, N. and Nan, Y. and Chen, G. and Huang, S. and Lu, D. and Yang, Y. and Meng, F. and Yuan, L (2024) 'Anti-Tumor Effects and Toxicity Reduction Mechanisms of Prunella vulgaris: A Comprehensive Review', Molecules, 29(8). doi:10.3390/molecules29081843 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29081843 - Han, Q. and Xu, N. and Chen, B. and Wu, W. and Sheng, L (2021) 'Safety and efficacy of Prunella vulgaris preparation in adjuvant treatment of thyroid nodules: A meta-analysis', Medicine (Baltimore), 100(41), pp. e27490. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000027490 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000027490 - Li, P. and Lv, X. and Wang, J. and Zhang, C. and Zhao, J. and Yang, Y (2023) 'Research on the anti-ageing mechanism of Prunella vulgaris L', Sci Rep, 13(1), pp. 12398. doi:10.1038/s41598-023-39609-1 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-39609-1 - Zhang, Q. and Chen, X. and Palen, K. and Johnson, B. and Bui, D. and Xiong, D. and Pan, J. and Hu, M. and Wang, Y. and You, M (2023) 'Cancer chemoprevention with PV-1, a novel Prunella vulgaris-containing herbal mixture that remodels the tumor immune microenvironment in mice', Front Immunol, 14, pp. 1196434. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2023.1196434 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2023.1196434 - Ma, F. and Deng, Q. and Lou, H. and Li, J. and Xu, S. and Wu, W. and Wen, Q. and Tang, L. and Wang, X. and Pan, W (2022) 'Vulgarisin-type diterpenoids from self-heal (Prunella vulgaris) and their neuroprotective effects against ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) via a mitochondria-related pathway', Food Funct, 13(13), pp. 7062-7074. doi:10.1039/d2fo00150k Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1039/d2fo00150k - Xie, J. and Xiong, S. and Yu, J. and Ma, X. and Xiang, F. and Chen, Y. and Xia, B. and Li, Y. and Zhang, Z. and Liao, D. and Lin, L (2025) 'Prunella vulgaris polyphenols alleviate liver injury-uveitis comorbidity by regulating acylcarnitine via the S100A9-PP2A-AMPK pathway', Phytomedicine, 141, pp. 156675. doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2025.156675 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2025.156675 - Li, Y. and Luo, H. and Lin, X. and Hua, L. and Wang, J. and Xie, J. and Zhang, Z. and Shi, Z. and Li, M. and Peng, Q. and Lin, L. and Liao, D. and Xia, B (2025) 'Triterpenes of Prunella vulgaris Inhibit Triple-Negative Breast Cancer by Regulating PTP1B/PI3K/AKT/mTOR and IL-24/CXCL12/CXCR4 Pathways', Int J Mol Sci, 26(5). doi:10.3390/ijms26051959 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26051959 - Zeng, S. and Liu, B. and Ge, R. and Yuan, Z. and Yang, Y. and Zhu, W. and Wang, Z (2025) 'An integrative analysis reveals mechanisms of Prunella vulgaris in thyroid cancer metastasis', Phytomedicine, 145, pp. 157051. doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2025.157051 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2025.157051 - Zhu, Q. and Muyayalo, K.P. and Xu, Q.H. and Wang, J. and Wang, H. and Liao, A.H (2021) 'Prunella vulgaris can improve the pregnancy outcomes of experimental autoimmune thyroiditis rats by inhibiting Th1/Th17 immune responses', J Reprod Immunol, 149, pp. 103469. doi:10.1016/j.jri.2021.103469 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jri.2021.103469 - Lin, J. and Zhou, J. and Ye, K. and Xie, F (2025) 'Prunella vulgaris: A potential molecule for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma', Medicine (Baltimore), 104(17), pp. e42267. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000042267 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000042267 - Li, L. and Lin, L. and Deng, J. and Lin, X. and Li, Y. and Xia, B (2021) 'The therapeutic effects of Prunella vulgaris against fluoride‐induced oxidative damage by using the metabolomics method', Environmental Toxicology, 36(9), pp. 1802-1816. doi:10.1002/tox.23301 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1002/tox.23301 - Wei, J. and Leng, L. and Sui, Y. and Song, S. and Owusu, F.B. and Li, X. and Cao, Y. and Li, P. and Wang, H. and Li, R. and Yang, W. and Gao, X. and Wang, Q (2023) 'Phenolic acids from Prunella vulgaris alleviate cardiac remodeling following myocardial infarction partially by suppressing NLRP3 activation', Phytotherapy Research, 38(1), pp. 384-399. doi:10.1002/ptr.8024 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.8024 - Jiao, X. and Liu, H. and Lu, Q. and Wang, Y. and Zhao, Y. and Liu, X. and Liu, F. and Zuo, Y. and Wang, W. and Li, Y (2021) 'Study on the Mechanism of Prunella Vulgaris L on Diabetes Mellitus Complicated with Hypertension Based on Network Pharmacology and Molecular Docking Analyses', Journal of Diabetes Research, 2021, pp. 1-14. doi:10.1155/2021/9949302 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/9949302 - Namgung, S. and Yoon, J.J. and Yoon, C. and Han, B.H. and Choi, E.S. and Oh, H. and Kim, Y. and Lee, Y.J. and Kang, D.G. and Lee, H.S (2017) 'Prunella vulgarisAttenuates Diabetic Renal Injury by Suppressing Glomerular Fibrosis and Inflammation', The American Journal of Chinese Medicine, 45(03), pp. 475-495. doi:10.1142/s0192415x1750029x Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1142/s0192415x1750029x - Lim, G. and Sung, J.Y. and Yu, S. and Kim, Y. and Kim, Y. and Shim, J. and Kim, H.J. and Cho, M.L. and Lee, J. and Kim, Y. and Kim, Y (2020) 'Pygenic Acid A (PA) Sensitizes Metastatic Breast Cancer Cells to Anoikis and Inhibits Metastasis In Vivo', International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 21(22), pp. 8444-8444. doi:10.3390/ijms21228444 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21228444 - Lin, Y. and Yang, C. and Tang, J. and Li, Q. and Zhang, Z. and Xia, B. and Li, Y. and He, Q. and Lin, L. and Liao, D (2020) 'Characterization and anti-uterine tumor effect of extract from Prunella vulgaris L', BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies, 20(1), pp. 189-189. doi:10.1186/s12906-020-02986-5 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-020-02986-5 - Chen, Y. and Jiang, B. and Qu, C. and Jiang, C. and Zhang, C. and Wang, Y. and Chen, F. and Sun, X. and Su, L. and Luo, Y (2024) 'Bioactive components in prunella vulgaris for treating Hashimoto's disease via regulation of innate immune response in human thyrocytes', Heliyon, 10(16), pp. e36103-e36103. doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e36103 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e36103 - Raafat, K. and Wurglics, M. and Schubert‐Zsilavecz, M (2016) 'Prunella vulgaris L. active components and their hypoglycemic and antinociceptive effects in alloxan-induced diabetic mice', Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 84, pp. 1008-1018. doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2016.09.095 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2016.09.095 - Qu, Z. and Zhang, J. and Yang, H. and Gao, J. and Chen, H. and Liu, C. and Gao, W (2016) 'Prunella vulgaris L., an Edible and Medicinal Plant, Attenuates Scopolamine-Induced Memory Impairment in Rats', Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 65(2), pp. 291-300. doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.6b04597 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.6b04597 - Guo, Q. and Qu, H. and Zhang, H. and Zhong, X (2021) 'Prunella vulgaris L. Attenuates Experimental Autoimmune Thyroiditis by Inhibiting HMGB1/TLR9 Signaling', Drug Design Development and Therapy, Volume 15, pp. 4559-4574. doi:10.2147/dddt.s325814 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.2147/dddt.s325814 - Akkol, E.K. and Renda, G. and İlhan, M. and Bektaş, N.Y (2022) 'Wound healing acceleration and anti-inflammatory potential of Prunella vulgaris L.: From conventional use to preclinical scientific verification', Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 295, pp. 115411-115411. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2022.115411 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2022.115411 - Yu, F. and Zhang, L. and Ma, R. and Liu, C. and Wang, Q. and Yin, D (2021) 'The Antitumour Effect of Prunella vulgaris Extract on Thyroid Cancer Cells In Vitro and In Vivo', Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2021, pp. 1-12. doi:10.1155/2021/8869323 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/8869323 - Zhong, X., Zhang, Y., Yuan, M., Xu, L., Luo, X., Wu, R., Xi, Z., Li, Y. and Xu, H (2024) 'Prunella vulgaris polysaccharide inhibits herpes simplex virus infection by blocking TLR-mediated NF-kB activation', Chinese Medicine, 19(1). doi:10.1186/s13020-023-00865-y Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13020-023-00865-y - Zhang, Q., Li, Y., Zhong, X., Fu, W., Luo, X., Feng, J., Yuan, M., Xiao, L. and Xu, H (2021) 'Polyphenolic-protein-polysaccharide conjugates from Spica of Prunella vulgaris: Chemical profile and anti-herpes simplex virus activities', International Journal of Biological Macromolecules. doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.11.200 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.11.200 - Ma, F.W., Kong, S.Y., Tan, H.S., Wu, R., Xia, B., Zhou, Y. and Xu, H.X (2016) 'Structural characterization and antiviral effect of a novel polysaccharide PSP-2B from Prunellae Spica', Carbohydrate Polymers, pp. 699--709. doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.07.062 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.07.062 - Grieve, M (1931) 'A Modern Herbal'. Traditional / reference
https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=A%20Modern%20Herbal - Psotova, J. et al (2003) 'Biological activities of Prunella vulgaris extract', 17(9), pp. 1082--1087. doi:10.1002/ptr.1324 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.1324 - Yang, Y.Q. et al (2007) 'Antiviral activity of aqueous extract of Prunella vulgaris L', 73(3), pp. 157--162. Traditional / reference
https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Antiviral%20activity%20of%20aqueous%20extract%20of%20Prunella%20vulgaris%20L - Haarberg, K.M.K., Wymore Brand, M.J., Overstreet, A.M.C., Hauck, C.C., Murphy, P.A., Hostetter, J.M., Ramer-Tait, A.E. and Wannemuehler, M.J (2015) 'Orally administered extract from Prunella vulgaris attenuates spontaneous colitis in mdr1a(-/-) mice', World Journal of Gastrointestinal Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 6(4), pp. 223--237. doi:10.4292/wjgpt.v6.i4.223 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.4292/wjgpt.v6.i4.223 - Zhang, Y.B., Xu, L., Yuan, M., Liu, M.F., Li, Y., Zhong, X.L., Lin, Z.X., Xian, Y.F., Lu, P., Xi, Z.C. and Xu, H.X (2025) 'Protective effects of Prunella vulgaris polysaccharides against herpes simplex virus type 1 infection through the STING-TBK1-IRF3 pathway', Journal of Integrative Medicine, 24(3), pp. 454--465. doi:10.1016/j.joim.2025.12.008 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joim.2025.12.008 - Duke, J.A (2002) 'Handbook of Medicinal Herbs, Second Edition'. Traditional / reference
https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Handbook%20of%20Medicinal%20Herbs%2C%20Second%20Edition
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew (n.d.). Available at: https://powo.science.kew.org Traditional / reference
https://powo.science.kew.org - Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland (n.d.) 'Dandelion identification (Taraxacum)'. Available at: https://bsbi.org/identification/taraxacum Traditional / reference
https://bsbi.org/identification/taraxacum - Farm and Dairy (2021) 'How to harvest and use dandelion roots, leaves and flowers'. Available at: https://www.farmanddairy.com/news/top-stories/how-to-harvest-and-use-dandelion-roots-leaves-and-flowers/656605.html Traditional / reference
https://www.farmanddairy.com/news/top-stories/how-to-harvest-and-use-dandelion-roots-leaves-and-flowers/656605.html - First Nature (n.d.) 'Taraxacum officinale, Dandelion: identification, distribution, habitat'. Available at: https://www.first-nature.com/flowers/taraxacum-officinale.php Traditional / reference
https://www.first-nature.com/flowers/taraxacum-officinale.php - Flora of the Southeastern United States (n.d.) 'Taraxacum officinale (Common Dandelion)'. Available at: https://fsus.ncbg.unc.edu/main.php?pg=show-taxon.php&plantname=taraxacum+officinale Traditional / reference
https://fsus.ncbg.unc.edu/main.php?pg=show-taxon.php&plantname=taraxacum+officinale - Good Grub (n.d.) 'Plant of the Month: Dandelion!'. Available at: https://www.goodgrub.org/post/plant-of-the-month-dandelion Traditional / reference
https://www.goodgrub.org/post/plant-of-the-month-dandelion - HerbaWave (2026) 'Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) – Origin, Phytochemistry, Traditional Use'. Available at: https://herbawave.com/en/learn/ingredients/dandelion Traditional / reference
https://herbawave.com/en/learn/ingredients/dandelion - Mossy Oak (2025) 'How to Forage for Dandelions'. Available at: https://www.mossyoak.com/our-obsession/blogs/recipes/how-to-forage-for-dandelions Traditional / reference
https://www.mossyoak.com/our-obsession/blogs/recipes/how-to-forage-for-dandelions - Practical Frugality (2024) 'Dandelion: Foraging Guide, Recipes & Harvesting Tips'. Available at: https://www.practicalfrugality.com/dandelion/ Traditional / reference
https://www.practicalfrugality.com/dandelion/ - Under A Tin Roof (2025) 'The Ultimate Guide to Foraging Dandelions'. Available at: https://underatinroof.com/blog/the-ultimate-guide-to-foraging-dandelions-how-to-harvest-flowers-greens-and-roots Traditional / reference
https://underatinroof.com/blog/the-ultimate-guide-to-foraging-dandelions-how-to-harvest-flowers-greens-and-roots - University of Massachusetts (n.d.) 'Taraxacum officinale'. Available at: https://extension.umass.edu/weed-herbarium/weeds/taraxacum-officinale/ Traditional / reference
https://extension.umass.edu/weed-herbarium/weeds/taraxacum-officinale/ - Wikipedia (n.d.) 'Taraxacum officinale'. Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taraxacum_officinale Traditional / reference
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taraxacum_officinale - University of Wisconsin-Madison Division of Extension (n.d.) 'Dandelion, Taraxacum officinale'. Available at: https://hort.extension.wisc.edu/articles/dandelion-taraxacum-officinale/ Traditional / reference
https://hort.extension.wisc.edu/articles/dandelion-taraxacum-officinale/ - Jeon, H.J. and Kang, H.J. and Jung, H.J. and Kang, Y.S. and Lim, C.J. and Kim, Y.M. and Park, E.H (2008) 'Anti-inflammatory activity of Taraxacum officinale', Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 115(1), pp. 82-88. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2007.09.006 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2007.09.006 - Martinez, M. and Poirrier, P. and Chamy, R. and Prufer, D. and Schulze-Gronover, C. and Jorquera, L. and Ruiz, G (2015) 'Taraxacum officinale and related species - An ethnopharmacological review and its potential as a commercial medicinal plant', Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 169, pp. 244-262. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2015.03.067 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2015.03.067 - Epure, A. and Parvu, A.E. and Vlase, L. and Benedec, D. and Hanganu, D. and Oniga, O. and Vlase, A.M. and Ielciu, I. and Toiu, A. and Oniga, I (2023) 'New Approaches on the Anti-Inflammatory and Cardioprotective Properties of Taraxacum officinale Tincture', Pharmaceuticals, 16(3), pp. 358. doi:10.3390/ph16030358 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.3390/ph16030358 - Laila, U. and Kaur, J. and Sharma, K. and Singh, J. and Rasane, P. and Kaur, S. and Bhadariya, V (2025) 'Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale): A Promising Source of Nutritional and Therapeutic Compounds', Recent Advances in Food, Nutrition & Agriculture, 16(1), pp. 41-56. doi:10.2174/012772574X293072240217185616 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.2174/012772574X293072240217185616 - Ahmadi, S. and Saberivand, A. and Jalili, C. and Asadpour, R. and Khordadmehr, M. and Saberivand, M (2023) 'Hydroalcoholic extract of Taraxacum officinale induces apoptosis and autophagy in 4T1 breast cancer cells', Veterinary Research Forum, 14(9), pp. 507-513. doi:10.30466/vrf.2023.1985987.3726 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.30466/vrf.2023.1985987.3726 - Wirngo, F.E. and Lambert, M.N. and Jeppesen, P.B (2016) 'The Physiological Effects of Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) in Type 2 Diabetes', The Review of Diabetic Studies, 13(2-3), pp. 113-131. doi:10.1900/RDS.2016.13.113 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.1900/RDS.2016.13.113 - Choi, J. and Yoon, K.D. and Kim, J (2017) 'Chemical constituents from Taraxacum officinale and their alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activities', Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters, 28(3), pp. 476-481. doi:10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.12.014 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.12.014 - Lis, B. and Jedrejek, D. and Rywaniak, J. and Soluch, A. and Stochmal, A. and Olas, B (2020) 'Flavonoid Preparations from Taraxacum officinale L. Fruits - A Phytochemical, Antioxidant and Hemostasis Studies', Molecules, 25(22), pp. 5402. doi:10.3390/molecules25225402 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25225402 - Xu, P. and Xu, X. and Fotina, H. and Fotina, T (2023) 'Anti-inflammatory effects of chlorogenic acid from Taraxacum officinale on LTA-stimulated bovine mammary epithelial cells via the TLR2/NF-kB pathway', PLoS One, 18(3), pp. e0282343. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0282343 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0282343 - Kamal, F.Z. and Lefter, R. and Mihai, C.T. and Farah, H. and Ciobica, A. and Ali, A. and Radu, I. and Mavroudis, I. and Ech-Chahad, A (2022) 'Chemical Composition, Antioxidant and Antiproliferative Activities of Taraxacum officinale Essential Oil', Molecules, 27(19), pp. 6477. doi:10.3390/molecules27196477 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27196477 - Napoli, A.D. and Zucchetti, P (2021) 'A comprehensive review of the benefits of Taraxacum officinale on human health', Bulletin of the National Research Centre/Bulletin of the National Research Center. doi:10.1186/s42269-021-00567-1 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.1186/s42269-021-00567-1 - Hamza, A.A. and Mohamed, M.G. and Lashin, F. and Amin, A (2020) 'Dandelion prevents liver fibrosis, inflammatory response, and oxidative stress in rats', The Journal of Basic and Applied Zoology. doi:10.1186/s41936-020-00177-9 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1186/s41936-020-00177-9 - Koh, Y. and Cha, D. and Ko, J. and Park, H. and Choi, H (2010) 'Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Taraxacum officinale Leaves on Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammatory Responses in RAW 264.7 Cells', Journal of Medicinal Food. doi:10.1089/jmf.2009.1249 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1089/jmf.2009.1249 - Sigstedt, S.C. and Hooten, C. and Callewaert, M. and Jenkins, A. and Romero, A.E. and Pullin, M.J. and Kornienko, A. and Lowrey, T.K. and slambrouck, S.V. and Steelant, W.F.A (2008) 'Evaluation of aqueous extracts of Taraxacum officinale on growth and invasion of breast and prostate cancer cells', International Journal of Oncology. doi:10.3892/ijo.32.5.1085 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.32.5.1085 - Hu, C. and Kitts, D.D (2002) 'Antioxidant, Prooxidant, and Cytotoxic Activities of Solvent-Fractionated Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) Flower Extracts in Vitro', Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. doi:10.1021/jf0258858 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1021/jf0258858 - Pfingstgraf, I.O. and Taulescu, M. and Pop, R.M. and Orăsan, R. and Vlase, L. and Uifălean, A. and Todea, D.A. and Alexescu, T. and Toma, C. and Pârvu, A.E (2021) 'Protective Effects of Taraxacum officinale L. (Dandelion) Root Extract in Experimental Acute on Chronic Liver Failure', Antioxidants. doi:10.3390/antiox10040504 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10040504 - Seo, S (2005) 'Taraxacum officinaleprotects against cholecystokinin-induced acute pancreatitis in rats', World Journal of Gastroenterology. doi:10.3748/wjg.v11.i4.597 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v11.i4.597 - Choi, U. and Lee, O. and Yim, J.H. and Cho, C. and Rhee, Y.K. and Lim, S. and Kim, Y (2010) 'Hypolipidemic and Antioxidant Effects of Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) Root and Leaf on Cholesterol-Fed Rabbits', International Journal of Molecular Sciences. doi:10.3390/ijms11010067 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms11010067 - Díaz, K. and Espinoza, L. and Madrid, A. and Pizarro, L. and Chamy, R (2018) 'Isolation and Identification of Compounds from Bioactive Extracts of Taraxacum officinale Weber ex F. H. Wigg. (Dandelion) as a Potential Source of Antibacterial Agents', Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. doi:10.1155/2018/2706417 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/2706417 - González-Castejón, M. and Visioli, F. and Rodríguez‐Casado, A (2012) 'Diverse biological activities of dandelion', Nutrition Reviews. doi:10.1111/j.1753-4887.2012.00509.x Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-4887.2012.00509.x - Zhang, J. and Kang, M. and Kim, M. and Kim, M. and Song, J. and Lee, Y. and Kim, J (2008) 'Pancreatic lipase inhibitory activity of taraxacum officinale in vitro and in vivo', Nutrition Research and Practice. doi:10.4162/nrp.2008.2.4.200 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.4162/nrp.2008.2.4.200 - Ren, F. and Zhang, Y. and Qin, Y. and Shang, J. and Wang, Y. and Wei, P. and Guo, J. and Jia, H. and Zhao, T (2022) 'Taraxasterol prompted the anti-tumor effect in mice burden hepatocellular carcinoma by regulating T lymphocytes', Cell Death Discovery. doi:10.1038/s41420-022-01059-5 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41420-022-01059-5 - Liu, W. and Yu, Q. and Wang, F. and Li, Y. and Zhang, G. and Tao, S (2022) 'Taraxasterol attenuates melanoma progression via inactivation of reactive oxygen species-mediated PI3K/Akt signaling pathway', Human & Experimental Toxicology. doi:10.1177/09603271211069034 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1177/09603271211069034 - Liu, J. and Liu, J. and Yang, H. and Liu, R. and Sun, D. and Liu, Y. and Lü, J. and Lü, J. and Liu, J. and Liu, J. and Lu, J. and Lu, J (2025) 'Investigation of the Anti-Lung Cancer Mechanisms of Taraxacum officinale Based on Network Pharmacology and Multidimensional Experimental Validation', Pharmaceuticals. doi:10.3390/ph18050663 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.3390/ph18050663 - Al-Eisawi, Z. and Abderrahman, S.M. and Al-khalaf, I.F. and Al-Abbassi, R. and Bustanji, Y (2020) 'Taraxacum officinale Extracts Exhibit Safe and Selective Anticancer Activity', The Natural Products Journal. doi:10.2174/2210315510999201109202255 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.2174/2210315510999201109202255 - Nassan, M.A. and Soliman, M.M. and Ismail, S. and El‐Shazly, S.A (2018) 'Effect of Taraxacum officinale extract on PI3K/Akt pathway in DMBA-induced breast cancer in albino rats', Bioscience Reports. doi:10.1042/bsr20180334 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1042/bsr20180334 - Nguyen, C. and Mehaidli, A. and Baskaran, K. and Grewal, S. and Pupulin, A. and Ruvinov, I. and Scaria, B. and Parashar, K. and Vegh, C. and Pandey, S (2019) 'Dandelion Root and Lemongrass Extracts Induce Apoptosis, Enhance Chemotherapeutic Efficacy, and Reduce Tumour Xenograft Growth In Vivo in Prostate Cancer', Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. doi:10.1155/2019/2951428 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/2951428 - Renna, M (2026) 'Taraxacum officinale L. in leukemia and lymphoma: current knowledge and prospects for horticulture', Frontiers in Plant Science. doi:10.3389/fpls.2025.1740142 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2025.1740142 - Yang, Y. and Ying, G. and Wu, S. and Wu, F. and Chen, Z (2020) 'In vitro inhibition effects of hepatitis B virus by dandelion and taraxasterol', Infectious Agents and Cancer. doi:10.1186/s13027-020-00309-4 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13027-020-00309-4 - Zhang, X. and Xiong, H. and Li, H. and Cheng, Y (2013) 'Protective effect of taraxasterol against LPS-induced endotoxic shock by modulating inflammatory responses in mice', Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology. doi:10.3109/08923973.2013.861482 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.3109/08923973.2013.861482 - Dong, L. and Dongzhi, Z. and Jin, Y. and Kim, Y. and Lee, D. and Huang, S. and Panichayupakaranant, P. and Li, B (2020) 'Taraxacum officinale Wigg. Attenuates Inflammatory Responses in Murine Microglia through the Nrf2/HO-1 and NF-κB Signaling Pathways', The American Journal of Chinese Medicine. doi:10.1142/s0192415x20500238 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1142/s0192415x20500238 - Kim, J. and Choi, G. and Hwang, H.S. and Ku, H.J. and Choi, C. and Jung, G.T. and So, B (2010) 'Characterization of immunostimulatory activities of fractions obtained from Taraxacum officinale', Planta Medica. doi:10.1055/s-0030-1264719 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0030-1264719 - Aremu, O.O. and Tata, C.M. and Sewani-Rusike, C.R. and Oyedeji, A.O. and Oyedeji, O.O. and Gwebu, E.T. and Nkeh-Chungag, B.N (2019) 'Acute and sub-chronic antihypertensive properties of Taraxacum officinale leaf (TOL) and root (TOR)', Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa. doi:10.1080/0035919x.2019.1592031 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1080/0035919x.2019.1592031 - Hook, I. and McGee, A. and Henman, M (1993) 'Evaluation of Dandelion for Diuretic Activity and Variation in Potassium Content', International Journal of Pharmacognosy. doi:10.3109/13880209309082914 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.3109/13880209309082914 - European Medicines Agency (2009) 'Community herbal monograph on Taraxacum officinale Weber ex Wigg., radix cum herba'. Traditional / reference
https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Community%20herbal%20monograph%20on%20Taraxacum%20officinale%20Weber%20ex%20Wigg.%2C%20radix%20cum%20herba - Schütz, K., Carle, R. and Schieber, A (2006) 'Taraxacum — a review on its phytochemical and pharmacological profile', 107(3), pp. 313--323. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2006.07.021 Clinical study
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2006.07.021 - Hao, F., Deng, X., Yu, X., Wang, W., Yan, W., Zhao, X., Wang, X., Bai, C., Wang, Z. and Han, L (2024) 'Taraxacum: A Review of Ethnopharmacology, Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Activity', 52(1), pp. 183--215. doi:10.1142/S0192415X24500083 Traditional / reference
https://doi.org/10.1142/S0192415X24500083 - Wu, J., Sun, J., Liu, M., Zhang, X., Kong, L., Ma, L., Jiang, S., Liu, X. and Ma, W (2024) 'Botany, Traditional Use, Phytochemistry, Pharmacology and Quality Control of Taraxaci Herba: A Comprehensive Review', 17(9). doi:10.3390/ph17091113 Traditional / reference
https://doi.org/10.3390/ph17091113 - Sharifi-Rad, M., Roberts, T.H., Matthews, K.R., Bezerra, C.F., Morais-Braga, M.F.B., Coutinho, H.D.M., Sharopov, F., Salehi, B., Yousaf, Z., Sharifi-Rad, M., del Mar Contreras, M., Varoni, E.M., Verma, D.R., Iriti, M. and Sharifi-Rad, J (2018) 'Ethnobotany of the genus Taraxacum – Phytochemicals and antimicrobial activity', 32(11), pp. 2131--2145. doi:10.1002/ptr.6157 Traditional / reference
https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.6157 - Kania-Dobrowolska, M. and Baraniak, J (2022) 'Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale L.) as a Source of Biologically Active Compounds Supporting the Therapy of Co-Existing Diseases in Metabolic Syndrome', 11(18). doi:10.3390/foods11182858 Traditional / reference
https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11182858 - Herbal Reality (n.d.) 'Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale): Benefits, Safety, Uses'. Available at: https://www.herbalreality.com/herb/dandelion/ Traditional / reference
https://www.herbalreality.com/herb/dandelion/ - Clare, B.A., Conroy, R.S. and Spelman, K (2009) 'The diuretic effect in human subjects of an extract of Taraxacum officinale folium over a single day', 15(8), pp. 929--934. doi:10.1089/acm.2008.0152 Randomized trial
https://doi.org/10.1089/acm.2008.0152 - Rodriguez-Fragoso, L., Reyes-Esparza, J., Burchiel, S.W., Herrera-Ruiz, D. and Torres, E (2007) 'Risks and benefits of commonly used herbal medicines in Mexico', 227(1), pp. 125--135. doi:10.1016/j.taap.2007.10.005 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.taap.2007.10.005
Generated automatically from the Omnia Sana plant database and its cited sources. For educational purposes only — not medical advice. Always consult a qualified practitioner before using medicinal plants.