Plant Comparison

Bay Leaf vs Flaxseed

A side-by-side comparison of two medicinal plants — every documented constituent, action, use, safety note and cited source, assembled automatically from the Omnia Sana database.

First plant

Second plant

Plant ABay LeafLaurus nobilisLauraceaeFull monograph →

Plant BFlaxseedLinum usitatissimumLinaceaeFull monograph →

At a glance

Bay Leaf and Flaxseed: they share 6 indicated uses (arthritis / joint pain, bloating, cancer (anticancer research), …); 4 pharmacological actions in common.

Bay LeafFlaxseed

Constituents24

Pharmacological actions84

Indicated uses158

Safety notes24

Cited sources1820

Indicated uses

Only Bay Leaf

Back painBruisingCognitive functionHeadacheInfection (general)MemoryPain (general)Respiratory supportWounds

Shared (6)

Arthritis / joint painBloatingCancer (anticancer research)IndigestionInflammation (general)Skin irritation

Only Flaxseed

Cardiovascular / heart healthMetabolic support

Pharmacological actions

Only Bay Leaf

Analgesic (pain relief)AntimicrobialNeuroprotective / cognition supportVulnerary (wound healing)

Shared (4)

Anti-inflammatoryAnticancer (preclinical)AntioxidantDigestive aid

Only Flaxseed

none

Evidence face-off — shared uses

Condition	Bay Leaf	Flaxseed	Verdict
Arthritis / joint pain	1/10	3/10	Stronger for Flaxseed
Bloating	1/10	3/10	Stronger for Flaxseed
Cancer (anticancer research)	2/10	7/10	Stronger for Flaxseed
Indigestion	1/10	3/10	Stronger for Flaxseed
Inflammation (general)	1/10	3/10	Stronger for Flaxseed
Skin irritation	1/10	3/10	Stronger for Flaxseed

Evidence scores (1–10) are computed from the tier of each cited source. “Comparable” means the two scores are within one point. Follow a score to its detailed sources.

Key Constituents

Essential oil (1,8-cineole, eugenol)^[11]

Leaf essential oil dominated by 1,8-cineole and eugenol, giving the characteristic aroma and much of the antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activity.

Essential (volatile) oil1,8-Cineole (eucalyptol)Eugenol

Sesquiterpene lactones and flavonoids^[11]

Contribute to the plant's anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity.

Sesquiterpene lactonesFlavonoids

Lignans (secoisolariciresinol diglucoside, SDG)^[3]

Flax is the richest dietary source of SDG-type lignans, converted by gut bacteria to the mammalian lignans enterodiol and enterolactone; studied for antioxidant and hormone-modulating activity.

Lignans

Alpha-linolenic acid (omega-3 fatty acid)^{[2, 5]}

The dominant fatty acid of the seed oil (~50-55% of total oil), a plant-based omega-3 studied for cardiovascular and anti-inflammatory effects.

Mucilage polysaccharides^[5]

Concentrated in the seed coat; gives flaxseed its demulcent, laxative, bulk-forming action.

MucilagePolysaccharides

Cyanogenic glycosides (linamarin, linustatin)^[7]

Present at low levels; cooking/roasting reduces them to negligible amounts in normal food use - a theoretical concern only at high raw intakes.

Glycosides

Pharmacological Actions

Analgesic (pain relief)^{[11, 12, 13, 14, 15]}

Anti-inflammatory^{[11, 12, 13, 14, 15]}

Anticancer (preclinical)^[10]

Antimicrobial^{[2, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15]}

Antioxidant^{[2, 3, 4, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15]}

Digestive aid^{[11, 12, 13, 14, 15]}

Neuroprotective / cognition support^{[11, 12, 13, 14, 15]}

Vulnerary (wound healing)^{[1, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15]}

Anti-inflammatory^{[2, 4, 5, 8, 9, 12, 14, 15, 16, 18]}

Anticancer (preclinical)^[7]

Antioxidant^{[3, 5, 7, 12, 14, 15, 16, 18]}

Digestive aid^{[2, 4, 12, 14, 15, 16, 18]}

Traditional & Indicated Uses

Arthritis / joint pain^{[11, 12, 13, 14, 15]}Traditional · 1/10

inferred from anti-inflammatory action

Evidence: 1

Label: Arthritis / joint pain

Back pain^{[11, 12, 13, 14, 15]}Traditional · 1/10

inferred from analgesic action

Evidence: 1

Label: Back pain

Bloating^{[11, 12, 13, 14, 15]}Traditional · 1/10

inferred from digestive action

Evidence: 1

Label: Bloating

Bruising^{[11, 12, 13, 14, 15]}Traditional · 1/10

inferred from vulnerary action

Evidence: 1

Label: Bruising

Cancer (anticancer research)^[10]Traditional · 2/10

inferred from anticancer action

Evidence: 2

Label: Cancer (anticancer research)

Cognitive function^{[11, 12, 13, 14, 15]}Traditional · 1/10

inferred from neuroprotective action

Evidence: 1

Label: Cognitive function

Headache^{[11, 12, 13, 14, 15]}Traditional · 1/10

inferred from analgesic action

Evidence: 1

Label: Headache

Indigestion^{[11, 12, 13, 14, 15]}Traditional · 1/10

inferred from digestive action

Evidence: 1

Label: Indigestion

Infection (general)^{[11, 12, 13, 14, 15]}Traditional · 1/10

inferred from antimicrobial action

Evidence: 1

Label: Infection (general)

Inflammation (general)^{[11, 12, 13, 14, 15]}Traditional · 1/10

inferred from anti-inflammatory action

Evidence: 1

Label: Inflammation (general)

Memory^{[11, 12, 13, 14, 15]}Traditional · 1/10

inferred from neuroprotective action

Evidence: 1

Label: Memory

Pain (general)^{[11, 12, 13, 14, 15]}Traditional · 1/10

Evidence: 1

Label: Pain (general)

Respiratory support^{[11, 12, 13, 14, 15]}Traditional · 1/10

Evidence: 1

Label: Respiratory support

Skin irritation^{[11, 12, 13, 14, 15]}Traditional · 1/10

inferred from anti-inflammatory action

Evidence: 1

Label: Skin irritation

Wounds^{[11, 12, 13, 14, 15]}Traditional · 1/10

inferred from antimicrobial action

Evidence: 1

Label: Wounds

Arthritis / joint pain^{[12, 14, 15, 16, 18]}Limited · 3/10

inferred from anti-inflammatory action

Evidence: 3

Label: Arthritis / joint pain

Bloating^{[12, 14, 15, 16, 18]}Limited · 3/10

inferred from digestive action

Evidence: 3

Label: Bloating

Cancer (anticancer research)^[7]Good · 7/10

inferred from anticancer action

Evidence: 7

Label: Cancer (anticancer research)

Cardiovascular / heart health^{[12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 18]}Moderate · 6/10

Evidence: 6

Label: Cardiovascular / heart health

Indigestion^{[12, 14, 15, 16, 18]}Limited · 3/10

inferred from digestive action

Evidence: 3

Label: Indigestion

Inflammation (general)^{[12, 14, 15, 16, 18]}Limited · 3/10

inferred from anti-inflammatory action

Evidence: 3

Label: Inflammation (general)

Metabolic support^{[12, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18]}Moderate · 6/10

Evidence: 6

Label: Metabolic support

Skin irritation^{[12, 14, 15, 16, 18]}Limited · 3/10

inferred from anti-inflammatory action

Evidence: 3

Label: Skin irritation

Safety, Cautions & Contraindications

Safety note^{[11, 12, 13, 14, 15]}Caution

Generally safe when used in food amounts. Not toxic to people and safe to cook with. Leaves are very rigid and leathery - should be removed before eating as they don't soften with cooking and edges can be sharp. Insufficient reliable information about safety during pregnancy or breastfeeding - stick to food amounts. Large amounts of bay leaf tea may cause vomiting (emetic properties) and drowsiness (sedative properties). In high doses, bay laurel has cytotoxic activity. Some people may experience allergic contact dermatitis from bay laurel oil.

Safety note^{[11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16]}Caution

Duke (2002) notes antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities for bay laurel, primarily at the experimental level. The essential oil contains eugenol and 1,8-cineole as principal bioactive components. Traditional dosages in European phytotherapy include 1–3 g of dried leaf as a tea. Caution is advised as the essential oil may cause allergic contact dermatitis, and bay berries should not be confused with the less toxic leaves (Duke, 2002).

Safety note^{[12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18]}Info

Flaxseeds are safe for most people at recommended food amounts (1–2 tablespoons ground/day). They must be ground or milled to be bioavailable — whole seeds largely pass through the gut undigested. High fibre content may cause bloating, flatulence, and loose stools, especially if fibre intake is increased rapidly without adequate hydration. Flaxseeds contain cyanogenic glycosides (linamarin, linustatin); cooking or roasting reduces these to negligible levels in normal food amounts. Raw seeds in very large quantities are a theoretical concern, but typical use is safe (EFSA, 2017).

Safety note^{[12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18]}Caution

Medication interactions: Flaxseed may reduce absorption of oral medications if taken simultaneously — space flaxseed supplementation 1–2 hours from medications. Omega-3 ALA and lignans may mildly enhance anticoagulant/antiplatelet effects; use caution with blood thinners. Some sources suggest caution with hormone-sensitive conditions due to phytoestrogen (lignan) content, though dietary amounts are unlikely to pose risk (Adolphe et al., 2010).

Safety note^{[12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18]}Caution

Pregnancy: Food amounts are generally considered safe; high-dose supplements should be discussed with a clinician due to limited safety data.

Safety note^{[12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 20]}Info

Duke (2002) rates flaxseed as +++ with clinical evidence (score 2) for antiatherogenic, hypocholesterolemic, laxative, lipolytic (fat-dissolving), and demulcent activities. Flaxseed's omega-3 fatty acids (ALA) and lignans are associated with reduced cardiovascular risk. Commission E approves flaxseed as a laxative and for mucilaginous protection of inflamed gastrointestinal mucosa. Dose: 1–2 tablespoons ground seed with ample water, twice daily. Whole seeds should be chewed or ground for full medicinal effect. Cyanogenic glycosides are present but at safe levels in normal dietary amounts (Duke, 2002).

External Ids

Gbif: 3034015

Wikidata: Q26006

Gbif: 2873861

Wikidata: Q45108

Botanical Description

Evergreen shrub or small tree with dark green, glossy, aromatic leaves, smooth-edged and slightly wavy at the margin. Small, pale yellow-green flowers are borne in clusters in the leaf axils in spring, followed by small, dark purple-black berries on female trees.^[11]

Height: 5-10 m (occasionally to 15-20 m)

Habit: Evergreen shrub or small tree

Leaves: Dark green, glossy, aromatic, smooth and slightly wavy at the margin

Flowers: Small, pale yellow-green, in axillary clusters

Stem: Woody, smooth grey-brown bark

Root: Woody root system

Fruit: Small, dark purple-black berry (female trees)

Flowering Period: Spring

Erect annual herb, slender and often branched near the top, growing 30-80 (up to 100) cm tall from a fine taproot. Leaves are alternate, sessile, narrowly lanceolate to linear, blue-green and entire-margined. Flowers are pale blue (occasionally white or pink), five-petalled and borne on slender stalks in loose terminal cymes. The fruit is a small globular capsule ('boll') that splits into ten compartments, each containing one flattened, glossy, red-brown seed.^[5]

Height: 30-80 (up to 100) cm

Habit: Erect, slender annual herb

Leaves: Alternate, sessile, narrowly lanceolate to linear, blue-green, entire

Flowers: Pale blue (occasionally white or pink), five-petalled, in loose terminal cymes

Stem: Slender, erect, often branched above

Root: Fine taproot

Fruit: Globular capsule ('boll') splitting into ten compartments, each with one flattened glossy red-brown seed

Flowering Period: June-August

Habitat

Native to the Mediterranean region; widely cultivated as a culinary herb and ornamental tree in warm-temperate and Mediterranean climates worldwide.^[11]

Native to the Mediterranean region and the Fertile Crescent, cultivated since prehistory for fibre and oil and now grown worldwide in temperate regions with well-drained, fertile soils and a cool, moist growing season; occasionally found as a naturalised escape on waste and cultivated ground.^[5]

Harvesting

Leaves are picked year-round from established plants and used fresh or dried; berries/seed are collected once ripe in autumn.

Parts: Fruit, Leaf, Seed

Season: Leaf year-round; fruit/seed in autumn

Grown as an annual crop, seed is harvested once the capsules ('bolls') have dried and turned brown, typically in late summer, by cutting or combining the whole plant and threshing out the seed. Whole seed stores well; it should only be ground shortly before use, since the oil in ground seed oxidises and turns rancid quickly.^[2]

Parts: Seed

Season: Late summer, once bolls have dried

Traditional Uses

Bay leaf has an ancient Mediterranean culinary and medicinal history, used as a digestive carminative for indigestion and bloating, and topically and traditionally for muscle and joint pain and minor wounds; it remains one of the most widely used culinary herbs worldwide.^[11]

Flaxseed has a long history of traditional use as a bulk-forming laxative and demulcent for constipation and irritated gut mucosa, and as a poultice for boils and inflamed skin. Modern interest centres on its lignan (secoisolariciresinol diglucoside) and alpha-linolenic acid content, studied for cardiovascular, metabolic and hormone-related outcomes.^{[2, 4, 5]}

Preparations

Infusion (leaf)^[11]

Dried leaf infused in hot water as a traditional digestive tea.

Ground seed ('flax meal')^[2]

Whole seed freshly ground (milled) and taken with plenty of liquid, or stirred into food; grinding is needed to make the oil and lignans bioavailable, as whole seeds largely pass through the gut undigested.

Flaxseed oil^[5]

Cold-pressed oil taken as a concentrated source of alpha-linolenic acid (omega-3); lacks the fibre and lignan content of the whole ground seed.

Dosage

Infusion^{[5, 6]}

Two clinical studies in healthy volunteers used an infusion prepared from 5 g of dried Laurus nobilis leaves in 100 mL of boiled water, taken once daily for 10 days. Traditional references suggest a smaller 1-3 g per cup up to three times daily; no EMA or WHO monograph exists for bay leaf. Educational reference only, not a prescription.

Ground seed^{[12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18]}

Traditional guidance and Duke (2002) suggest 1-2 tablespoons of ground seed with ample water, once or twice daily. Educational reference only, not a prescription.

Flaxseed oil^[19]

A randomised placebo-controlled trial titrated flax oil capsules (550 mg alpha-linolenic acid per 1 g of oil) to 12 capsules per day, i.e. up to roughly 12 g of oil daily, over 16 weeks - broadly matching the 1-2 tablespoons (about 10-15 mL) daily often cited for omega-3 intake. That trial was in children and adolescents with bipolar disorder and its primary outcomes were null; it is cited here only as a source for an administered human dose of the oil, not as evidence of benefit. Note the EU herbal monograph on Lini semen covers the SEED, not the oil. Educational reference only, not a prescription.

References

REF-1678, REF-1679, REF-1680, REF-1681, REF-1682, REF-1683, REF-1684, REF-1685, REF-1686, REF-1687

REF-2216, REF-2217, REF-2218, REF-2219, REF-2220, REF-2221, REF-2222, REF-2223, REF-2224, REF-2225, REF-0288

Lookalikes Review

Outcome: has-lookalikes

Reviewed By: Omnia Sana (owner-authorized)

Reviewed Date: 2026-07-07

Outcome: none-known

Reviewed By: Omnia Sana (owner-authorized)

Reviewed Date: 2026-07-07

Dangerous Lookalikes

Safety note^{[17, 18]}Dangerous

Dangerous Plant: prunus-laurocerasus

Confused Part: Glossy evergreen leaves gathered for use as bay/laurel seasoning; cherry laurel leaves closely resemble bay leaves and have been collected in mistake for them.

Confusion Context: Cherry laurel (Prunus laurocerasus) is a very common evergreen hedging shrub whose thick glossy leaves closely resemble those of culinary bay (Laurus nobilis). A peer-reviewed study (Malaspina et al., 2022, Toxins) documents that in the Mediterranean region cherry laurel is sometimes collected instead of bay laurel - dangerous because cherry laurel leaves contain cyanogenic glycosides (prunasin, prulaurasin, amygdalin). When the leaves are crushed, chewed or cooked they release hydrogen cyanide, which blocks the body's use of oxygen; poisoning can cause headache, breathlessness, vomiting and convulsions, and severe cases (especially in children) can be fatal. Because a single bay-like leaf added to a dish is a realistic swap, this is a genuine kitchen hazard.

Distinguishing Features: SMELL (decisive): crush the leaf. True bay smells warm, spicy and camphoraceous (the familiar bay-leaf aroma). Cherry laurel smells of bitter almonds or marzipan - that almond smell is released cyanide and is a danger sign, not a seasoning., Leaf margin: bay leaves have smooth, slightly wavy (undulate) edges with no teeth. Cherry laurel leaves have finely serrated (toothed) edges., Petiole and glands: the bay leaf-stalk is reddish and the underside is plain. Cherry laurel has a green leaf-stalk and 2-4 small nectary glands visible on the underside near the leaf base., Shape and texture: bay is oblong and tapers to a point, up to about 10 cm; cherry laurel leaves are larger, broader (widest near the tip) and very thick and leathery.

Key Test: Crush a leaf and smell it, then check the edge. A warm camphoraceous bay aroma with a smooth wavy (untoothed) margin and a reddish stalk = true bay - safe. A bitter-almond/marzipan smell with a finely toothed (serrated) margin and small green glands under the leaf base = cherry laurel - do NOT cook with it; the almond smell is cyanide.

Reviewed By: Omnia Sana (owner-authorized)

Reviewed Date: 2026-07-07

Not documented

References & Sources

Hammoodi, O.T., Alkhilani, M.A., Alhayani, W.A., Al-Nuaimy, W. and Tala'a, A.A (2024) 'Effects of Laurus nobilis Leaf Extract on Healing of Experimentally Induced Wounds in Rabbits', Veterinary Medicine International, 2024, pp. 2889480. doi:10.1155/2024/2889480 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/2889480
Caputo, L., Nazzaro, F., Souza, L.F., Aliberti, L., De Martino, L. and Fratianni, F (2017) 'Laurus nobilis: Composition of Essential Oil and Its Biological Activities', Molecules, 22(6), pp. 930. doi:10.3390/molecules22060930 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules22060930
Bourebaba, N., Kornicka-Garbowska, K., Marycz, K., Bourebaba, L. and Kowalczuk, A (2021) 'Laurus nobilis ethanolic extract attenuates hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia-induced insulin resistance in HepG2 cell line through the reduction of oxidative stress and improvement of mitochondrial biogenesis', Mitochondrion, 59, pp. 190-213. doi:10.1016/j.mito.2021.06.003 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mito.2021.06.003
Dobroslavic, E., Repajic, M., Dragovic-Uzelac, V. and Elez Garofulic, I (2022) 'Isolation of Laurus nobilis Leaf Polyphenols: A Review on Current Techniques and Future Perspectives', Foods, 11(2), pp. 235. doi:10.3390/foods11020235 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11020235
Chbili, C., Maoua, M., Zaouali, M., Selmi, M., Kacem, I. and Mrizek, N (2022) 'Evaluation of daily Laurus nobilis tea consumption on anxiety and stress biomarkers in healthy volunteers', Archives Italiennes de Biologie, 160(3-4), pp. 136-146. doi:10.12871/000398292022343 Clinical study
https://doi.org/10.12871/000398292022343
Chbili, C., Maoua, M., Selmi, M., Mrad, S., Khairi, H. and Limem, K (2020) 'Evaluation of Daily Laurus nobilis Tea Consumption on Lipid Profile Biomarkers in Healthy Volunteers', Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 39(8), pp. 733-738. doi:10.1080/07315724.2020.1727787 Clinical study
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Bouadid, I., Amssayef, A. and Eddouks, M (2023) 'Study of the Antihypertensive Effect of Laurus nobilis in Rats', Cardiovascular & Hematological Agents in Medicinal Chemistry, 21(1), pp. 42-54. doi:10.2174/1871525720666220512154041 Preclinical
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Mohammed, R.R., Omer, A.K., Yener, Z., Uyar, A. and Ahmed, A.K (2020) 'Biomedical effects of Laurus nobilis L. leaf extract on vital organs in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats: Experimental research', Annals of Medicine and Surgery, 61, pp. 188-197. doi:10.1016/j.amsu.2020.11.051 Preclinical
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Uchiyama, N., Matsunaga, K., Kiuchi, F., Honda, G., Tsubouchi, A. and Nakajima-Shimada, J (2002) 'Trypanocidal terpenoids from Laurus nobilis L', Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 50(11), pp. 1514-1516. doi:10.1248/cpb.50.1514 Preclinical
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Saab, A.M., Guerrini, A., Zeino, M., Wiench, B., Rossi, D. and Gambari, R (2015) 'Laurus nobilis L. Seed Extract Reveals Collateral Sensitivity in Multidrug-Resistant P-Glycoprotein-Expressing Tumor Cells', Nutrition and Cancer, 67(4), pp. 664-675. doi:10.1080/01635581.2015.1019632 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1080/01635581.2015.1019632
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https://arboretum.arizona.edu/medicinal-plant-virtual-tour-bay-laurel
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https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Handbook%20of%20Medicinal%20Herbs%2C%20Second%20Edition
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Sirotkin, A.V (2023) 'Influence of flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum) on female reproduction', Planta Medica, 89(6), pp. 608-615. doi:10.1055/a-2013-2966 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.1055/a-2013-2966
Thompson, L.U., Chen, J.M., Li, T., Strasser-Weippl, K. and Goss, P.E (2006) 'Dietary flaxseed alters tumor biological markers in postmenopausal breast cancer', 11(10), pp. 3828--3835. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-04-2326 Randomized trial
https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-04-2326
Adolphe, J.L., Whiting, S.J., Juurlink, B.H.J., Thorpe, L.U. and Alcorn, J (2010) 'Health effects with consumption of the flax lignan secoisolariciresinol diglucoside', 103(7), pp. 929--938. doi:10.1017/S0007114509992753 Clinical study
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114509992753
Caligiuri, S.P.B., Edel, A.L., Aliani, M. and Pierce, G.N (2014) 'Flaxseed for hypertension: implications for improved cardiovascular risk', 16(12), pp. 499. doi:10.1007/s11906-014-0499-8 Randomized trial
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11906-014-0499-8
European Food Safety Authority (2017) 'Safety of cyanogenic glycosides from flaxseed consumed as part of a usual diet', 15(11). doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2017.5026 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2017.5026
Harris, W.S (2012) 'Stearidonic acid as a surrogate for eicosapentaenoic acid in cardiovascular risk reduction: update and recommendation', 70(10), pp. 565--574. Traditional / reference
https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Stearidonic%20acid%20as%20a%20surrogate%20for%20eicosapentaenoic%20acid%20in%20cardiovascular%20risk%20reduction%3A%20update%20and%20recommendation
Latvijas valsts mežzinātnes institūts (n.d.) 'Linsēkla Latvijā'. Available at: https://www.silava.lv Traditional / reference
https://www.silava.lv
Pan, A., Sun, J., Chen, Y. et al (2009) 'Effects of a flaxseed-derived lignan supplement in type 2 diabetic patients: a randomized, double-blind, cross-over trial', 4(11). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0007654 Randomized trial
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0007654
Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew (n.d.) 'Linum usitatissimum L'. Available at: https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:http://ipni.org:names:381313-1 Traditional / reference
https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:http://ipni.org:names:381313-1
Gracious, B.L., Chirieac, M.C., Costescu, S., Finucane, T.L., Youngstrom, E.A. and Hibbeln, J.R (2010) 'Randomized, placebo-controlled trial of flax oil in pediatric bipolar disorder', Bipolar Disorders, 12(2), pp. 142-154. doi:10.1111/j.1399-5618.2010.00799.x Randomized trial
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-5618.2010.00799.x
Duke, J.A (2002) 'Handbook of Medicinal Herbs, Second Edition'. Traditional / reference
https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Handbook%20of%20Medicinal%20Herbs%2C%20Second%20Edition

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Generated automatically from the Omnia Sana plant database and its cited sources. For educational purposes only — not medical advice. Always consult a qualified practitioner before using medicinal plants.