Plant Comparison
Holy Basil vs White clover
A side-by-side comparison of two medicinal plants — every documented constituent, action, use, safety note and cited source, assembled automatically from the Omnia Sana database.
First plant
Second plant
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At a glance
Holy Basil and White clover: they share 8 indicated uses (arthritis / joint pain, blood sugar / diabetes support, cancer (anticancer research), …); 5 pharmacological actions in common.
Holy BasilWhite clover
Constituents23
Pharmacological actions611
Indicated uses1215
Safety notes22
Cited sources1633
Indicated uses
Only Holy Basil
AnxietyFatigue / low energyMemoryStress
Shared (8)
Arthritis / joint painBlood sugar / diabetes supportCancer (anticancer research)Cognitive functionCold & fluImmune supportInflammation (general)Skin irritation
Only White clover
BruisingMenstrual crampsMuscle spasmWoundsKidney supportLiver supportInfection (general)
Pharmacological actions
Only Holy Basil
Adaptogen
Shared (5)
Anti-inflammatoryAnticancer (preclinical)AntioxidantImmunomodulator / immune supportNeuroprotective / cognition support
Only White clover
AntispasmodicVulnerary (wound healing)Nephroprotective (kidney support)Hepatoprotective (liver support)AntimicrobialAntidiabetic (blood-sugar lowering)
Evidence face-off — shared uses
| Condition | Holy Basil | White clover | Verdict |
|---|---|---|---|
| Arthritis / joint pain | 1/10 | 1/10 | Comparable evidence |
| Blood sugar / diabetes support | 7/10 | 2/10 | Stronger for Holy Basil |
| Cancer (anticancer research) | 8/10 | 2/10 | Stronger for Holy Basil |
| Cognitive function | 5/10 | 2/10 | Stronger for Holy Basil |
| Cold & flu | 7/10 | 1/10 | Stronger for Holy Basil |
| Immune support | 7/10 | 1/10 | Stronger for Holy Basil |
| Inflammation (general) | 1/10 | 2/10 | Comparable evidence |
| Skin irritation | 1/10 | 1/10 | Comparable evidence |
Evidence scores (1–10) are computed from the tier of each cited source. “Comparable” means the two scores are within one point. Follow a score to its detailed sources.
Key Constituents
Cyanogenic glycosides (trace)[30]
Present in small amounts; not significant in normal food or tea use.
Glycosides
Pharmacological Actions
Adaptogen for stress and anxiety (improves stress scores and well-being in trials)
Neuroprotective / cognition support[14]
Cognitive support - a placebo-controlled study in healthy adults found improved reaction time and accuracy and shorter P300 latency
Traditional & Indicated Uses
Adaptogen for stress and anxiety (improves stress scores and well-being in trials)
Evidence: 8
Label: Anxiety
Arthritis / joint pain[11]Traditional · 1/10
inferred from anti-inflammatory action
Evidence: 1
Label: Arthritis / joint pain
Supports blood-sugar control (lowers fasting and post-meal glucose)
Evidence: 7
Label: Blood sugar / diabetes support
inferred from anticancer action
Evidence: 8
Label: Cancer (anticancer research)
Cognitive function[14]Moderate · 5/10
inferred from neuroprotective action
Evidence: 5
Label: Cognitive function
Fatigue / low energy[12]Good · 7/10
inferred from adaptogen action
Evidence: 7
Label: Fatigue / low energy
Inflammation (general)[11]Traditional · 1/10
inferred from anti-inflammatory action
Evidence: 1
Label: Inflammation (general)
Skin irritation[11]Traditional · 1/10
inferred from anti-inflammatory action
Evidence: 1
Label: Skin irritation
inferred from anti-inflammatory action
Evidence: 1
Label: Arthritis / joint pain
inferred from anticancer action
Evidence: 2
Label: Cancer (anticancer research)
inferred from immunomodulator action
Evidence: 1
Label: Cold & flu
inferred from anti-inflammatory action
Evidence: 2
Label: Inflammation (general)
inferred from antispasmodic action
Evidence: 1
Label: Menstrual cramps
inferred from antispasmodic action
Evidence: 1
Label: Muscle spasm
inferred from anti-inflammatory action
Evidence: 1
Label: Skin irritation
Evidence: 2
Label: Blood sugar / diabetes support
inferred from antimicrobial action
Evidence: 2
Label: Infection (general)
Safety, Cautions & Contraindications
Safety note[12]Caution
Generally well tolerated; mild nausea has been reported. Its blood-sugar-lowering effect means caution alongside antidiabetic medicines.
Generally very safe as a food and in moderate herbal use. Cyanogenic glucosides present in very small amounts — not significant in normal food or tea use. Isoflavones are phytoestrogens (as in red clover) — same precautions apply in hormone-sensitive conditions. Well tolerated by most people.
External Ids
Gbif: 2927100
Wikidata: Q960124
Gbif: 5358748
Wikidata: Q148675
Botanical Description
Aromatic annual or short-lived perennial subshrub (Lamiaceae), 30-75 cm tall, with erect, much-branched, hairy stems often tinged purple. Leaves are opposite, ovate-oblong with a toothed margin, and release a strong, clove-like (eugenol) scent when crushed. Small purplish-pink, two-lipped flowers are borne in elongated terminal racemes. The plant is held sacred in Hindu tradition (Tulsi).[11]
Height: 30-75 cm
Habit: Erect, much-branched, aromatic subshrub
Leaves: Opposite, ovate-oblong, toothed, clove-scented when crushed
Flowers: Small, purplish-pink, two-lipped, in elongated terminal racemes
Stem: Erect, much-branched, hairy, often purple-tinged
Root: Fibrous root system
Fruit: Four small nutlets (typical Lamiaceae schizocarp)
Flowering Period: Most of the year in tropical climates
Low, creeping perennial herb rooting at the nodes, with trifoliate leaves, each leaflet oval and often marked with a pale chevron. Rounded white (sometimes pink-tinged) flower heads are borne on long stalks above the foliage.[30]
Height: 5-15 cm (creeping, flower stalks slightly taller)
Habit: Low, creeping, mat-forming perennial herb
Leaves: Trifoliate, each leaflet oval, often marked with a pale chevron
Flowers: Rounded white (sometimes pink-tinged) heads of small pea-like flowers on long stalks
Stem: Creeping, rooting at the nodes
Root: Fibrous roots with nitrogen-fixing nodules
Fruit: Small pod containing 3-4 seeds
Flowering Period: May-October
Habitat
Native to the Indian subcontinent and tropical Asia, now cultivated and naturalised throughout the tropics and subtropics worldwide; commonly grown in home gardens and temple courtyards as well as cultivated as a medicinal and aromatic crop.[12]
Grows in lawns, pastures, meadows and grassy waste ground; native to Europe and western Asia and now naturalised worldwide, including as a common lawn and forage plant.[30]
Harvesting
Leaves are harvested year-round from actively growing plants, ideally picked once morning dew has dried; whole flowering tops are also gathered.
Parts: Leaf, Flowering tops
Season: Year-round in warm climates
Flowering heads and leaves are picked through the flowering season and dried in a warm, shaded, airy place.[30]
Parts: Flower, Leaf
Season: May-October
Traditional Uses
Tulsi is one of the most revered plants in Ayurvedic medicine, traditionally used as an adaptogen for stress, a remedy for respiratory complaints (colds, cough, asthma), and a general immune tonic. Modern clinical trials support adaptogenic/anti-stress, blood-sugar-lowering and immunomodulatory effects consistent with these traditional uses.[3, 12]
White clover has a folk tradition, similar to but lighter than its relative red clover, as an anti-inflammatory and wound-healing remedy and mild expectorant, and modern research on its isoflavones and phenolics has additionally investigated antioxidant, kidney-protective and liver-protective activity.[30, 31, 32]
Preparations
Infusion (flower/leaf)[30]
Dried flower and leaf infused in hot water as a traditional mild tonic and expectorant tea.
Dosage
Clinical trials for stress and mood have used standardised dry-extract capsules taken over several weeks; dosing varies by product concentration, so follow the manufacturer's guidance. Educational reference only, not a prescription.
Infusion (tea)[13]
The WHO monograph on Folium Ocimi Sancti gives a daily dosage of 6-12 g of the crude drug as a decoction. This is a whole-day total for the fresh or dried leaf, notably higher than the 1-2 g per cup often quoted in popular sources. Educational reference only, not a prescription.
Not documented
References
REF-1427, REF-1428, REF-1429, REF-1430, REF-1431, REF-1432, REF-1433, REF-1434, REF-1435, REF-1436
REF-1323, REF-1324, REF-1325, REF-1326, REF-1327, REF-2366, REF-2367, REF-2368, REF-2369, REF-2901, REF-2902, REF-2903, REF-2904, REF-2905, REF-2906, REF-2907, REF-2908, REF-2909, REF-2910, REF-2935, REF-2936, REF-2937, REF-2938, REF-2939, REF-2940, REF-2941, REF-2942, REF-2943, REF-2944
Drug Class Interactions
Drug Class: antidiabetics
Mechanism: Holy basil (tulsi) can lower fasting and after-meal blood glucose in people with type 2 diabetes; combined with diabetes medicines it may add to blood-sugar lowering, so monitor blood sugar.
Reviewed By: Omnia Sana (owner-authorized)
Reviewed Date: 2026-07-03
Not documented
Lookalikes Review
Outcome: none-known
Reviewed By: Omnia Sana (owner-authorized)
Reviewed Date: 2026-07-07
Outcome: none-known
Reviewed By: Omnia Sana (owner-authorized)
Reviewed Date: 2026-07-07
References & Sources
- Lopresti, A.L., Smith, S.J., Metse, A.P. and Drummond, P.D (2022) 'A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial investigating the effects of an Ocimum tenuiflorum (Holy Basil) extract (Holixer) on stress, mood, and sleep in adults experiencing stress', Frontiers in Nutrition, 9, pp. 965130. doi:10.3389/fnut.2022.965130 Randomized trial
https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.965130 - Baliga, M.S., Jimmy, R., Thilakchand, K.R., Sunitha, V. and others (2013) 'Ocimum sanctum L (Holy Basil or Tulsi) and its phytochemicals in the prevention and treatment of cancer', Nutrition and Cancer, 65(Suppl 1), pp. 26-35. doi:10.1080/01635581.2013.785010 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.1080/01635581.2013.785010 - Cohen, M.M (2014) 'Tulsi - Ocimum sanctum: A herb for all reasons', Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine, 5(4), pp. 251-259. doi:10.4103/0975-9476.146554 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.4103/0975-9476.146554 - Arya, R., Faruquee, H.M., Shakya, H., Rahman, S.A. and others (2024) 'Harnessing the Antibacterial, Anti-Diabetic and Anti-Carcinogenic Properties of Ocimum tenuiflorum Linn (Tulsi)', Plants, 13(24), pp. 3516. doi:10.3390/plants13243516 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13243516 - Prakash, P. and Gupta, N (2005) 'Therapeutic uses of Ocimum sanctum Linn (Tulsi) with a note on eugenol and its pharmacological actions: a short review', Indian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology, 49(2), pp. 125-131. Meta-analysis / review
https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Therapeutic%20uses%20of%20Ocimum%20sanctum%20Linn%20%28Tulsi%29%20with%20a%20note%20on%20eugenol%20and%20its%20pharmacological%20actions%3A%20a%20short%20review - Jayapal, V., Vidya Raj, C.K., Muthaiah, M., Chadha, V.K. and others (2021) 'In-vitro anti-Mycobacterium tuberculosis effect of essential oil of Ocimum sanctum L. (Tulsi/Basil) leaves', Indian Journal of Tuberculosis, 68(4), pp. 470-473. doi:10.1016/j.ijtb.2021.02.009 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijtb.2021.02.009 - Baliga, M.S., Rao, S., Rai, M.P. and D'souza, P (2016) 'Radio protective effects of the Ayurvedic medicinal plant Ocimum sanctum Linn. (Holy Basil): A memoir', Journal of Cancer Research and Therapeutics, 12(1), pp. 20-27. doi:10.4103/0973-1482.151422 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.4103/0973-1482.151422 - Kamel, F.O., Karim, S., Bafail, D.A.O., Aldawsari, H.M. and others (2023) 'Hepatoprotective effects of bioactive compounds from traditional herb Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum Linn) against galactosamine-induced hepatotoxicity in rats', Frontiers in Pharmacology, 14, pp. 1213052. doi:10.3389/fphar.2023.1213052 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2023.1213052 - Yadav, I., Kumar, R., Fatima, Z. and Rema, V (2024) 'Ocimum sanctum (Tulsi) as a Potential Immunomodulator for the Treatment of Ischemic Injury in the Brain', Current Molecular Medicine, 24(1), pp. 60-73. doi:10.2174/1566524023666221212155340 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.2174/1566524023666221212155340 - Kumar, P. and Patel, D (2023) 'Ocimum Sanctum: An All-Round Treatment for Cancer?', Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine, 29(4), pp. 253-257. Meta-analysis / review
https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Ocimum%20Sanctum%3A%20An%20All-Round%20Treatment%20for%20Cancer%3F - Bhattacharyya, P. and Bishayee, A (2013) 'Ocimum sanctum Linn. (Tulsi): an ethnomedicinal plant for the prevention and treatment of cancer', Anti-Cancer Drugs. doi:10.1097/CAD.0b013e328361aca1 Traditional / reference
https://doi.org/10.1097/CAD.0b013e328361aca1 - Jamshidi, N. and Cohen, M.M (2017) 'The Clinical Efficacy and Safety of Tulsi in Humans: A Systematic Review of the Literature', Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. doi:10.1155/2017/9217567 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/9217567 - World Health Organization (2002) 'Folium Ocimi Sancti'. Available at: https://iris.who.int/items/6418d8af-5200-4e6b-9bf5-004f3aa62a37 Traditional / reference
https://iris.who.int/items/6418d8af-5200-4e6b-9bf5-004f3aa62a37 - Sampath, S., Mahapatra, S.C., Padhi, M.M., Sharma, R. and Talwar, A (2015) 'Holy basil (Ocimum sanctum Linn.) leaf extract enhances specific cognitive parameters in healthy adult volunteers: A placebo controlled study', Indian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology, 59(1), pp. 69--77. Randomized trial
https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Holy%20basil%20%28Ocimum%20sanctum%20Linn.%29%20leaf%20extract%20enhances%20specific%20cognitive%20parameters%20in%20healthy%20adult%20volunteers%3A%20A%20placebo%20controlled%20study - Jamshidi, N. and Cohen, M.M (2017) 'The Clinical Efficacy and Safety of Tulsi in Humans: A Systematic Review of the Literature', Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2017, pp. 9217567. doi:10.1155/2017/9217567 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/9217567 - Agrawal, P., Rai, V. and Singh, R.B (1996) 'Randomized placebo-controlled, single blind trial of holy basil leaves in patients with noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus', International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 34(9), pp. 406-409. Randomized trial
https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Randomized%20placebo-controlled%2C%20single%20blind%20trial%20of%20holy%20basil%20leaves%20in%20patients%20with%20noninsulin-dependent%20diabetes%20mellitus
- Ngangom, L., Venugopal, D. and Pandey, N (2024) 'Investigation of Trifolium repens L. from the Indian Himalayan region as a phyto-therapeutic agent', Natural Product Research, 38(24), pp. 4468-4478. doi:10.1080/14786419.2023.2299319 Meta-analysis / review
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https://doi.org/10.1515/jbcpp-2020-0015 - Sarno, F., Pepe, G., Termolino, P., Carafa, V. and others (2020) 'Trifolium repens Blocks Proliferation in Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia via the BCR-ABL/STAT5 Pathway', Cells, 9(2), pp. 379. doi:10.3390/cells9020379 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.3390/cells9020379 - Ahmad, S. and Zeb, A (2020) 'Nephroprotective property of Trifolium repens leaf extract against paracetamol-induced kidney damage in mice', 3 Biotech, 10(12), pp. 541. doi:10.1007/s13205-020-02539-0 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1007/s13205-020-02539-0 - Kolodziejczyk-Czepas, J (2012) 'Trifolium species-derived substances and extracts--biological activity and prospects for medicinal applications', Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 143(1), pp. 14-23. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2012.06.048 Meta-analysis / review
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https://doi.org/10.1111/jfbc.12981 - Habibi Zadeh, S.K., Farahpour, M.R. and Kar, H.H (2020) 'The effect of topical administration of an ointment prepared from Trifolium repens hydroethanolic extract on the acceleration of excisional cutaneous wound healing', Wounds, 32(9), pp. 253-261. doi:10.25270/wnds/2020.253261 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.25270/wnds/2020.253261 - Kicel, A. and Wolbis, M (2012) 'Study on the phenolic constituents of the flowers and leaves of Trifolium repens L', Natural Product Research, 26(21), pp. 2050-2054. doi:10.1080/14786419.2011.637217 Preclinical
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https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25189909 - Rawat, P. and Kumar, B. and Misra, A. and Singh, S.P. and Singh, S.P. and Srivastava, S (2025) 'Effect of hydrolysed Trifolium repens L. extract on menopause-induced obesity and depressive symptoms: an in vitro and in vivo approach', Nat Prod Res, pp. 1-8. doi:10.1080/14786419.2025.2560636 Preclinical
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https://doi.org/10.1007/s00217-019-03416-8 - Petrović, M. and Stanković, M. and Anđelković, B. and Babić, S. and Zornić, V. and Vasiljević, S. and Stevanović, Z.D (2016) 'Quality Parameters and Antioxidant Activity of Three Clover Species in Relation to the Livestock Diet', Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca, 44(1), pp. 201-208. doi:10.15835/nbha44110144 Preclinical
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https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2022.09.501 - Amer, B. and Juul, L. and Møller, A.H. and Møller, H.S. and Dalsgaard, T.K (2020) 'Improved solubility of proteins from white and red clover – inhibition of redox enzymes', International Journal of Food Science & Technology, 56(1), pp. 302-311. doi:10.1111/ijfs.14632 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1111/ijfs.14632 - Pap, N. and Granato, D. and Järvenpää, E. and Tienaho, J. and Marnila, P. and Hellström, J. and Pihlava, J. and Franco, M. and Stefański, T. and Rinne, M (2024) 'Biorefining of legume and grass biomasses: Technological properties and bioactivities of the green juice', Future Foods, 9, pp. 100331-100331. doi:10.1016/j.fufo.2024.100331 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fufo.2024.100331 - Ahn, C. and Lee, J. and Park, M.J. and Kim, J. and Yang, J. and Yoo, Y. and Jeung, E (2020) 'Cytostatic effects of plant essential oils on human skin and lung cells', Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 19(3), pp. 2008-2018. doi:10.3892/etm.2020.8460 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2020.8460 - Bhattacharya, S. et al (2013) 'Review of the botanical, phytochemical, pharmacological and toxicological properties of white clover (Trifolium repens L.)', 7(7), pp. 583--588. Traditional / reference
https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Review%20of%20the%20botanical%2C%20phytochemical%2C%20pharmacological%20and%20toxicological%20properties%20of%20white%20clover%20%28Trifolium%20repens%20L.%29 - Grieve, M (1931) 'A Modern Herbal'. Traditional / reference
https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=A%20Modern%20Herbal - Klaiber, I. et al (2002) 'Health benefits of isoflavones from clover species', 16(1), pp. 1--8. Traditional / reference
https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Health%20benefits%20of%20isoflavones%20from%20clover%20species - Duke, J.A (2002) 'Handbook of Medicinal Herbs, Second Edition'. Traditional / reference
https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Handbook%20of%20Medicinal%20Herbs%2C%20Second%20Edition
Generated automatically from the Omnia Sana plant database and its cited sources. For educational purposes only — not medical advice. Always consult a qualified practitioner before using medicinal plants.