Plant Comparison

Parsley vs Ajwain

A side-by-side comparison of two medicinal plants — every documented constituent, action, use, safety note and cited source, assembled automatically from the Omnia Sana database.

First plant

Second plant

Plant AParsleyPetroselinum crispumApiaceaeFull monograph →

Plant BAjwainTrachyspermum ammiApiaceaeFull monograph →

At a glance

Parsley and Ajwain: both belong to the Apiaceae family; they share 2 indicated uses (bloating, indigestion); 1 pharmacological action in common.

ParsleyAjwain

Constituents42

Pharmacological actions61

Indicated uses95

Safety notes22

Cited sources1716

Indicated uses

Only Parsley

Bad breathDetox / cleansingKidney supportLiver supportSwelling / fluid retentionUrinary supportUrinary tract infection (UTI)

Shared (2)

BloatingIndigestion

Only Ajwain

Menstrual crampsOral & throat healthRespiratory support

Pharmacological actions

Only Parsley

AntioxidantCarminativeDiureticHepatoprotective (liver support)Nephroprotective (kidney support)

Shared (1)

Digestive aid

Only Ajwain

none

Evidence face-off — shared uses

Condition	Parsley	Ajwain	Verdict
Bloating	5/10	1/10	Stronger for Parsley
Indigestion	5/10	2/10	Stronger for Parsley

Evidence scores (1–10) are computed from the tier of each cited source. “Comparable” means the two scores are within one point. Follow a score to its detailed sources.

Key Constituents

Flavonoids (apigenin) and other phenolics^{[1, 11, 12]}

Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory constituents.

FlavonoidsPhenolic compoundsApigenin

Essential oil (apiole and myristicin)^[11]

Aromatic constituents that drive the diuretic action but are toxic in large amounts.

Essential (volatile) oil

Furanocoumarins (bergapten, imperatorin)^[12]

Photosensitising constituents; the basis for the mild phototoxicity caution.

Coumarins

Vitamin C and carotenoids^[11]

Nutritive antioxidant constituents.

Carotenoids

Essential oil rich in thymol^{[1, 14]}

Thymol is the principal active constituent, responsible for most of the antimicrobial, antispasmodic and carminative activity.

Essential (volatile) oilThymol

Carvacrol and other monoterpenes^[14]

Secondary aromatic constituents contributing to the antimicrobial profile.

CarvacrolTerpenes / terpenoids

Pharmacological Actions

Antioxidant^{[1, 2, 4, 5, 9, 10, 11, 12]}

Antioxidant, nephroprotective and hepatoprotective

Carminative^[11]

Carminative digestive and stomach tonic (bloating, indigestion)

Digestive aid^{[6, 7, 11]}

Carminative digestive and stomach tonic (bloating, indigestion)

Diuretic^{[11, 12, 13]}

Diuretic - reduces fluid retention/swelling and supports urinary and kidney function (traditionally used for urinary stones); animal studies attribute the effect to inhibition of the renal Na+/K+ pump, raising urine flow

Hepatoprotective (liver support)^{[3, 5, 8, 11, 12]}

Antioxidant, nephroprotective and hepatoprotective

Nephroprotective (kidney support)^{[9, 11, 12]}

Antioxidant, nephroprotective and hepatoprotective

Digestive aid^{[1, 2, 12, 13, 14, 15]}

Traditional & Indicated Uses

Bad breath^[11]Moderate · 5/10

Breath freshener (chlorophyll-rich; traditional for bad breath)

Evidence: 5

Label: Bad breath

Bloating^[11]Moderate · 5/10

Carminative digestive and stomach tonic (bloating, indigestion)

Evidence: 5

Label: Bloating

Detox / cleansing^{[11, 12]}Moderate · 5/10

inferred from hepatoprotective action

Evidence: 5

Label: Detox / cleansing

Indigestion^[11]Moderate · 5/10

Carminative digestive and stomach tonic (bloating, indigestion)

Evidence: 5

Label: Indigestion

Kidney support^{[9, 11, 12]}Moderate · 5/10

inferred from nephroprotective action

Evidence: 5

Label: Kidney support

Liver support^{[3, 11, 12]}Moderate · 5/10

inferred from hepatoprotective action

Evidence: 5

Label: Liver support

Swelling / fluid retention^{[11, 12, 13]}Moderate · 5/10

Evidence: 5

Label: Swelling / fluid retention

Urinary support^{[11, 12, 13]}Moderate · 5/10

inferred from diuretic action

Evidence: 5

Label: Urinary support

Urinary tract infection (UTI)^{[11, 12, 13]}Moderate · 5/10

inferred from diuretic action

Evidence: 5

Label: Urinary tract infection (UTI)

Bloating^{[1, 12, 13, 14, 15]}Traditional · 1/10

inferred from digestive action

Evidence: 1

Label: Bloating

Indigestion^{[1, 2, 6, 12, 13, 14, 15]}Traditional · 2/10

inferred from digestive action

Evidence: 2

Label: Indigestion

Menstrual cramps^{[1, 12, 13, 14, 15]}Traditional · 1/10

Evidence: 1

Label: Menstrual cramps

Oral & throat health^{[1, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15]}Traditional · 2/10

Evidence: 2

Label: Oral & throat health

Respiratory support^{[1, 12, 13, 14, 15]}Traditional · 1/10

Evidence: 1

Label: Respiratory support

Safety, Cautions & Contraindications

Safety note^[11]Caution

Culinary amounts are safe, but medicinal/seed doses and the essential oil (apiole, myristicin) can be toxic and stimulate the uterus - AVOID medicinal doses of parsley in pregnancy.

Safety note^{[11, 12]}Caution

Its diuretic action means caution alongside diuretic medicines; the furanocoumarins can cause mild photosensitivity, and concentrated use should be avoided in active kidney disease.

Safety note^{[1, 12, 13, 14, 15]}Caution

Generally safe at culinary amounts used in Indian and Middle Eastern cooking. Ajwain essential oil is highly concentrated and should not be ingested in large quantities — thymol toxicity can cause nausea, vomiting, and central nervous system effects at high doses. May increase photosensitivity (phototoxic potential of essential oil). May mildly lower blood pressure and blood sugar — caution when combined with antihypertensive or antidiabetic medications. Contains thymol, which may enhance anticoagulant effects at very high doses. Not recommended in medicinal doses during pregnancy (has emmenagogue properties in traditional use) or breastfeeding. Avoid in large amounts with peptic ulcer as it may aggravate gastric acidity in some individuals (Bairwa et al., 2012).

Safety note^{[1, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16]}Info

According to Duke (2002), ajowan essential oil is fungitoxic at 500 ppm and possesses spasmogenic activity. The oil is rich in thymol, which may be responsible for many of the plant's biological activities including its antispasmodic, carminative, and antimicrobial effects. Recommended dosage in traditional medicine is 3–6 g of powdered seed, or 125 mg of standardized extract (Duke, 2002).

External Ids

Gbif: 7828157

Wikidata: Q25284

Gbif: 3034241

Wikidata: Q413254

Botanical Description

Biennial herb (Apiaceae), usually grown as an annual, 20-60 cm tall, with a slender taproot. Leaves are bright green and finely divided, either flat or tightly curled ('crisped') depending on variety. In the second year, small yellow-green flowers are borne in compound umbels, followed by small, ridged fruit (the 'seed').^[11]

Height: 20-60 cm

Habit: Biennial herb (usually cultivated as an annual)

Leaves: Bright green, finely divided, flat or curled ('crisped')

Flowers: Small, yellow-green, in compound umbels (second year)

Stem: Erect, branched (second-year flowering stem)

Root: Slender taproot (thickened in root-parsley varieties)

Fruit: Small, ridged, aromatic fruit ("seed")

Flowering Period: Second year, June-August

Slender annual herb with finely divided, feathery leaves, resembling a smaller parsley. Small white flowers are borne in flat-topped umbels, giving way to small, ridged, aromatic, oval seeds (technically schizocarps) that are the primary part used.^[12]

Height: 30-90 cm

Habit: Slender, erect annual herb

Leaves: Finely divided, feathery, parsley-like

Flowers: Small, white, in flat-topped umbels

Stem: Erect, branching, ridged

Root: Fibrous taproot

Fruit: Small, ridged, aromatic, oval seed (schizocarp), the main part used

Flowering Period: Summer (varies by growing region)

Habitat

Native to the central Mediterranean (Sardinia and southern Italy), long cultivated worldwide as a culinary and medicinal herb in gardens and as a field crop.^[11]

Cultivated as an annual crop, mainly in India, Iran, Pakistan, Afghanistan and Egypt; believed native to the eastern Mediterranean region.^[13]

Harvesting

Leaves are picked fresh throughout the growing season; the root (of root-parsley varieties) is lifted in autumn; the seed (fruit) is collected from second-year plants once ripe and dry - it is used mainly in medicinal/aromatic preparations rather than food, given its higher concentration of the toxic essential-oil constituents apiole and myristicin.^[11]

Parts: Leaf, Root, Seed

Season: Leaf throughout the growing season; root in autumn; seed once ripe (second year)

Seeds are harvested when the umbels dry and turn brown, then threshed and dried further; leaves are gathered fresh through the growing season and the root is dug when needed.^[12]

Parts: Leaf, Root, Seed

Season: Seed at late-season maturity; leaf through growing season

Traditional Uses

Parsley has a long Mediterranean culinary-medicinal tradition as a carminative digestive tonic, breath freshener and mild diuretic traditionally used for urinary complaints and fluid retention. Modern research supports antioxidant, hepatoprotective, nephroprotective and diuretic activity.^{[11, 12]}

Ajwain seed has a long South Asian and Middle Eastern culinary and Ayurvedic tradition as a warming digestive carminative for bloating and indigestion, an antispasmodic for menstrual cramps, an oral-health antiseptic, and a respiratory-supportive remedy, with its high thymol content underlying much of its antimicrobial and antispasmodic activity.^{[1, 12, 14]}

Preparations

Fresh leaf^[11]

Eaten fresh as a garnish or herb - a traditional daily digestive and breath-freshening support.

Infusion (tea)^[11]

Dried leaf or crushed seed steeped in hot water, a traditional diuretic and digestive preparation.

Seed infusion/chewed seed^[12]

Whole seeds chewed after meals or infused in hot water as the classic digestive preparation.

Diluted essential oil (topical/oral-care)^[1]

Essential oil, well diluted, used in oral-care preparations; not taken undiluted internally due to thymol content.

Dosage

Leaf infusion^[11]

Culinary amounts of leaf are food-safe; medicinal use should stick to modest infusion amounts (roughly 2-4 g dried leaf or root per cup, a few times daily). Avoid concentrated seed extract or essential oil, which are toxic and uterine-stimulant at higher doses, and avoid medicinal doses entirely in pregnancy. Educational reference only, not a prescription.

Seed^[1]

Traditional sources suggest around 3-6 g of powdered seed daily, or 125 mg of a standardized extract. Educational reference only, not a prescription.

References

REF-1486, REF-1487, REF-1488, REF-1489, REF-1490, REF-1491, REF-1492, REF-1493, REF-1494, REF-1495

REF-0017, REF-1914, REF-1915, REF-1916, REF-1917, REF-1918, REF-1919, REF-1920, REF-1921, REF-1922, REF-1923

Lookalikes Review

Outcome: has-lookalikes

Reviewed By: Omnia Sana (owner-authorized)

Reviewed Date: 2026-07-06

Outcome: none-known

Reviewed By: Omnia Sana (owner-authorized)

Reviewed Date: 2026-07-06

Dangerous Lookalikes

Safety note^{[14, 15]}Fatal

Dangerous Plant: conium-maculatum

Confused Part: Leaves and stems (foliage); the divided leaves resemble flat-leaf parsley, especially before flowering.

Confusion Context: Poison hemlock is in the same family as parsley and its foliage is often described as parsley- or carrot-top-like; it can be confused with edible parsley-family plants. Its alkaloid coniine causes a paralysis that stops breathing, and eating even a small amount of any part can be fatal.

Distinguishing Features: Poison hemlock stems are smooth, hairless and marked with purple or red spots and streaks; garden parsley stems have no purple blotching., Crushed poison hemlock smells foul and musty ('mousy'); parsley smells clean and pleasantly herby., Poison hemlock grows tall (often 1.5 to 3 m) with hollow stems; culinary parsley is a low herb.

Key Test: Inspect the stem: hairless and smooth with purple or red spots and streaks = poison hemlock — do not eat. Confirm with the crushed-plant smell (foul and mousy versus parsley's pleasant herb scent).

Reviewed By: Omnia Sana (owner-authorized)

Reviewed Date: 2026-07-06

Safety note^{[16, 17]}Dangerous

Dangerous Plant: aethusa-cynapium

Confused Part: Leaves and foliage; the finely divided glossy leaves closely resemble flat-leaf (Italian) parsley — the origin of the name 'fool's parsley'.

Confusion Context: Named directly for the confusion with parsley, fool's parsley contains toxic polyacetylenes; poisoning causes burning in the mouth and throat and gastrointestinal and neurological effects, and it is especially a risk to children.

Distinguishing Features: In flower, each little umbel of fool's parsley has three or four long, narrow bracteoles hanging downward beneath it (a 'beard'); true parsley has no such long drooping bracteoles., Crushed fool's parsley smells foul, acrid and mousy; parsley smells clean and pleasantly herby., Fool's parsley leaves are hairless, more finely divided, and darker and glossier than culinary parsley.

Key Test: Look under the flower clusters for three or four long, downward-hanging bracteoles (a 'beard') — present in fool's parsley, absent in true parsley — and cross-check the foul mousy smell versus parsley's pleasant scent. If a parsley-like plant only smells 'off' and isn't flowering, don't use it without expert confirmation.

Reviewed By: Omnia Sana (owner-authorized)

Reviewed Date: 2026-07-06

Not documented

References & Sources

Ebrahimi, P., Bayram, I., Lante, A. and Decker, E.A (2024) 'Acid-hydrolyzed phenolic extract of parsley (Petroselinum crispum L.) leaves inhibits lipid oxidation in soybean oil-in-water emulsions', Food Research International, 187, pp. 114452. doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2024.114452 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2024.114452
Ertik, O., Pazarbasi, S.E., Sener, G. and Sacan, O (2023) 'Petroselinum crispum Extract Prevents Scopolamine-Induced Lens Damage in Rats', Chemistry & Biodiversity, 20(11), pp. e202300776. doi:10.1002/cbdv.202300776 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1002/cbdv.202300776
Ede, S., Ozbeyli, D., Erdogan, O., Cevik, O. and others (2023) 'Hepatoprotective effects of parsley (Petroselinum crispum) extract in rats with bile duct ligation', Arab Journal of Gastroenterology, 24(1), pp. 45-51. doi:10.1016/j.ajg.2022.10.006 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajg.2022.10.006
Mara de Menezes Epifanio, N., Rykiel Iglesias Cavalcanti, L., Falcao Dos Santos, K., Soares Coutinho Duarte, P. and others (2020) 'Chemical characterization and in vivo antioxidant activity of parsley (Petroselinum crispum) aqueous extract', Food & Function, 11(6), pp. 5346-5356. doi:10.1039/d0fo00484g Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1039/d0fo00484g
Ozsoy-Sacan, O., Yanardag, R., Orak, H., Ozgey, Y. and others (2006) 'Effects of parsley (Petroselinum crispum) extract versus glibornuride on the liver of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats', Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 104(1-2), pp. 175-181. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2005.08.069 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2005.08.069
Moazedi, A.A., Mirzaie, D.N., Seyyednejad, S.M., Zadkarami, M.R. and others (2007) 'Spasmolytic effect of Petroselinum crispum (Parsley) on rat's ileum at different calcium chloride concentrations', Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences, 10(22), pp. 4036-4042. doi:10.3923/pjbs.2007.4036.4042 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.3923/pjbs.2007.4036.4042
Al-Howiriny, T., Al-Sohaibani, M., El-Tahir, K. and Rafatullah, S (2003) 'Prevention of experimentally-induced gastric ulcers in rats by an ethanolic extract of 'Parsley' Petroselinum crispum', The American Journal of Chinese Medicine, 31(5), pp. 699-711. doi:10.1142/S0192415X03001405 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1142/S0192415X03001405
Nair, V.Y., Balakrishanan, N. and Antony Santiago, J.V (2015) 'Petroselinum crispum extract attenuates hepatic steatosis in rats fed with fructose enriched diet', Bratislava Medical Journal, 116(9), pp. 547-553. doi:10.4149/bll_2015_108 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.4149/bll_2015_108
Maodaa, S.N., Allam, A.A., Ajarem, J., Abdel-Maksoud, M.A. and others (2016) 'Effect of parsley (Petroselinum crispum, Apiaceae) juice against cadmium neurotoxicity in albino mice', Behavioral and Brain Functions, 12(1), pp. 6. doi:10.1186/s12993-016-0090-3 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12993-016-0090-3
Ganea, M., Vicas, L.G., Gligor, O., Sarac, I. and others (2024) 'Exploring the Therapeutic Efficacy of Parsley (Petroselinum crispum Mill.) as a Functional Food: Implications in Immunological Tolerability, Reduction of Muscle Cramps, and Treatment of Dermatitis', Molecules, 29(3), pp. 608. doi:10.3390/molecules29030608 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29030608
Bahramsoltani, R., Ahmadian, R., Daglia, M. and Rahimi, R (2024) 'Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) Fuss (Parsley): An Updated Review of the Traditional Uses, Phytochemistry, and Pharmacology', Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.3c06429 Randomized trial
https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.3c06429
Mahmood, S. and Hussain, S. and Malik, F (2014) 'Critique of medicinal conspicuousness of Parsley (Petroselinum crispum): a culinary herb of Mediterranean region', Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 27(1), pp. 193--202. Preclinical
https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Critique%20of%20medicinal%20conspicuousness%20of%20Parsley%20%28Petroselinum%20crispum%29%3A%20a%20culinary%20herb%20of%20Mediterranean%20region
Kreydiyyeh, S.I. and Usta, J (2002) 'Diuretic effect and mechanism of action of parsley', Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 79(3), pp. 353--357. doi:10.1016/s0378-8741(01)00408-1 Traditional / reference
https://doi.org/10.1016/s0378-8741(01)00408-1
Dayan, A.D (2024) 'Death of Socrates: a likely case of poison hemlock (Conium maculatum) poisoning', Clinical Toxicology (Philadelphia, Pa.), 62(1), pp. 56-60. doi:10.1080/15563650.2024.2309328 Clinical study
https://doi.org/10.1080/15563650.2024.2309328
King County Noxious Weeds (2024) 'Poison hemlock (Conium maculatum) identification and control'. Available at: https://kingcounty.gov/en/dept/dnrp/nature-recreation/environment-ecology-conservation/noxious-weeds/identification-control/poison-hemlock Traditional / reference
https://kingcounty.gov/en/dept/dnrp/nature-recreation/environment-ecology-conservation/noxious-weeds/identification-control/poison-hemlock
Teuscher, E. and Greger, H. and Adrian, V (1990) 'Toxicity of Aethusa cynapium L. (fool's parsley)', Pharmazie, 45(7), pp. 537-8. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2236201/ Preclinical
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2236201/
Minnesota Wildflowers (2024) 'Aethusa cynapium (Fool's Parsley)'. Available at: https://www.minnesotawildflowers.info/flower/fools-parsley Traditional / reference
https://www.minnesotawildflowers.info/flower/fools-parsley

Bairwa, R., Sodha, R.S. and Rajawat, B.S (2012) 'Trachyspermum ammi', 6(11), pp. 56--60. doi:10.4103/0973-7847.95871 Traditional / reference
https://doi.org/10.4103/0973-7847.95871
Eftekhari, M., Hoseinsalari, A., Mansourian, M., Farjadmand, F., Shams Ardekani, M.R., Sharifzadeh, M., Hassanzadeh, G., Khanavi, M. and Gholami, M (2019) 'Trachyspermum ammi (L.) Sprague, superb essential oil and its major components on peptic ulcers: in vivo combined in silico studies', DARU Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 27(1), pp. 317-327. doi:10.1007/s40199-019-00279-y Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40199-019-00279-y
Khan, A. and Gilani, A.H (2023) 'An insight investigation to the antiurolithic activity of Trachyspermum ammi using the in vitro and in vivo experiments', Urolithiasis, 51(1), pp. 43. doi:10.1007/s00240-023-01415-9 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00240-023-01415-9
Soni, K. and Parle, M (2017) 'Trachyspermum ammi Seeds Supplementation Helps Reverse Scopolamine, Alprazolam and Electroshock Induced Amnesia', Neurochemical Research, 42(5), pp. 1333-1344. doi:10.1007/s11064-017-2177-0 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11064-017-2177-0
Gupta, B.D., Kar, A., Narayan, S., Thakur, C.P., Mukherjee, P.K. and Haldar, P.K (2023) 'Ultra-performance liquid chromatography-Quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry-based metabolite profiling, quality evaluation, and marker analysis of Trachyspermum ammi (L.) Sprague by high-performance thin-layer chromatography', Journal of Separation Science, 46(10), pp. e2200872. doi:10.1002/jssc.202200872 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1002/jssc.202200872
Arasu, A., Pingley, V., Prabha, N., O V, R., Annathurai, K., Kasirajan, S., Govindasamy, A., Alwahibi, M.S., Elshikh, M.S., Abdel Gawwad, M.R. and Arockiaraj, J (2021) 'Impact and fungitoxic spectrum of Trachyspermum ammi against Candida albicans, an opportunistic pathogenic fungus commonly found in human gut that causes Candidiasis infection', Journal of Infection and Public Health, 14(12), pp. 1854-1863. doi:10.1016/j.jiph.2021.09.027 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiph.2021.09.027
Sharifzadeh, A., Khosravi, A.R., Shokri, H. and Sharafi, G (2015) 'Antifungal effect of Trachyspermum ammi against susceptible and fluconazole-resistant strains of Candida albicans', Journal de Mycologie Medicale, 25(2), pp. 143-150. doi:10.1016/j.mycmed.2015.03.008 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mycmed.2015.03.008
Petramfar, P., Moein, M., Samani, S.M., Tabatabaei, S.H. and Zarshenas, M.M (2016) 'Trachyspermum ammi 10% topical cream versus placebo on neuropathic pain, a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial', Neurological Sciences, 37(9), pp. 1449-1455. doi:10.1007/s10072-016-2600-3 Randomized trial
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10072-016-2600-3
Saleem, U., Riaz, S., Ahmad, B. and Saleem, M (2017) 'Pharmacological Screening of Trachyspermum ammi for Antihyperlipidemic Activity in Triton X-100 Induced Hyperlipidemia Rat Model', Pharmacognosy Research, 9(Suppl 1), pp. S34-S40. doi:10.4103/pr.pr_37_17 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.4103/pr.pr_37_17
Dadpe, M.V., Dhore, S.V., Dahake, P.T., Kale, Y.J., Kendre, S.B. and Siddiqui, A.G (2018) 'Evaluation of antimicrobial efficacy of Trachyspermum ammi (Ajwain) oil and chlorhexidine against oral bacteria: An in vitro study', Journal of the Indian Society of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, 36(4), pp. 357-363. doi:10.4103/JISPPD.JISPPD_65_18 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.4103/JISPPD.JISPPD_65_18
Arabi Monfared, A., Ayatollahi Mousavi, S.A., Zomorodian, K., Mehrabani, D., Iraji, A. and Moein, M.R (2020) 'Trachyspermum ammi aromatic water: A traditional drink with considerable anti-Candida activity', Current Medical Mycology, 6(3), pp. 1-8. doi:10.18502/cmm.6.3.3979 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.18502/cmm.6.3.3979
Awan, S.J., Kanwal, M., Riaz, M.N. et al (2021) 'A Review on the Medicinal Potential of Trachyspermum ammi', pp. 302--311. doi:10.9734/jpri/2021/v33i41B32457 Traditional / reference
https://doi.org/10.9734/jpri/2021/v33i41B32457
Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew (n.d.) 'Trachyspermum ammi (L.) Sprague'. Available at: https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:http://ipni.org:names:436285-1 Traditional / reference
https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:http://ipni.org:names:436285-1
Boskabady, M.H., Alitaneh, S. and Alavinezhad, A (2014) 'Carum copticum L.: A Herbal Medicine with Various Pharmacological Effects'. doi:10.1155/2014/569087 Traditional / reference
https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/569087
Shova, D.C., Shrestha, S., Sharma, S. and Dhakal, H (2020) 'GC-MS analysis, antibacterial, antioxidant study and brine shrimp lethality analysis of Trachyspermum ammi (L.) Sprague', 1(1), pp. 45--50. Traditional / reference
https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=GC-MS%20analysis%2C%20antibacterial%2C%20antioxidant%20study%20and%20brine%20shrimp%20lethality%20analysis%20of%20Trachyspermum%20ammi%20%28L.%29%20Sprague
Duke, J.A (2002) 'Handbook of Medicinal Herbs, Second Edition'. Traditional / reference
https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Handbook%20of%20Medicinal%20Herbs%2C%20Second%20Edition

Parsley monograph Ajwain monograph Compare other plants

Generated automatically from the Omnia Sana plant database and its cited sources. For educational purposes only — not medical advice. Always consult a qualified practitioner before using medicinal plants.