Plant Comparison
Goldenseal vs Greater Plantain
A side-by-side comparison of two medicinal plants — every documented constituent, action, use, safety note and cited source, assembled automatically from the Omnia Sana database.
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Second plant
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At a glance
Goldenseal and Greater Plantain: they share 7 indicated uses (arthritis / joint pain, diarrhoea, infection (general), …); 3 pharmacological actions in common.
GoldensealGreater Plantain
Constituents15
Pharmacological actions413
Indicated uses915
Safety notes25
Cited sources2054
Indicated uses
Only Goldenseal
BloatingIndigestion
Shared (7)
Arthritis / joint painDiarrhoeaInfection (general)Inflammation (general)Skin irritationSore throatWounds
Only Greater Plantain
BronchitisBruisingConstipationCoughRespiratory supportImmune supportCancer (anticancer research)Cardiovascular / heart health
Pharmacological actions
Only Goldenseal
Digestive aid
Shared (3)
Anti-inflammatoryAntimicrobialAstringent
Only Greater Plantain
AntioxidantDemulcent (soothing mucilage)ExpectorantLaxativeVulnerary (wound healing)Immunomodulator / immune supportAntiviralAnticancer (preclinical)Analgesic (pain relief)Antifungal
Evidence face-off — shared uses
| Condition | Goldenseal | Greater Plantain | Verdict |
|---|---|---|---|
| Arthritis / joint pain | 5/10 | 1/10 | Stronger for Goldenseal |
| Diarrhoea | 5/10 | 1/10 | Stronger for Goldenseal |
| Infection (general) | 5/10 | 1/10 | Stronger for Goldenseal |
| Inflammation (general) | 5/10 | 1/10 | Stronger for Goldenseal |
| Skin irritation | 5/10 | 1/10 | Stronger for Goldenseal |
| Sore throat | 5/10 | 1/10 | Stronger for Goldenseal |
| Wounds | 5/10 | 2/10 | Stronger for Goldenseal |
Evidence scores (1–10) are computed from the tier of each cited source. “Comparable” means the two scores are within one point. Follow a score to its detailed sources.
Key Constituents
Berberine is the main antimicrobial, hypoglycaemic and hypolipidaemic constituent. Notably, whole-leaf extracts are more potent against MRSA than isolated berberine (owing to efflux-pump-inhibitory flavonoids) and show quorum-quenching, anti-virulence activity.
FlavonoidsAlkaloidsBerberine
Characteristic iridoids of Plantago major.
Iridoid glycosidesGlycosides
Polyphenolic esters contributing to antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity.
Caffeic acidVerbascoside (acteoside)
Flavonoids (baicalein, luteolin, hispidulin)[1]
Flavonoid constituents of the leaf.
FlavonoidsLuteolin
Pharmacological Actions
Anti-inflammatory[1]
Anti-inflammatory and astringent for inflamed mucous membranes (sore-throat gargle, mouth)
Antimicrobial (berberine) - supports skin, mucosal and gastrointestinal infections and sore throat
Astringent[1]
Anti-inflammatory and astringent for inflamed mucous membranes (sore-throat gargle, mouth)
Traditional & Indicated Uses
Arthritis / joint pain[1]Moderate · 5/10
inferred from anti-inflammatory action
Evidence: 5
Label: Arthritis / joint pain
Indigestion[1]Moderate · 5/10
Digestive / gastrointestinal support (traditional for dyspepsia and ulcers)
Evidence: 5
Label: Indigestion
Antimicrobial (berberine) - supports skin, mucosal and gastrointestinal infections and sore throat; Topical for skin infections and irritation - whole-leaf extract is active in vitro against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)
Evidence: 5
Label: Infection (general)
Inflammation (general)[1]Moderate · 5/10
inferred from anti-inflammatory action
Evidence: 5
Label: Inflammation (general)
Skin irritation[1]Moderate · 5/10
inferred from anti-inflammatory action
Evidence: 5
Label: Skin irritation
Anti-inflammatory and astringent for inflamed mucous membranes (sore-throat gargle, mouth); Antimicrobial (berberine) - supports skin, mucosal and gastrointestinal infections and sore throat
Evidence: 5
Label: Sore throat
inferred from anti-inflammatory action
Evidence: 1
Label: Arthritis / joint pain
inferred from expectorant action
Evidence: 1
Label: Bronchitis
inferred from vulnerary action
Evidence: 1
Label: Bruising
Demulcent / expectorant (coughs, catarrh, irritated airways)
Evidence: 1
Label: Cough
Infection (general)[1]Traditional · 1/10
inferred from antimicrobial action
Evidence: 1
Label: Infection (general)
inferred from anti-inflammatory action
Evidence: 1
Label: Inflammation (general)
inferred from expectorant action
Evidence: 1
Label: Respiratory support
inferred from anti-inflammatory action
Evidence: 1
Label: Skin irritation
inferred from vulnerary action
Evidence: 2
Label: Wounds
Immune support[16]Traditional · 2/10
P. major extract showed immunomodulatory, antiviral and cytotoxic effects in vitro.
Evidence: 2
Label: Immune support
Cancer (anticancer research)[21]Traditional · 2/10
P. major extracts/compounds inhibited proliferation of cancer cell lines (preclinical).
Evidence: 2
Label: Cancer (anticancer research)
Safety, Cautions & Contraindications
Safety note[1]Caution
Contraindicated in pregnancy and breastfeeding: berberine crosses the placenta and into milk and can cause or worsen newborn jaundice (risk of kernicterus); do not give to infants.
Berberine strongly inhibits drug-metabolising enzymes (especially CYP3A4 and CYP2D6), so it can raise the blood levels of many medicines - a significant herb-drug-interaction risk. In a screen of commercial herbal products, goldenseal was among the most potent CYP2D6 inhibitors and also inhibited CYP3A4. High doses have shown possible liver, nerve and photo-toxicity.
Extremely safe; one of the most widely used edible and medicinal plants in the world. Psyllium seeds (closely related) are well-studied as a bulk laxative but should always be taken with adequate water. Allergic reactions are rare but possible. No significant drug interactions documented at normal doses.
Duke (2002) rates plantain as ++ and notes anti-inflammatory, antitussive, antiatherosclerotic, and COX-2-inhibitory activities at the experimental level (score 1). The seeds (psyllium) of related species have clinical evidence for cholesterol reduction and as bulk laxatives, though entries here apply to the leaf. Dose: leaf as tea or poultice for wounds, sore throat, and bronchial conditions. Duke notes the plant is generally safe with anti-inflammatory topical use well-supported in traditional practice. Commission E approved plantain (ribwort species) for catarrh and wound healing (Duke, 2002).
Generally regarded as safe as food and in customary medicinal use; allergic reactions are uncommon, though the abundant wind-borne pollen can aggravate hay fever in sensitive people.
Correct identification is essential and material should be gathered away from roadsides, sprayed lawns and other contaminated ground; deep or infected wounds warrant proper medical care.
External Ids
Gbif: 3033110
Wikidata: Q1051710
Gbif: 3189767
Wikidata: Q157154
Botanical Description
Low, woodland perennial herb rising from a knotted, bright yellow rhizome with wiry yellow roots. Each stem bears two ragged, palmately lobed, maple-like leaves and a single small, inconspicuous greenish-white flower, followed by a raspberry-like cluster of red berries.[1]
Height: 15-30 cm
Habit: Low, woodland perennial herb
Leaves: Two per stem, ragged, palmately lobed, maple-like
Flowers: Single, small, inconspicuous, greenish-white, petal-less
Stem: Hairy, upright, bearing two leaves
Root: Knotted, bright yellow rhizome with wiry yellow roots (the medicinal part)
Fruit: Raspberry-like cluster of red berries
Flowering Period: April-May
Low, rosette-forming perennial herb (Plantaginaceae) with broad, oval to rounded leaves marked by 5-9 prominent parallel ribs, borne on long, channelled petioles. Slender, leafless flowering spikes rise from the rosette bearing tiny, densely packed greenish flowers, followed by small seed capsules.[36]
Height: Low rosette; flowering spikes 10-40 cm
Habit: Low rosette-forming perennial herb
Leaves: Broad, oval to rounded, 5-9-ribbed, long-petioled
Flowers: Tiny, densely packed, greenish, in slender spikes
Stem: Slender, leafless flowering spike
Root: Fibrous perennial rootstock
Fruit: Small seed capsule
Flowering Period: June-September
Habitat
Grows in rich, shaded deciduous woodland with humus-rich soil; native to eastern North America, now scarce in the wild due to overharvesting and largely supplied by cultivation.[1]
Native to Europe and temperate Asia and now one of the most widespread naturalised weeds worldwide (the name 'waybread', or historically 'white man's foot', reflects its spread along paths and trails); thrives on compacted, disturbed ground such as paths, lawns and roadsides.[36]
Harvesting
The rhizome and root are dug in autumn from plants at least three to four years old, when berberine content is highest, then cleaned and dried; because wild populations are depleted, cultivated or sustainably sourced material is strongly preferred, and careful identification against the toxic mayapple and bloodroot, which share its woodland habitat, is essential before any wild-harvesting.[1]
Parts: Rhizome and root
Season: Autumn, from mature (3-4+ year) plants
Leaves are gathered fresh throughout the growing season, especially for poultice use; seed is collected in autumn once ripe.[36]
Parts: Leaf, Seed
Season: Leaf throughout the growing season; seed in autumn
Traditional Uses
Goldenseal root has a Native American and, after adoption by Eclectic physicians, wider North American tradition as a bitter tonic and antimicrobial remedy for mucous-membrane infections, sore throat, digestive upset and topical skin infections, directly reflecting its high berberine content.[1]
Greater plantain is one of the most widely used wound herbs across world folk-medicine traditions, applied fresh as a poultice to cuts, stings and insect bites, and taken as a tea for cough, digestive upset and mild diarrhoea. Modern reviews confirm broad anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant and wound-healing activity supporting these traditional uses.[1, 36]
Preparations
Decoction[1]
Dried rhizome and root simmered in water as a traditional bitter antimicrobial tea, or used as a gargle for sore throat.
Tincture[13]
Tincture 1:10 in 60% ethanol of the dried rhizome and root, 2-4 ml three times daily per the WHO monograph Rhizoma Hydrastis. Educational reference only, not a prescription.
Standardised extract[4]
Extract standardised to berberine/hydrastine content, taken as capsules; whole-leaf extracts have shown stronger antimicrobial activity than isolated berberine in some studies.
Fresh leaf poultice[36]
Crushed or chewed fresh leaf applied directly to wounds, stings and insect bites - the classic traditional first-aid use.
Dried leaf steeped in hot water for cough, digestive complaints and mild diarrhoea.
Seed (bulk fibre)[38]
The mucilaginous seed, related to psyllium, used traditionally as a mild bulk laxative.
Dosage
Decoction/tincture[13]
The WHO monograph on Rhizoma Hydrastis gives a daily dose of 0.5-1.0 g of the dried rhizome and root three times, or taken as a decoction; a 1:1 liquid extract in 60% ethanol at 0.3-1.0 mL three times; or a 1:10 tincture in 60% ethanol at 2-4 mL three times. For short-term use only, given goldenseal's potent CYP-enzyme inhibition and its contraindication in pregnancy. Educational reference only, not a prescription.
References
REF-0455, REF-1849, REF-1850, REF-0588, REF-1851, REF-1852, REF-1853, REF-1854, REF-1855, REF-1856, REF-1857
REF-0354, REF-1758, REF-1759, REF-1760, REF-1761, REF-1762, REF-1763, REF-1764, REF-1765, REF-1766, REF-1767, REF-1768, REF-1769, REF-2993, REF-2994, REF-2995, REF-2996, REF-2997, REF-2998, REF-2999, REF-3000, REF-3001, REF-3002, REF-3003, REF-3004, REF-3005, REF-3006, REF-3007, REF-3008, REF-3009, REF-3010, REF-3011, REF-3012, REF-3013, REF-3014
Drug Class Interactions
Drug Class: cyp3a4-substrates
Mechanism: Goldenseal's berberine and hydrastine strongly inhibit CYP3A4 (and also CYP2D6), enzymes that clear many medicines. In a controlled study in healthy volunteers, 28 days of goldenseal cut CYP3A4/5 and CYP2D6 activity by roughly 40%, so it can raise the blood levels and side effects of drugs handled by these pathways - for example some statins, calcium-channel blockers and sedatives (CYP3A4), and certain antidepressants, beta-blockers and opioids (CYP2D6). Separate dosing and monitor, or avoid combining with narrow-margin medicines.
Reviewed By: Omnia Sana (owner-authorized)
Reviewed Date: 2026-07-03
Safety note[17]Caution
Drug Class: antidiabetics
Mechanism: Goldenseal is rich in berberine, its main alkaloid, which lowers blood glucose - meta-analyses of randomised trials show berberine significantly reduces fasting glucose and HbA1c. Taken with diabetes medicines, goldenseal may therefore add to blood-sugar lowering, so monitor blood glucose.
Reviewed By: Omnia Sana (owner-authorized)
Reviewed Date: 2026-07-03
Not documented
Lookalikes Review
Outcome: has-lookalikes
Reviewed By: Omnia Sana (owner-authorized)
Reviewed Date: 2026-07-07
Outcome: none-known
Reviewed By: Omnia Sana (owner-authorized)
Reviewed Date: 2026-07-07
Dangerous Lookalikes
Dangerous Plant: podophyllum-peltatum
Confused Part: Woodland rhizome dug as goldenseal; mayapple shares the same rich woods and has similar lobed, maple-like leaves.
Confusion Context: Goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis) is dug from rich woodland for its yellow rhizome. Mayapple (Podophyllum peltatum) grows in the same rich-woods habitat and, once its leaves expand, its lobed maple-like leaves resemble goldenseal, so novice foragers confuse them. Mayapple contains podophyllotoxin (a potent cell poison) in all parts except the ripe fruit; ingestion causes severe vomiting and diarrhoea and can cause serious systemic toxicity. Because the plants share habitat and leaf shape, this is a genuine hazard when digging goldenseal.
Distinguishing Features: Whole plant: goldenseal has a hairy upright stem bearing usually two ragged, maple-like lobed leaves and a single small flower, with a knotted BRIGHT-YELLOW rhizome. Mayapple has one or two large, smooth, umbrella-like lobed leaves on a hairless stalk and a white flower nodding beneath, with a white-ish creeping rhizome., Rhizome colour (decisive): goldenseal's rhizome and root are vivid yellow inside (berberine). Mayapple's rhizome is not bright yellow., Leaf texture: goldenseal leaves are hairy and puckered; mayapple leaves are large, smooth and shield-like (the stalk joins near the centre).
Key Test: Dig only after matching the whole plant, and check the rhizome. A hairy stem with ragged maple-like leaves over a BRIGHT-YELLOW knotted rhizome = goldenseal. Large smooth umbrella-like leaves over a pale rhizome (no yellow) = mayapple - toxic, do not use. If the root is not bright yellow inside, do not use it.
Reviewed By: Omnia Sana (owner-authorized)
Reviewed Date: 2026-07-07
Dangerous Plant: sanguinaria-canadensis
Confused Part: Woodland rhizome dug as goldenseal; bloodroot grows in the same rich woods and its rhizome is gathered in mistake for goldenseal.
Confusion Context: Bloodroot (Sanguinaria canadensis) shares the same rich-woods spring habitat as goldenseal and is listed among goldenseal's harvesting look-alikes. Bloodroot is a high-severity poison: its rhizome contains isoquinoline alkaloids (sanguinarine) and, when broken, oozes a bright red-orange sap; ingestion causes vomiting, faintness, dizziness, dilated pupils and, in serious cases, heart failure, and the sap is destructive to tissue. Because both are dug for their rhizomes from the same woodland, this is a genuine hazard.
Distinguishing Features: Sap colour (decisive): a broken bloodroot rhizome bleeds a bright RED-ORANGE sap. Goldenseal's rhizome is BRIGHT YELLOW inside, not red., Leaf: bloodroot has a single, rounded, deeply scalloped/lobed grey-green leaf that wraps the flower stalk, and a white flower; goldenseal has a hairy stem with two ragged maple-like leaves., Whole plant: confirm goldenseal by its paired hairy maple-like leaves and yellow root before digging.
Key Test: Break the rhizome and look at the sap and leaves. Bright YELLOW root with paired hairy maple-like leaves = goldenseal. A single scalloped leaf and a rhizome bleeding RED-ORANGE sap = bloodroot - a high-severity poison, do not use. If the sap is red, it is not goldenseal.
Reviewed By: Omnia Sana (owner-authorized)
Reviewed Date: 2026-07-07
Not documented
References & Sources
- Mandal, S.K., Maji, A.K., Mishra, S.K., Ishfaq, P.M., Devkota, H.P., Silva, A.S. and Das, N (2020) 'Goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis L.) and its active constituents: A critical review of their efficacy and toxicological issues', Pharmacological Research. doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105085 Randomized trial
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105085 - Corn, J., Tibbitts, D., Ito, H., Schafer, M. and Vasilevsky, N (2021) 'Effects of Hydrastis Canadensis, Commiphora Habessinica, Phytolacca Americana, and Echinacea Purpurea on Bacterial Growth', Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine, 27(4), pp. 24-27. Preclinical
https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Effects%20of%20Hydrastis%20Canadensis%2C%20Commiphora%20Habessinica%2C%20Phytolacca%20Americana%2C%20and%20Echinacea%20Purpurea%20on%20Bacterial%20Growth - Ettefagh, K.A., Burns, J.T., Junio, H.A., Kaatz, G.W. and Cech, N.B (2010) 'Goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis L.) extracts synergistically enhance the antibacterial activity of berberine via efflux pump inhibition', Planta Medica, 77(8), pp. 835-840. doi:10.1055/s-0030-1250606 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0030-1250606 - Cech, N.B., Junio, H.A., Ackermann, L.W., Kavanaugh, J.S. and Horswill, A.R (2012) 'Quorum quenching and antimicrobial activity of goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis) against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)', Planta Medica, 78(14), pp. 1556--1561. doi:10.1055/s-0032-1315042 Traditional / reference
https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0032-1315042 - Mahady, G.B., Pendland, S.L., Stoia, A. and Chadwick, L.R (2003) 'In vitro susceptibility of Helicobacter pylori to isoquinoline alkaloids from Sanguinaria canadensis and Hydrastis canadensis', Phytotherapy Research, 17(3), pp. 217-221. doi:10.1002/ptr.1108 Preclinical
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https://doi.org/10.1021/np200336g - Britton, E.R., Kellogg, J.J., Kvalheim, O.M. and Cech, N.B (2017) 'Biochemometrics to Identify Synergists and Additives from Botanical Medicines: A Case Study with Hydrastis canadensis (Goldenseal)', Journal of Natural Products, 81(3), pp. 484-493. doi:10.1021/acs.jnatprod.7b00654 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jnatprod.7b00654 - Leyte-Lugo, M., Britton, E.R., Foil, D.H., Brown, A.R., Todd, D.A., Rivera-Chavez, J., Oberlies, N.H. and Cech, N.B (2017) 'Secondary Metabolites from the Leaves of the Medicinal Plant Goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis)', Phytochemistry Letters, 20, pp. 54-60. doi:10.1016/j.phytol.2017.03.012 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phytol.2017.03.012 - Gurley, B.J., Swain, A., Hubbard, M.A., Hartsfield, F., Thaden, J., Williams, D.K., Gentry, W.B. and Tong, Y (2007) 'Supplementation with goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis), but not kava kava (Piper methysticum), inhibits human CYP3A activity in vivo', Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 83(1), pp. 61-69. doi:10.1038/sj.clpt.6100222 Randomized trial
https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.clpt.6100222 - Wallace, E.D., Oberlies, N.H., Cech, N.B. and Kellogg, J.J (2018) 'Detection of adulteration in Hydrastis canadensis (goldenseal) dietary supplements via untargeted mass spectrometry-based metabolomics', Food and Chemical Toxicology, 120, pp. 439-447. doi:10.1016/j.fct.2018.07.033 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2018.07.033 - Douglas, J.A., Follett, J.M., Parmenter, G.A., Sansom, C.E., Perry, N.B. and Littler, R.A (2010) 'Seasonal variation of biomass and bioactive alkaloid content of goldenseal, Hydrastis canadensis', Fitoterapia, 81(7), pp. 925-928. doi:10.1016/j.fitote.2010.06.006 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fitote.2010.06.006 - Singh, S., Pathak, N., Fatima, E. and Negi, A.S (2021) 'Plant isoquinoline alkaloids: Advances in the chemistry and biology of berberine', European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. doi:10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113839 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113839 - World Health Organization (2007) 'Rhizoma Hydrastis'. Available at: https://iris.who.int/items/6418d8af-5200-4e6b-9bf5-004f3aa62a37 Traditional / reference
https://iris.who.int/items/6418d8af-5200-4e6b-9bf5-004f3aa62a37 - Sevior, D.K., Hokkanen, J., Tolonen, A., Abass, K., Tursas, L., Pelkonen, O. and Ahokas, J.T (2010) 'Rapid screening of commercially available herbal products for the inhibition of major human hepatic cytochrome P450 enzymes using the N-in-one cocktail', Xenobiotica, 40(4), pp. 245--254. doi:10.3109/00498251003592683 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.3109/00498251003592683 - Gurley, B.J., Gardner, S.F., Hubbard, M.A., Williams, D.K., Gentry, W.B., Khan, I.A. and Shah, A (2005) 'In vivo effects of goldenseal, kava kava, black cohosh, and valerian on human cytochrome P450 1A2, 2D6, 2E1, and 3A4/5 phenotypes', Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 77(5), pp. 415-426. doi:10.1016/j.clpt.2005.01.009 Randomized trial
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clpt.2005.01.009 - McDonald, M.G., Tian, D.D., Thummel, K.E., Paine, M.F. and Rettie, A.E (2020) 'Modulation of major human liver microsomal cytochromes P450 by component alkaloids of goldenseal: time-dependent inhibition and allosteric effects', Drug Metabolism and Disposition, 48(10), pp. 1018-1027. doi:10.1124/dmd.120.091041 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1124/dmd.120.091041 - Guo, J., Chen, H., Zhang, X., Lou, W., Zhang, P., Qiu, Y., Zhang, C., Wang, Y. and Liu, W.J (2021) 'The effect of berberine on metabolic profiles in type 2 diabetic patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials', Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 2021, pp. 2074610. doi:10.1155/2021/2074610 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/2074610 - Forest Farming (Cooperative Extension) 'Goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis L.)'. Available at: https://forest-farming.extension.org/goldenseal-hydrastis-canadensis-l/ Traditional / reference
https://forest-farming.extension.org/goldenseal-hydrastis-canadensis-l/ - Frasca, T. and Brett, A.S. and Yoo, S.D (1997) 'Mandrake toxicity. A case of mistaken identity', Archives of Internal Medicine, 157(17), pp. 2007-9. doi:10.1001/archinte.157.17.2007 Clinical study
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https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/sanguinaria-canadensis/
- Adom, M.B., Taher, M., Mutalabisin, M.F., Amri, M.S., Abdul Kudos, M.B., Wan Sulaiman, M.W.A., Sengupta, P. and Susanti, D (2017) 'Chemical constituents and medical benefits of Plantago major', pp. 348--360. doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2017.09.152 Traditional / reference
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2017.09.152 - Najafian, Y., Hamedi, S.S., Farshchi, M.K. and Feyzabadi, Z (2018) 'Plantago major in Traditional Persian Medicine and modern phytotherapy: a narrative review', Electronic Physician, 10(2), pp. 6390-6399. doi:10.19082/6390 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.19082/6390 - Cardoso, F.C.I., Breder, J.C., Apolinario, P.P., Oliveira, H.C., Saidel, M.G.B., Dini, A.P., Oliveira-Kumakura, A.R. and Lima, M.H.M (2021) 'The Effect of Plantago major on Wound Healing in Preclinical Studies: A Systematic Review', Wound Management & Prevention, 67(1), pp. 27-34. doi:10.25270/wmp.2021.1.2734 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.25270/wmp.2021.1.2734 - Ghanadian, M., Soltani, R., Homayouni, A., Khorvash, F., Jouabadi, S.M. and Abdollahzadeh, M (2022) 'The Effect of Plantago major Hydroalcoholic Extract on the Healing of Diabetic Foot and Pressure Ulcers: A Randomized Open-Label Controlled Clinical Trial', The International Journal of Lower Extremity Wounds, 23(3), pp. 475-481. doi:10.1177/15347346211070723 Randomized trial
https://doi.org/10.1177/15347346211070723 - Ghiasian, M., Niroomandi, Z., Dastan, D., Poorolajal, J., Zare, F. and Ataei, S (2021) 'Clinical and phytochemical studies of Plantago major in pressure ulcer treatment: A randomized controlled trial', Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice, 43, pp. 101325. doi:10.1016/j.ctcp.2021.101325 Randomized trial
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctcp.2021.101325 - Cabrera-Jaime, S., Martinez, C., Ferro-Garcia, T., Giner-Boya, P., Icart-Isern, T., Estrada-Masllorens, J.M. and Fernandez-Ortega, P (2017) 'Efficacy of Plantago major, chlorhexidine 0.12% and sodium bicarbonate 5% solution in the treatment of oral mucositis in cancer patients with solid tumour: A feasibility randomised triple-blind phase III clinical trial', European Journal of Oncology Nursing, 32, pp. 40-47. doi:10.1016/j.ejon.2017.11.006 Randomized trial
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejon.2017.11.006 - Zubair, M., Widen, C., Renvert, S. and Rumpunen, K (2018) 'Water and ethanol extracts of Plantago major leaves show anti-inflammatory activity on oral epithelial cells', Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine, 9(3), pp. 169-171. doi:10.1016/j.jtcme.2017.09.002 Preclinical
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https://doi.org/10.4103/0253-7613.55211 - Turki Monawer, A. and Mohammed Abdulkahar Mammani, I (2023) 'Antibacterial activity of ethanolic extracts of Plantago major leaves against Pseudomonas aeruginosa from burn infections', Journal of Infection in Developing Countries, 17(2), pp. 276-280. doi:10.3855/jidc.17576 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.3855/jidc.17576 - Boskabadi, J., Saadat, S. and Boskabady, M.H (2020) 'The Relaxant Effect of Plantago Major on Rat Tracheal Smooth Muscles and Its Possible Mechanisms', Iranian Journal of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology, 19(4), pp. 386-396. doi:10.18502/ijaai.v19i4.4113 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.18502/ijaai.v19i4.4113 - Parhizgar, S., Hosseinian, S., Soukhtanloo, M., Bideskan, A.E., Hadjzadeh, M., Shahraki, S., Noshahr, Z.S., Heravi, N.E., Haghshenas, M. and Rad, A.K (2018) 'Plantago major protects against cisplatin-induced renal dysfunction and tissue damage in rats', Saudi Journal of Kidney Diseases and Transplantation, 29(5), pp. 1057-1064. doi:10.4103/1319-2442.243960 Preclinical
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https://doi.org/10.3831/KPI.2019.22.004 - Alizadeh Behbahani, B., Tabatabaei Yazdi, F., Shahidi, F., Hesarinejad, M.A., Mortazavi, S.A. and Mohebbi, M (2016) 'Plantago major seed mucilage: Optimization of extraction and some physicochemical and rheological aspects', Carbohydrate Polymers, 155, pp. 68-77. doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.08.051 Preclinical
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https://doi.org/10.1142/s0192415x03000874 - Gomez‐Flores, R. and Calderón, C.L. and Scheibel, L.W. and Tamez‐Guerra, P. and Rodrı́guez-Padilla, C. and Támez-Guerra, R. and Wéber, R (2000) 'Immunoenhancing properties ofPlantago major leaf extract', Phytotherapy Research. doi:10.1002/1099-1573(200012)14:8<617::aid-ptr674>3.0.co;2-n Preclinical
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https://doi.org/10.4103/2225-4110.119706 - Lukova, P. and Karcheva‐Bahchevanska, D. and Bivolarski, V. and Mladenov, R. and Iliev, I. and Nikolova, M (2017) 'Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Water Extractable Polysaccharides from Leaves of Plantago major L', Folia Medica. doi:10.1515/folmed-2017-0023 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1515/folmed-2017-0023 - Kartini, K. and Piyaviriyakul, S. and Thongpraditchote, S. and Siripong, P. and Vallisuta, O (2017) 'Effects of Plantago major extracts and its chemical compounds on proliferation of cancer cells and cytokines production of lipopolysaccharide-activated THP-1 macrophages', Pharmacognosy Magazine. doi:10.4103/pm.pm_406_16 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.4103/pm.pm_406_16 - Zuo, X. and Li, L. and Sun, L (2020) 'Plantamajoside inhibits hypoxia-induced migration and invasion of human cervical cancer cells through the NF-κB and PI3K/akt pathways', Journal of Receptors and Signal Transduction. doi:10.1080/10799893.2020.1808679 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1080/10799893.2020.1808679 - Zhang, L. and Guo, Y. and Liu, J. and Wang, L. and Wang, L. and Wu, H. and Wang, T. and Deng, B. and Wang, J. and Lu, L. and Chen, Z. and He, J. and Liang, B. and Li, H. and Huang, Y (2022) 'Plantamajoside attenuates cardiac fibrosis via inhibiting AGEs activated‐RAGE/autophagy/EndMT pathway', Phytotherapy Research. doi:10.1002/ptr.7663 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.7663 - Zeng, G. and An, H. and Fang, D. and Wang, W. and Han, Y. and Lian, C (2020) 'Plantamajoside protects H9c2 cells against hypoxia/reoxygenation-induced injury through regulating the akt/Nrf2/HO-1 and NF-κB signaling pathways', Journal of Receptors and Signal Transduction. doi:10.1080/10799893.2020.1859534 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1080/10799893.2020.1859534 - Amini, M. and Kherad, M. and Mehrabani, D. and Azarpira, N. and Panjehshahin, M.R. and Tanideh, N (2010) 'Effect ofPlantago majoron Burn Wound Healing in Rat', Journal of Applied Animal Research. doi:10.1080/09712119.2010.9707093 Preclinical
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https://doi.org/10.22087/hmj.v3i1.702 - Cardoso, F.D.C.I. and Apolinário, P.P. and Breder, J.D.S.C. and Paranhos, T. and Oliveira, H.C. and Polidoro, A.D. and Oliveira, A.R.D.S. and Lima, M.H.M (2019) 'A protocol for systematic review of Plantago major L. effectiveness in accelerating wound-healing in animal models', Systematic Reviews. doi:10.1186/s13643-019-1255-6 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-019-1255-6 - Ringbom, T. and Segura, L. and Noreen, Y. and Perera, P. and Bohlin, L (1998) 'Ursolic Acid fromPlantagomajor, a Selective Inhibitor of Cyclooxygenase-2 Catalyzed Prostaglandin Biosynthesis', Journal of Natural Products. doi:10.1021/np980088i Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1021/np980088i - Guillén, M.E.N. and Emim, J.A.D.S. and Souccar, C. and Lapa, A.J (1997) 'Analgesic and Anti-inflammatory Activities of the Aqueous Extract of Plantago major L', International Journal of Pharmacognosy. doi:10.1076/phbi.35.2.99.13288 Preclinical
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https://doi.org/10.54596/2958-0048-2024-2-48-53 - Zhakipbekov, K. and Turgumbayeva, A. and Issayeva, R. and Kipchakbayeva, A. and Kadyrbayeva, G. and Tleubayeva, M.I. and Akhayeva, T. and Тастамбек, К. and Sainova, G.A. and Serikbayeva, E. and Tolenova, K. and Махатова, Б. and Anarbayeva, R. and Shimirova, Z. and Tileuberdi, Y (2023) 'Antimicrobial and Other Biomedical Properties of Extracts from Plantago major, Plantaginaceae', Pharmaceuticals. doi:10.3390/ph16081092 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.3390/ph16081092 - Povnitsa, O. and Bilyavska, L. and Pankivska, Y. and Likhanov, A. and Dorovskyh, A. and Лысенко, В.С. and Lokshin, M.M. and Zahorodnia, S (2021) 'In vitro Antiviral Activity of Leaf Extracts Plantago major, Plantago lanceolata, Rubus idaeus', Mikrobiolohichnyi Zhurnal. doi:10.15407/microbiolj84.01.044 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.15407/microbiolj84.01.044 - Han, A.Y. and Nam, M. and Lee, K (2016) 'Plantamajoside Inhibits UVB and Advanced Glycation End Products‐Induced MMP‐1 Expression by Suppressing the MAPK and NF‐κB Pathways in HaCaT Cells', Photochemistry and Photobiology. doi:10.1111/php.12615 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1111/php.12615 - Shirley, K.P. and Windsor, L.J. and Eckert, G.J. and Gregory, R.L (2015) 'In Vitro Effects of Plantago Major Extract, Aucubin, and Baicalein on Candida albicans Biofilm Formation, Metabolic Activity, and Cell Surface Hydrophobicity', Journal of Prosthodontics. doi:10.1111/jopr.12411 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1111/jopr.12411 - Samuelsen, A.B (2000) 'The traditional uses, chemical constituents and biological activities of Plantago major L. A review', 8741(00), pp. 1--21. doi:10.1016/s0378-8741(00)00212-9 Traditional / reference
https://doi.org/10.1016/s0378-8741(00)00212-9 - Grieve, M (1931). Available at: https://botanical.com/botanical/mgmh/p/planta14.html Traditional / reference
https://botanical.com/botanical/mgmh/p/planta14.html - Herbal Reality (n.d.) 'Plantain (Plantago major): Benefits, Safety, Uses'. Available at: https://www.herbalreality.com/herb/plantain/ Traditional / reference
https://www.herbalreality.com/herb/plantain/ - Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew (n.d.). Available at: https://powo.science.kew.org Traditional / reference
https://powo.science.kew.org - Samuelsen, A.B (2000) 'The traditional uses, chemical constituents and biological activities of Plantago major L.: a review', pp. 1--21. Traditional / reference
https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=The%20traditional%20uses%2C%20chemical%20constituents%20and%20biological%20activities%20of%20Plantago%20major%20L.%3A%20a%20review - World Health Organization (2002) 'WHO Monographs on Selected Medicinal Plants'. Traditional / reference
https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=WHO%20Monographs%20on%20Selected%20Medicinal%20Plants - Zubair, M., Ekholm, A., Nybom, H., Renvert, S., Widen, C. and Rumpunen, K (2012) 'Effects of Plantago major L. leaf extracts on oral epithelial cells in a scratch assay', 141(3), pp. 825--830. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2012.03.016 Traditional / reference
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2012.03.016 - Duke, J.A (2002) 'Handbook of Medicinal Herbs, Second Edition'. Traditional / reference
https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Handbook%20of%20Medicinal%20Herbs%2C%20Second%20Edition - The Herbal Medic (n.d.) 'Plantain (Plantago lanceolata) - Wound Healing & Respiratory Support Herb'. Available at: https://theherbalmedic.co.uk/plantain-plantago-lanceolate Traditional / reference
https://theherbalmedic.co.uk/plantain-plantago-lanceolate - A Wandering Botanist (2013) 'Plant Story - Plantains (Plantago), Tracking Your Footsteps All Over the World'. Available at: http://khkeeler.blogspot.com/2013/11/plant-story-plantains-plantago-tracking.html Traditional / reference
http://khkeeler.blogspot.com/2013/11/plant-story-plantains-plantago-tracking.html - Edible Wild Food (n.d.) 'Broadleaf Plantain (Plantago major)'. Available at: https://www.ediblewildfood.com/broadleaf-plantain.aspx Traditional / reference
https://www.ediblewildfood.com/broadleaf-plantain.aspx - Florida School of Holistic Living (n.d.). Available at: https://www.holisticlivingschool.org/2020/02/25/march-plantain/ Traditional / reference
https://www.holisticlivingschool.org/2020/02/25/march-plantain/ - Living Plant Wisdom (n.d.) 'Living Plant Wisdom Profile: Plantain (Plantago major)'. Available at: https://holisticfarming.substack.com/p/living-plant-wisdom-profile-plantain Traditional / reference
https://holisticfarming.substack.com/p/living-plant-wisdom-profile-plantain - Nine Herbs Charm (n.d.). Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nine_Herbs_Charm Traditional / reference
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nine_Herbs_Charm - North Carolina Extension (n.d.) 'Plantago major'. Available at: https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/plantago-major/ Traditional / reference
https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/plantago-major/ - Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew (n.d.) 'Plantago major L'. Available at: https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:677229-1 Traditional / reference
https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:677229-1 - Royal Horticultural Society (n.d.) 'Plantago major (common plantain)'. Available at: https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/42126/plantago-major/details Traditional / reference
https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/42126/plantago-major/details - The Wildlife Trusts (n.d.) 'Greater plantain'. Available at: https://www.wildlifetrusts.org/wildlife-explorer/wildflowers/greater-plantain Traditional / reference
https://www.wildlifetrusts.org/wildlife-explorer/wildflowers/greater-plantain - Zubair, M (2012). Available at: https://research.slu.se/en/publications/genetic-variation-biochemical-contents-and-wound-healing-activity/ Traditional / reference
https://research.slu.se/en/publications/genetic-variation-biochemical-contents-and-wound-healing-activity/
Generated automatically from the Omnia Sana plant database and its cited sources. For educational purposes only — not medical advice. Always consult a qualified practitioner before using medicinal plants.