Omnia SanaPlant Comparison
Chaga vs Red Clover
A side-by-side comparison of two medicinal plants — every documented constituent, action, use, safety note and cited source, assembled automatically from the Omnia Sana database.
First plant
Second plant
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At a glance
Chaga and Red Clover: they share 7 indicated uses (arthritis / joint pain, cancer (anticancer research), inflammation (general), …); 7 pharmacological actions in common.
ChagaRed Clover
Constituents32
Pharmacological actions1010
Indicated uses1116
Safety notes22
Cited sources4144
Indicated uses
Only Chaga
Cold & fluImmune supportInfection (general)Metabolic support
Shared (7)
Arthritis / joint painCancer (anticancer research)Inflammation (general)Skin irritationWoundsCognitive functionCardiovascular / heart health
Only Red Clover
BronchitisCoughMenstrual crampsMuscle spasmRespiratory supportMenopauseHot flashesHigh cholesterolBlood sugar / diabetes support
Pharmacological actions
Only Chaga
Immunomodulator / immune supportNephroprotective (kidney support)Hepatoprotective (liver support)
Shared (7)
Anti-inflammatoryAnticancer (preclinical)AntimicrobialAntioxidantNeuroprotective / cognition supportAntidiabetic (blood-sugar lowering)Lipid-lowering
Only Red Clover
AntispasmodicExpectorantVulnerary (wound healing)
Evidence face-off — shared uses
| Condition | Chaga | Red Clover | Verdict |
|---|---|---|---|
| Arthritis / joint pain | 1/10 | 5/10 | Stronger for Red Clover |
| Cancer (anticancer research) | 2/10 | 7/10 | Stronger for Red Clover |
| Inflammation (general) | 1/10 | 5/10 | Stronger for Red Clover |
| Skin irritation | 1/10 | 5/10 | Stronger for Red Clover |
| Wounds | 1/10 | 7/10 | Stronger for Red Clover |
| Cognitive function | 2/10 | 8/10 | Stronger for Red Clover |
| Cardiovascular / heart health | 2/10 | 9/10 | Stronger for Red Clover |
Evidence scores (1–10) are computed from the tier of each cited source. “Comparable” means the two scores are within one point. Follow a score to its detailed sources.
Key Constituents
Melanin-rich pigments and betulinic acid derivatives[1]
Chaga's dark colour comes from melanin-like pigments; it also concentrates betulinic-acid-type triterpenes absorbed from its birch host, associated with antioxidant and anticancer research interest.
Polysaccharides (beta-glucans)[4]
Immunomodulatory polysaccharides contributing to the traditional tonic and immune-support use.
Polysaccharides
Phenolic compounds[4]
Antioxidant phenolics contributing to chaga's free-radical-scavenging activity.
Phenolic compounds
Isoflavones (formononetin, biochanin A, daidzein, genistein)[14]
Phytoestrogenic isoflavones responsible for the plant's estrogenic and cardiovascular research interest; one of the richest known plant sources.
Flavonoids
Coumarins[40]
Contribute mild anticoagulant activity; relevant to the plant's caution around blood-thinning medication.
Coumarins
Pharmacological Actions
Traditional & Indicated Uses
inferred from anti-inflammatory action
Evidence: 1
Label: Arthritis / joint pain
inferred from anticancer action
Evidence: 2
Label: Cancer (anticancer research)
inferred from immunomodulator action
Evidence: 1
Label: Cold & flu
inferred from antimicrobial action
Evidence: 1
Label: Infection (general)
inferred from anti-inflammatory action
Evidence: 1
Label: Inflammation (general)
inferred from anti-inflammatory action
Evidence: 1
Label: Skin irritation
Chaga-derived 3,4-DHBA protected against Parkinson's-related neurotoxicity (preclinical).
Evidence: 2
Label: Cognitive function
Cardiovascular / heart health[33]Traditional · 2/10
Chaga polysaccharide lowered lipids in vivo and in vitro.
Evidence: 2
Label: Cardiovascular / heart health
inferred from anti-inflammatory action
Evidence: 5
Label: Arthritis / joint pain
Evidence: 9
Label: Cardiovascular / heart health
inferred from anti-inflammatory action
Evidence: 5
Label: Inflammation (general)
inferred from antispasmodic action
Evidence: 5
Label: Muscle spasm
inferred from expectorant action
Evidence: 5
Label: Respiratory support
inferred from anti-inflammatory action
Evidence: 5
Label: Skin irritation
inferred from anticancer action
Evidence: 7
Label: Cancer (anticancer research)
Evidence: 2
Label: Blood sugar / diabetes support
inferred from neuroprotective action
Evidence: 8
Label: Cognitive function
Safety, Cautions & Contraindications
Autoimmune conditions: Chaga can stimulate parts of the immune system—people with autoimmune diseases should be cautious.Blood thinners: Chaga contains compounds that may affect clotting—avoid large doses if on anticoagulants.Blood sugar meds: May slightly lower glucose—monitor if taking diabetes medication.Pregnancy & breastfeeding: Limited safety data—best avoided unless guided by a professional.Quality matters: Wild-harvested Chaga can accumulate heavy metals from trees and soil—source from reputable suppliers.
Generally safe in normal dietary amounts. Isoflavones are phytoestrogens — exercise caution in oestrogen-receptor-positive breast cancer patients or those taking hormone therapies. May interact with warfarin (antiplatelet activity). Avoid in pregnancy and breastfeeding. Well tolerated in most adults.
Duke (2002) rates red clover as +++ and provides clinical evidence (score 2) for estrogenic activity — the plant is one of the richest plant sources of isoflavones (formononetin, biochanin A, daidzein, genistein). Clinical applications include menopausal symptom relief, osteoporosis prevention, and cardiovascular protection in peri-menopausal women. Dose: standardized extract providing 40–160 mg isoflavones daily. Duke cautions that due to strong estrogenic activity, red clover is not recommended in estrogen-dependent cancers (breast, uterine) or alongside hormone replacement therapy without medical supervision. Anti-coagulant coumarins are also present (Duke, 2002).
External Ids
Gbif: 2521089
Wikidata: Q1956937
Gbif: 8324121
Wikidata: Q156635
Botanical Description
Parasitic wood-decay fungus (not a true plant) that grows almost entirely inside the trunk of living birch trees, visible externally only as a hard, black, cracked, charcoal-like mass (a sclerotium, sometimes called a 'conk') erupting through the bark. Unlike typical mushrooms, chaga has no true cap, gills or stem; its fertile spore-producing surface develops later, hidden beneath the bark after the tree dies.[1]
Height: External mass 10-40 cm
Habit: Parasitic wood-decay fungus, growing mostly inside the host tree
Leaves: Not applicable (fungus)
Flowers: Not applicable (fungus); reproduces by spores
Stem: No true cap-and-stem structure; visible only as a hard black external mass (sclerotium)
Root: Fungal mycelium spreading through the living wood of the host tree
Fruit: Fertile spore-producing layer develops hidden beneath the bark, typically after the host tree dies
Flowering Period: The visible black mass persists and grows for years; not a seasonal fruiting body
Short-lived perennial herb with trifoliate leaves, each leaflet oval and often marked with a pale chevron, arising from a spreading, slightly hairy stem. Dense, rounded, pink to magenta flower heads are borne at the stem tips.[40]
Height: 20-60 cm
Habit: Short-lived perennial herb, spreading via a branching taproot
Leaves: Trifoliate, each leaflet oval with a pale chevron marking, slightly hairy
Flowers: Dense, rounded heads of small pink to magenta pea-like flowers
Stem: Slightly hairy, branching, spreading
Root: Branching taproot with nitrogen-fixing root nodules
Fruit: Small pod containing 1-2 seeds, enclosed within the dried flower head
Flowering Period: May-September
Habitat
Grows almost exclusively as a parasite on living birch trees in cold, northern temperate and boreal forests of Europe, Russia, North America and Asia.[1]
Grows in meadows, pastures, roadsides and grassy waste ground; native to Europe, western Asia and North Africa and widely naturalised and cultivated as a forage crop elsewhere.[40]
Harvesting
The hard black external mass (conk) is chopped or broken away from the living birch trunk, ideally without killing the tree, then dried and broken into pieces or ground for use; sustainable harvesting (leaving part of the conk to regrow) is recommended given the fungus's slow growth.
Parts: Mycelium, Whole Plant
The flowering heads are picked at full bloom in summer and dried quickly in a warm, shaded, airy place to preserve isoflavone content and colour.[40]
Parts: Flower, Leaf
Season: Summer, at full bloom
Traditional Uses
Chaga has a long traditional use in Russian, Siberian, Baltic and Scandinavian folk medicine as a tonic remedy for digestive complaints, immune support and general vitality, traditionally taken as a dark, tea-like decoction; this traditional tonic reputation is now studied for its antioxidant, immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory properties.[1, 4]
Red clover flower has a long folk tradition as a blood-purifying and expectorant remedy for coughs and skin complaints, and more recently has become one of the most studied herbal sources of isoflavone phytoestrogens, researched for menopausal symptom relief and cardiovascular and bone support.[14, 40, 41]
Preparations
References
REF-0848, REF-0849, REF-0850, REF-2195, REF-2196, REF-2197, REF-2198, REF-2199, REF-2200, REF-2201, REF-2202, REF-2203, REF-2204, REF-2969, REF-2970, REF-2971, REF-2972, REF-2973, REF-2974, REF-2975, REF-2976, REF-2977, REF-2978, REF-2979, REF-2980, REF-2981, REF-2982, REF-2983, REF-2984, REF-2985, REF-2986, REF-2987, REF-2988, REF-2989, REF-2990, REF-2991, REF-2992
REF-1104, REF-1105, REF-1106, REF-1107, REF-1108, REF-1109, REF-1110, REF-1111, REF-1112, REF-1113, REF-2344, REF-2345, REF-2346, REF-0013, REF-2347, REF-2889, REF-2890, REF-2891, REF-2892, REF-2893, REF-2894, REF-2895, REF-2896, REF-2897, REF-2898, REF-2899, REF-2900, REF-2923, REF-2924, REF-2925, REF-2926, REF-2927, REF-2928, REF-2929, REF-2930, REF-2931, REF-2932, REF-2933, REF-2934
Lookalikes Review
Outcome: none-known
Reviewed By: Omnia Sana (owner-authorized)
Reviewed Date: 2026-07-07
Outcome: none-known
Reviewed By: Omnia Sana (owner-authorized)
Reviewed Date: 2026-07-07
Dosage
Not documented
Standardized extract[14]
Clinical research commonly uses around 40-80 mg isoflavones daily. Educational reference only, not a prescription.
Drug Class Interactions
Not documented
Drug Class: hormonal-therapies
Mechanism: Red clover is rich in isoflavones that act like weak oestrogens; its safety alongside hormone medicines (such as the contraceptive pill, HRT, or breast-cancer hormone treatments like tamoxifen) or in hormone-sensitive conditions is not established, so combined use warrants caution and medical advice.
Reviewed By: Omnia Sana (owner-authorized)
Reviewed Date: 2026-07-03
References & Sources
- Camilleri, E., Blundell, R., Baral, B., Karpinski, T.M. et al (2024) 'A brief overview of the medicinal and nutraceutical importance of Inonotus obliquus (chaga) mushrooms', Heliyon, 10(15), pp. e35638. doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e35638 Traditional / reference
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e35638 - Lu, Y., Jia, Y., Xue, Z., Li, N. et al (2021) 'Recent Developments in Inonotus obliquus (Chaga mushroom) Polysaccharides: Isolation, Structural Characteristics, Biological Activities and Application', Polymers (Basel), 13(9), pp. 1441. doi:10.3390/polym13091441 Traditional / reference
https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13091441 - Kobus, Z., Krzywicka, M., Blicharz-Kania, A., Bosacka, A. et al (2024) 'Impact of Incorporating Dried Chaga Mushroom (Inonotus obliquus) into Gluten-Free Bread on Its Antioxidant and Sensory Characteristics', Molecules, 29(16), pp. 3801. doi:10.3390/molecules29163801 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29163801 - Szychowski, K.A., Skora, B., Pomianek, T. and Gminski, J (2020) 'Inonotus obliquus - from folk medicine to clinical use', Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine, 11(4), pp. 293-302. doi:10.1016/j.jtcme.2020.08.003 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtcme.2020.08.003 - Javed, S., Mitchell, K., Sidsworth, D., Sellers, S.L., Reutens-Hernandez, J., Massicotte, H.B., Egger, K.N., Lee, C.H. and Payne, G.W (2019) 'Inonotus obliquus attenuates histamine-induced microvascular inflammation', PLoS One, 14(8), pp. e0220776. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0220776 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0220776 - Zou, C., Hou, Z., Bai, M., Guo, R., Lin, B., Wang, X., Huang, X. and Song, S (2020) 'Highly modified steroids from Inonotus obliquus', Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry, 18(20), pp. 3908-3916. doi:10.1039/d0ob00474j Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1039/d0ob00474j - Zhong, X.H., Ren, K., Lu, S.J., Yang, S.Y. and Sun, D.Z (2009) 'Progress of research on Inonotus obliquus', Chinese Journal of Integrative Medicine, 15(2), pp. 156-160. doi:10.1007/s11655-009-0156-2 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11655-009-0156-2 - Burmasova, M.A., Utebaeva, A.A., Sysoeva, E.V. and Sysoeva, M.A (2019) 'Melanins of Inonotus obliquus: bifidogenic and antioxidant properties', Biomolecules, 9(6), pp. 248. doi:10.3390/biom9060248 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.3390/biom9060248 - Sun, Y., Deng, X., Li, Z., Dong, Y., Jiang, W., Ma, Y., Zhou, W., Zhu, T., Wang, G., Liu, S. and Hu, B (2022) 'Polysaccharide derived from Inonotus obliquus inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced acute endometritis in mice', American Journal of Translational Research, 14(11), pp. 8332-8342. Preclinical
https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Polysaccharide%20derived%20from%20Inonotus%20obliquus%20inhibits%20lipopolysaccharide-induced%20acute%20endometritis%20in%20mice - Ishfaq, P.M., Mishra, S., Mishra, A., Ahmad, Z., Gayen, S., Jain, S.K., Tripathi, S. and Mishra, S.K (2022) 'Inonotus obliquus aqueous extract prevents histopathological alterations in liver induced by environmental toxicant Microcystin', Current Research in Pharmacology and Drug Discovery, 3, pp. 100118. doi:10.1016/j.crphar.2022.100118 Preclinical
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https://doi.org/10.1080/15376516.2024.2368795 - Wold, C.W. and Christopoulos, P. and Arias, M. and Dzovor, D.E. and Øynebråten, I. and Corthay, A. and Inngjerdingen, K.T (2024) 'Fungal polysaccharides from Inonotus obliquus are agonists for Toll-like receptors and induce macrophage anti-cancer activity', Communications Biology. doi:10.1038/s42003-024-05853-y Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-024-05853-y - Li, J. and Qu, C. and Li, F. and Chen, Y. and Zheng, J. and Xiao, Y. and Jin, Q. and Jin, G. and Huang, X. and Jin, D (2021) 'Inonotus obliquus Polysaccharide Ameliorates Azoxymethane/Dextran Sulfate Sodium-Induced Colitis-Associated Cancer in Mice via Activation of the NLRP3 Inflammasome', Frontiers in Pharmacology. doi:10.3389/fphar.2020.621835 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2020.621835 - Wold, C.W. and Gerwick, W.H. and Wangensteen, H. and Inngjerdingen, K.T (2020) 'Bioactive triterpenoids and water-soluble melanin from Inonotus obliquus (Chaga) with immunomodulatory activity', Journal of Functional Foods. doi:10.1016/j.jff.2020.104025 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2020.104025 - Kim, J. and Yang, S. and Hwang, A.Y. and Cho, H. and Hwang, K.T (2020) 'Composition of Triterpenoids in Inonotus obliquus and Their Anti-Proliferative Activity on Cancer Cell Lines', Molecules. doi:10.3390/molecules25184066 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25184066 - Duru, K.C. and Kovaleva, E.G. and Данилова, И.Г. and Bijl, P.V.D (2019) 'The pharmacological potential and possible molecular mechanisms of action of Inonotus obliquus from preclinical studies', Phytotherapy Research. doi:10.1002/ptr.6384 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.6384 - Hu, Y. and Teng, C. and Yu, S. and Wang, X. and Liang, J. and Bai, X. and Dong, L. and Song, T. and Yu, M. and Qu, J (2017) 'Inonotus obliquus polysaccharide regulates gut microbiota of chronic pancreatitis in mice', AMB Express. doi:10.1186/s13568-017-0341-1 Preclinical
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https://doi.org/10.1089/jmf.2006.156 - Mizuno, T. and Zhuang, C. and Abe, K. and Okamoto, H. and Kiho, T. and Ukai, S. and Leclerc, S. and Meijer, L (1999) 'Antitumor and Hypoglycemic Activities of Polysaccharides from the Sclerotia and Mycelia of Inonotus obliquus (Pers.: Fr.) Pil. (Aphyllophoromycetideae)', International journal of medicinal mushrooms. doi:10.1615/intjmedmushr.v1.i4.20 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1615/intjmedmushr.v1.i4.20 - Su, L. and Xin, C. and Yang, J. and Dong, L. and Mei, H. and Dai, X. and Wang, Q (2022) 'A polysaccharide from Inonotus obliquus ameliorates intestinal barrier dysfunction in mice with type 2 diabetes mellitus', International Journal of Biological Macromolecules. doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.06.071 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.06.071 - Yang, M. and Hu, D. and Cui, Z. and Li, H. and Man, C. and Jiang, Y (2021) 'Lipid-Lowering Effects of Inonotus obliquus Polysaccharide In Vivo and In Vitro', Foods. doi:10.3390/foods10123085 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10123085 - Wang, J. and Hu, W. and Li, L. and Huang, X. and Liu, Y. and Wang, D. and Teng, L (2017) 'Antidiabetic activities of polysaccharides separated from Inonotus obliquus via the modulation of oxidative stress in mice with streptozotocin-induced diabetes', PLoS ONE. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0180476 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0180476 - Giridharan, V.V. and Thandavarayan, R.A. and Konishi, T (2011) 'Amelioration of scopolamine induced cognitive dysfunction and oxidative stress by Inonotus obliquus– a medicinal mushroom', Food & Function. doi:10.1039/c1fo10037h Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1039/c1fo10037h - Lee, J. and Hyun, C (2014) 'Insulin‐Sensitizing and Beneficial Lipid‐Metabolic Effects of the Water‐Soluble Melanin Complex Extracted from Inonotus obliquus', Phytotherapy Research. doi:10.1002/ptr.5131 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.5131 - Kim, Y (2005) 'Immunomodulatory Activity of the Water Extract from Medicinal MushroomInonotus obliquus', Mycobiology. doi:10.4489/myco.2005.33.3.158 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.4489/myco.2005.33.3.158 - Géry, A., Dubreule, C., André, V., Rioult, J.P., Bouchart, V., Heutte, N., Eldin de Pécoulas, P., Krivomaz, T. and Garon, D (2018) 'Chaga (Inonotus obliquus), a future potential medicinal fungus in oncology? A chemical study and a comparison of the cytotoxicity against human lung adenocarcinoma cells (A549) and human bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B)', 17(3), pp. 832--843. doi:10.1177/1534735418757912 Traditional / reference
https://doi.org/10.1177/1534735418757912 - Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew (n.d.). Available at: https://powo.science.kew.org Traditional / reference
https://powo.science.kew.org - Shashkina, M.Ya., Shashkin, P.N. and Sergeev, A.V (2006) 'Chemical and medicobiological properties of chaga', 40(10), pp. 560--568. Traditional / reference
https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Chemical%20and%20medicobiological%20properties%20of%20chaga - Duke, J.A (2002) 'Handbook of Medicinal Herbs, Second Edition'. Traditional / reference
https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Handbook%20of%20Medicinal%20Herbs%2C%20Second%20Edition
- Kanadys, W., Baranska, A., Blaszczuk, A., Polz-Dacewicz, M. and others (2021) 'Evaluation of Clinical Meaningfulness of Red Clover (Trifolium pratense L.) Extract to Relieve Hot Flushes and Menopausal Symptoms in Peri- and Post-Menopausal Women: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials', Nutrients, 13(4), pp. 1258. doi:10.3390/nu13041258 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13041258 - Kanadys, W., Baranska, A., Jedrych, M., Religioni, U. and others (2019) 'Effects of red clover (Trifolium pratense) isoflavones on the lipid profile of perimenopausal and postmenopausal women-A systematic review and meta-analysis', Maturitas, 132, pp. 7-16. doi:10.1016/j.maturitas.2019.11.001 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas.2019.11.001 - Yokoyama, S.I., Kodera, M., Hirai, A., Nakada, M. and others (2020) 'Red Clover (Trifolium pratense L.) Sprout Prevents Metabolic Syndrome', Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology, 66(1), pp. 48-53. doi:10.3177/jnsv.66.48 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.3177/jnsv.66.48 - Gosciniak, A., Szulc, P., Zielewicz, W., Walkowiak, J. and others (2023) 'Multidirectional Effects of Red Clover (Trifolium pratense L.) in Support of Menopause Therapy', Molecules, 28(13), pp. 5178. doi:10.3390/molecules28135178 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28135178 - Booth, N.L., Piersen, C.E., Banuvar, S., Geller, S.E. and others (2006) 'Clinical studies of red clover (Trifolium pratense) dietary supplements in menopause: a literature review', Menopause, 13(2), pp. 251-264. doi:10.1097/01.gme.0000198297.40269.f7 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.1097/01.gme.0000198297.40269.f7 - Oza, M.J. and Kulkarni, Y.A (2020) 'Trifolium pratense (Red Clover) Improves SIRT1 Expression and Glycogen Content in High Fat Diet-Streptozotocin Induced Type 2 Diabetes in Rats', Chemistry & Biodiversity, 17(4), pp. e2000019. doi:10.1002/cbdv.202000019 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1002/cbdv.202000019 - Circosta, C., De Pasquale, R., Palumbo, D.R., Samperi, S. and others (2006) 'Effects of isoflavones from red clover (Trifolium pratense) on skin changes induced by ovariectomy in rats', Phytotherapy Research, 20(12), pp. 1096-1099. doi:10.1002/ptr.2017 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.2017 - Brandli, A., Simpson, J.S. and Ventura, S (2010) 'Isoflavones isolated from red clover (Trifolium pratense) inhibit smooth muscle contraction of the isolated rat prostate gland', Phytomedicine, 17(11), pp. 895-901. doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2010.05.006 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2010.05.006 - Burdette, J.E., Liu, J., Lantvit, D., Lim, E. and others (2002) 'Trifolium pratense (red clover) exhibits estrogenic effects in vivo in ovariectomized Sprague-Dawley rats', The Journal of Nutrition, 132(1), pp. 27-30. doi:10.1093/jn/132.1.27 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/132.1.27 - Jiang, Y.B. and Yang, Y.R (2016) 'Trifolium pratense isoflavones improve pulmonary vascular remodelling in broiler chickens', Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition, 100(6), pp. 1159-1168. doi:10.1111/jpn.12424 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1111/jpn.12424 - Yigit, E. and Unsal, S (2024) 'Isoflavones obtained from red clover improve both dyslipidemia and menopausal symptoms in menopausal women: a prospective randomized placebo-controlled trial', Climacteric, 27(6), pp. 548-554. doi:10.1080/13697137.2024.2393121 Randomized trial
https://doi.org/10.1080/13697137.2024.2393121 - Lethaby, A.E., Brown, J., Marjoribanks, J., Kronenberg, F., Roberts, H. and Eden, J (2007) 'Phytoestrogens for vasomotor menopausal symptoms', Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (4), pp. CD001395. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001395.pub3 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD001395.pub3 - Geller, S.E. and Studee, L (2006) 'Soy and red clover for mid-life and aging', Climacteric, 9(4), pp. 245-263. doi:10.1080/13697130600736934 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.1080/13697130600736934 - Atkinson, C. et al (2004) 'The effects of phytoestrogen isoflavones on bone density in women: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial', 79(2), pp. 326--333. doi:10.1093/ajcn/79.2.326 Randomized trial
https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/79.2.326 - Quah, Y., Yi-Le, J.C., Park, N.H., Lee, Y.Y., Lee, E.B., Jang, S.H., Kim, M.J., Rhee, M.H., Lee, S.J. and Park, S.C (2022) 'Serum biomarker-based osteoporosis risk prediction and the systemic effects of Trifolium pratense ethanolic extract in a postmenopausal model', Chinese Medicine, 17(1), pp. 70. doi:10.1186/s13020-022-00622-7 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13020-022-00622-7 - Mohsen, A. and Fatemeh, K. and Leila, N. and Mona, P. and Mohammad, Z. and Mozafar, K (2021) 'Pharmacological and therapeutic properties of the Red Clover (Trifolium pratense L.): an overview of the new finding', J Tradit Chin Med, 41(4), pp. 642-649. doi:10.19852/j.cnki.jtcm.20210324.001 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.19852/j.cnki.jtcm.20210324.001 - Antonescu Mintas, A.I. and Miere Groza, F. and Fritea, L. and Ganea, M. and Zdrinca, M. and Dobjanschi, L. and Antonescu, A. and Vicas, S.I. and Bodog, F. and Sindhu, R.K. and Cavalu, S (2021) 'Perspectives on the Combined Effects of Trifolium pratense and Ocimum basilicum Extracts in Terms of Phytochemical Profile and Pharmacological Effects', Plants (Basel), 10(7). doi:10.3390/plants10071390 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10071390 - Tanrıverdi, G. and Abdulova, A. and Çölgeçen, H. and Atar, H. and Kaleci, B. and Ekiz-Yılmaz, T (2023) 'Investigation of apoptotic and antiproliferative effects of Turkish natural tetraploid Trifolium pratense L. extract on C6 glioblastoma cells via light and electron microscopy', Ultrastruct Pathol, 47(3), pp. 160-171. doi:10.1080/01913123.2023.2184893 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1080/01913123.2023.2184893 - Zakłos-Szyda, M. and Budryn, G (2020) 'The Effects of Trifolium pratense L. Sprouts' Phenolic Compounds on Cell Growth and Migration of MDA-MB-231, MCF-7 and HUVEC Cells', Nutrients, 12(1). doi:10.3390/nu12010257 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12010257 - Khazayel, S. and Faraji, M.H. and Akbaribazm, M. and Khazaei, M. and Niromand, E. and Khazaei, M.R (2025) 'Synergistic inhibitory effects of Trifolium pratense L. extract and doxorubicin on 4T1 tumor-bearing mice are mediated via targeting the Wnt/beta-catenin pathway and reversal of epithelial-mesenchymal transition', Avicenna J Phytomed, 15(5), pp. 1546-1561. doi:10.22038/ajp.2025.25940 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.22038/ajp.2025.25940 - Shirani Asl, V. and Rafieemehr, H. and Tamaddon, G (2024) 'The impact of Trifolium pratense extract on apoptosis and autophagy in NALM-6 cells: implications for B-ALL intervention', Med Oncol, 41(11), pp. 257. doi:10.1007/s12032-024-02485-4 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12032-024-02485-4 - Won, J.P. and Kim, E. and Hur, J. and Lee, H.G. and Lee, W.J. and Seo, H.G (2023) 'Red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) extract inhibits ferroptotic cell death by modulating cellular iron homeostasis', J Ethnopharmacol, 308, pp. 116267. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2023.116267 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2023.116267 - Al-Shami, A.S. and Essawy, A.E. and Elkader, H.A.E.A (2023) 'Molecular mechanisms underlying the potential neuroprotective effects of Trifolium pratense and its phytoestrogen-isoflavones in neurodegenerative disorders', Phytother Res, 37(6), pp. 2693-2737. doi:10.1002/ptr.7870 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.7870 - Zhang, H. and Zhao, J. and Shang, H. and Guo, Y. and Chen, S (2020) 'Extraction, purification, hypoglycemic and antioxidant activities of red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) polysaccharides', Int J Biol Macromol, 148, pp. 750-760. doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.01.194 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.01.194 - Khazaei, A.H. and Bozorgi, A. and Ghanbari, E. and Bozorgi, M. and Khazaei, M (2025) 'Trifolium pratense-Derived Exosome Improved Serum Biochemical Parameters and Pancreatic Genes in STZ-Induced Diabetic Rats', Endocrinol Diabetes Metab, 8(5), pp. e70103. doi:10.1002/edm2.70103 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1002/edm2.70103 - Hitzman, R. and Malca-Garcia, G.R. and Howell, C. and Park, H.Y. and Friesen, J.B. and Dong, H. and Dunlap, T. and McAlpine, J.B. and Vollmer, G. and Bosland, M.C. and Nikolić, D. and Lankin, D.C. and Chen, S.N. and Bolton, J.L. and Pauli, G.F. and Dietz, B.M (2023) 'DESIGNER fraction concept unmasks minor bioactive constituents in red clover (Trifolium pratense L.)', Phytochemistry, 214, pp. 113789. doi:10.1016/j.phytochem.2023.113789 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2023.113789 - Lien, Y.Y. and Shyur, L.F. and Cheng, Y.B. and Chang, M.T. and Chang, C.T. and Chen, Y.H. and Lai, G.H. and Liao, H.Y. and Cheng, M.C (2024) 'Trifolium pratense as a novel phytogenic supplement, is an anticoccidial agent in chickens', Poult Sci, 103(10), pp. 104064. doi:10.1016/j.psj.2024.104064 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2024.104064 - Lee, S.G. and Brownmiller, C. and Lee, S. and Kang, H.W (2020) 'Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Effects of Anthocyanins of Trifolium pratense (Red Clover) in Lipopolysaccharide-Stimulated RAW-267.4 Macrophages', Nutrients, 12(4), pp. 1089-1089. doi:10.3390/nu12041089 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12041089 - Akbaribazm, M. and Khazaei, M.R. and Khazaei, M.R. and Khazaei, M. and Khazaei, M (2020) 'Phytochemicals and antioxidant activity of alcoholic/hydroalcoholic extract of Trifolium pratense', Chinese Herbal Medicines, 12(3), pp. 326-335. doi:10.1016/j.chmed.2020.02.002 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chmed.2020.02.002 - Fu, X. and Qin, T. and Yu, J. and Jiao, J. and Ma, Z. and Fu, Q. and Deng, X. and Ma, S (2019) 'Formononetin Ameliorates Cognitive Disorder via PGC-1α Pathway in Neuroinflammation Conditions in High-Fat Diet-Induced Mice', CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets, 18(7), pp. 566-577. doi:10.2174/1871527318666190807160137 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.2174/1871527318666190807160137 - Singh, L. and Kaur, H. and Arya, G.C. and Bhatti, R (2023) 'Neuroprotective potential of formononetin, a naturally occurring isoflavone phytoestrogen', Chemical Biology & Drug Design, 103(1), pp. e14353-e14353. doi:10.1111/cbdd.14353 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.1111/cbdd.14353 - Tan, J.W. and Kim, M (2016) 'Neuroprotective Effects of Biochanin A against β-Amyloid-Induced Neurotoxicity in PC12 Cells via a Mitochondrial-Dependent Apoptosis Pathway', Molecules, 21(5), pp. 548-548. doi:10.3390/molecules21050548 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules21050548 - Bai, Y. and Li, Z. and Liu, W. and Gao, D. and Liu, M. and Zhang, P (2019) 'Biochanin A attenuates myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury through the TLR4/NF-κB/NLRP3 signaling pathway', Acta Cirúrgica Brasileira, 34(11), pp. e201901104-e201901104. doi:10.1590/s0102-865020190110000004 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1590/s0102-865020190110000004 - Félix, F.B. and Vago, J.P. and Fernandes, D.D.O. and Martins, D.G. and Zaidan, I. and Gonçalves, W.A. and Costa, W.C. and Araújo, J.M.D. and Queiroz‐Junior, C.M. and Campolina-Silva, G.H. and Soriani, F.M. and Sousa, L.P. and Grespan, R. and Teixeira, M.M. and Pinho, V (2021) 'Biochanin A Regulates Key Steps of Inflammation Resolution in a Model of Antigen-Induced Arthritis via GPR30/PKA-Dependent Mechanism', Frontiers in Pharmacology, 12, pp. 662308-662308. doi:10.3389/fphar.2021.662308 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2021.662308 - Akbaribazm, M. and Khazaei, M.R. and Khazaei, M.R. and Khazaei, M. and Khazaei, M (2020) 'Trifolium pratense L. (red clover) extract and doxorubicin synergistically inhibits proliferation of 4T1 breast cancer in tumor‐bearing BALB/c mice through modulation of apoptosis and increase antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory related pathways', Food Science & Nutrition, 8(8), pp. 4276-4290. doi:10.1002/fsn3.1724 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.1724 - Akbaribazm, M. and Khazaei, M.R. and Khazaei, M.R. and Khazaei, F. and Khazaei, M. and Khazaei, M (2020) 'Doxorubicin and Trifolium pratense L. (Red clover) extract synergistically inhibits brain and lung metastases in 4T1 tumor‐bearing BALB/c mice', Food Science & Nutrition, 8(10), pp. 5557-5570. doi:10.1002/fsn3.1820 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.1820 - Khazaei, M. and Pazhouhi, M (2018) 'Antiproliferative Effect of Trifolium Pratens L. Extract in Human Breast Cancer Cells', Nutrition and Cancer, 71(1), pp. 128-140. doi:10.1080/01635581.2018.1521443 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1080/01635581.2018.1521443 - Pazhouhi, M. and Khazaei, M (2018) 'Protective effect of hydroalcoholic extracts of Trifolium pratense L. on pancreatic β cell line (RIN-5F) against cytotoxicty of streptozotocin', Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences, 13(4), pp. 324-324. doi:10.4103/1735-5362.235159 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.4103/1735-5362.235159 - Antonescu, I.A. and Antonescu, A. and Miere, F. and Fritea, L. and Teușdea, A.C. and Vicaș, L.G. and Vicaş, S.I. and Brihan, I. and Domuța, M. and Zdrîncă, M. and Zdrîncă, M. and Cavalu, S (2021) 'Evaluation of Wound Healing Potential of Novel Hydrogel Based on Ocimum basilicum and Trifolium pratense Extracts', Processes, 9(11), pp. 2096-2096. doi:10.3390/pr9112096 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.3390/pr9112096 - British Herbal Medicine Association (1996) 'British Herbal Pharmacopoeia'. Traditional / reference
https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=British%20Herbal%20Pharmacopoeia - Hoffmann, D (2003) 'Medical Herbalism'. Traditional / reference
https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Medical%20Herbalism - Duke, J.A (2002) 'Handbook of Medicinal Herbs, Second Edition'. Traditional / reference
https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Handbook%20of%20Medicinal%20Herbs%2C%20Second%20Edition - Booth, N.L., Piersen, C.E., Banuvar, S., Geller, S.E., Shulman, L.P. and Farnsworth, N.R (2006) 'Clinical studies of red clover (Trifolium pratense) dietary supplements in menopause: a literature review', Menopause, 13(2), pp. 251-264. doi:10.1097/01.gme.0000198297.40269.f7 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.1097/01.gme.0000198297.40269.f7 - Fritz, H., Seely, D., Flower, G., Skidmore, B., Fernandes, R., Vadeboncoeur, S., Kennedy, D., Cooley, K., Wong, R., Sagar, S., Sabri, E. and Fergusson, D (2013) 'Soy, red clover, and isoflavones and breast cancer: a systematic review', PLoS One, 8(11), pp. e81968. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0081968 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0081968
Generated automatically from the Omnia Sana plant database and its cited sources. For educational purposes only — not medical advice. Always consult a qualified practitioner before using medicinal plants.