Plant Comparison

Sea buckthorn vs Ribwort Plantain

A side-by-side comparison of two medicinal plants — every documented constituent, action, use, safety note and cited source, assembled automatically from the Omnia Sana database.

First plant

Second plant

Plant ASea buckthornHippophae rhamnoidesElaeagnaceaeFull monograph →

Plant BRibwort PlantainPlantago lanceolataPlantaginaceaeFull monograph →

At a glance

Sea buckthorn and Ribwort Plantain: they share 7 indicated uses (arthritis / joint pain, bruising, cold & flu, …); 3 pharmacological actions in common.

Sea buckthornRibwort Plantain

Constituents33

Pharmacological actions76

Indicated uses1211

Safety notes22

Cited sources1813

Indicated uses

Only Sea buckthorn

Blood sugar / diabetes supportCancer (anticancer research)Cardiovascular / heart healthEczemaMetabolic support

Shared (7)

Arthritis / joint painBruisingCold & fluImmune supportInflammation (general)Skin irritationWounds

Only Ribwort Plantain

BronchitisCoughInfection (general)Sore throat

Pharmacological actions

Only Sea buckthorn

Anticancer (preclinical)Antidiabetic (blood-sugar lowering)AntioxidantEmollient / skin-soothing

Shared (3)

Anti-inflammatoryImmunomodulator / immune supportVulnerary (wound healing)

Only Ribwort Plantain

AntimicrobialAntiviralDemulcent (soothing mucilage)

Evidence face-off — shared uses

Condition	Sea buckthorn	Ribwort Plantain	Verdict
Arthritis / joint pain	1/10	1/10	Comparable evidence
Bruising	1/10	1/10	Comparable evidence
Cold & flu	1/10	1/10	Comparable evidence
Immune support	1/10	1/10	Comparable evidence
Inflammation (general)	1/10	1/10	Comparable evidence
Skin irritation	1/10	1/10	Comparable evidence
Wounds	1/10	2/10	Comparable evidence

Evidence scores (1–10) are computed from the tier of each cited source. “Comparable” means the two scores are within one point. Follow a score to its detailed sources.

Key Constituents

Vitamin C and carotenoids^[4]

Sea buckthorn berries are among the richest natural sources of vitamin C, along with beta-carotene and other carotenoids.

Carotenoids

Omega-7 fatty acids (palmitoleic acid)^[4]

A distinctive fatty-acid profile, particularly rich in palmitoleic acid (omega-7), the basis of the oil's skin- and mucous-membrane-healing reputation.

Flavonoids^[1]

Antioxidant flavonoids contributing to the plant's anti-inflammatory activity.

Flavonoids

Iridoid glycosides (aucubin, catalpol)^[11]

Anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial constituents.

Iridoid glycosidesGlycosides

Mucilage polysaccharides (~2-3%)^[11]

Coat and protect inflamed mucous membranes and reduce cough-receptor sensitivity.

PolysaccharidesMucilage

Phenylethanoids (acteoside/verbascoside, plantamajoside) and flavonoids (apigenin, luteolin)^[11]

Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory constituents.

Verbascoside (acteoside)FlavonoidsApigeninLuteolin

Pharmacological Actions

Anti-inflammatory^{[4, 7, 15, 16, 17]}

Anticancer (preclinical)^{[8, 13]}

Antidiabetic (blood-sugar lowering)^{[15, 16, 17]}

Antioxidant^{[4, 10, 11, 12, 15, 16, 17]}

Emollient / skin-soothing^{[5, 15, 16, 17]}

Immunomodulator / immune support^{[9, 14, 15, 16, 17]}

Vulnerary (wound healing)^{[5, 15, 16, 17]}

Anti-inflammatory^{[9, 11, 13]}

Anti-inflammatory for temporary mild inflammation of the mouth and throat (sore throat); in vitro the extract inhibits nitric oxide production and inducible NOS in macrophages, supporting its traditional respiratory anti-inflammatory use

Antimicrobial^{[1, 6, 11, 12]}

Antibacterial, antiviral and immunostimulant (in vitro)

Antiviral^{[11, 12]}

Antibacterial, antiviral and immunostimulant (in vitro)

Demulcent (soothing mucilage)^{[11, 12]}

Demulcent for catarrh of the respiratory tract and dry, irritating cough / bronchitis (mucilage soothes and protects irritated airways)

Immunomodulator / immune support^{[11, 12]}

Antibacterial, antiviral and immunostimulant (in vitro)

Vulnerary (wound healing)^{[7, 8, 11, 12]}

Vulnerary for minor wounds and insect bites (topical)

Traditional & Indicated Uses

Arthritis / joint pain^{[15, 16, 17]}Traditional · 1/10

inferred from anti-inflammatory action

Evidence: 1

Label: Arthritis / joint pain

Blood sugar / diabetes support^{[15, 16, 17]}Traditional · 1/10

inferred from antidiabetic action

Evidence: 1

Label: Blood sugar / diabetes support

Bruising^{[15, 16, 17]}Traditional · 1/10

inferred from vulnerary action

Evidence: 1

Label: Bruising

Cancer (anticancer research)^{[8, 13]}Traditional · 2/10

inferred from anticancer action

Evidence: 2

Label: Cancer (anticancer research)

Cardiovascular / heart health^{[6, 15, 16, 17]}Good · 7/10

Evidence: 7

Label: Cardiovascular / heart health

Cold & flu^{[15, 16, 17]}Traditional · 1/10

inferred from immunomodulator action

Evidence: 1

Label: Cold & flu

Eczema^{[15, 16, 17]}Traditional · 1/10

inferred from emollient action

Evidence: 1

Label: Eczema

Immune support^{[15, 16, 17]}Traditional · 1/10

Evidence: 1

Label: Immune support

Inflammation (general)^{[15, 16, 17]}Traditional · 1/10

inferred from anti-inflammatory action

Evidence: 1

Label: Inflammation (general)

Metabolic support^{[15, 16, 17]}Traditional · 1/10

inferred from antidiabetic action

Evidence: 1

Label: Metabolic support

Skin irritation^{[15, 16, 17]}Traditional · 1/10

inferred from anti-inflammatory action

Evidence: 1

Label: Skin irritation

Wounds^{[15, 16, 17]}Traditional · 1/10

inferred from vulnerary action

Evidence: 1

Label: Wounds

Arthritis / joint pain^{[11, 13]}Traditional · 1/10

inferred from anti-inflammatory action

Evidence: 1

Label: Arthritis / joint pain

Bronchitis^{[11, 12]}Traditional · 1/10

Demulcent for catarrh of the respiratory tract and dry, irritating cough / bronchitis (mucilage soothes and protects irritated airways)

Evidence: 1

Label: Bronchitis

Bruising^{[11, 12]}Traditional · 1/10

inferred from vulnerary action

Evidence: 1

Label: Bruising

Cold & flu^{[11, 12]}Traditional · 1/10

inferred from immunomodulator action

Evidence: 1

Label: Cold & flu

Cough^{[11, 12]}Traditional · 1/10

Demulcent for catarrh of the respiratory tract and dry, irritating cough / bronchitis (mucilage soothes and protects irritated airways)

Evidence: 1

Label: Cough

Immune support^{[11, 12]}Traditional · 1/10

inferred from immunomodulator action

Evidence: 1

Label: Immune support

Infection (general)^{[1, 6, 11, 12]}Traditional · 2/10

inferred from antimicrobial action

Evidence: 2

Label: Infection (general)

Inflammation (general)^{[9, 11, 13]}Traditional · 1/10

Evidence: 1

Label: Inflammation (general)

Skin irritation^{[11, 12]}Traditional · 1/10

inferred from demulcent action

Evidence: 1

Label: Skin irritation

Sore throat^{[11, 13]}Traditional · 1/10

Evidence: 1

Label: Sore throat

Wounds^{[7, 8, 11, 12]}Traditional · 2/10

Vulnerary for minor wounds and insect bites (topical)

Evidence: 2

Label: Wounds

Safety, Cautions & Contraindications

Safety note^{[15, 16, 17]}Caution

Berries and juice are safe as food. Seed oil is safe topically and orally in moderate amounts. May have mild anticoagulant effects. May lower blood pressure and blood sugar — use caution with medications. Allergic reactions are rare.

Safety note^{[15, 16, 17, 18]}Info

Duke (2002) rates sea buckthorn as +++ and notes antioxidant, hepatoprotective, antiulcer, and vulnerary activities at the experimental level (score 1). The berries are exceptionally rich in vitamins C (one of the highest natural sources) and E, carotenoids, flavonoids, and omega-7 fatty acids (palmitoleic acid). Duke recommends sea buckthorn as a 'food farmacy' — consumed as part of the regular diet for its nutritional-medicinal benefits. Its radioprotective properties have been studied, though without strong clinical validation. No significant safety concerns at food doses (Duke, 2002).

Safety note^[11]Info

Generally very well tolerated. A cough or throat irritation that persists beyond about a week, or is accompanied by fever or breathlessness, needs medical assessment.

Safety note^[11]Caution

Use in pregnancy and breastfeeding is not recommended in the absence of adequate data.

External Ids

Gbif: 3039285

Powo: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:323851-1

Wikidata: Q165378

Gbif: 8208358

Wikidata: Q157408

Botanical Description

Thorny, deciduous shrub or small tree with narrow, silvery-grey, willow-like leaves. The plant is dioecious (separate male and female plants); female plants bear dense clusters of small, bright orange-yellow berries tightly packed along the branches, giving a striking display in autumn.^[4]

Height: 1-6 m (occasionally to 10 m)

Habit: Thorny, deciduous, dioecious shrub or small tree

Leaves: Narrow, silvery-grey, willow-like

Flowers: Small, inconspicuous, wind-pollinated, on separate male and female plants

Stem: Thorny, much-branched

Root: Extensive, nitrogen-fixing root system with suckering growth

Fruit: Small, bright orange-yellow berry, densely clustered along the branches (female plants only)

Flowering Period: Early spring, before leaf-out

Perennial herb (Plantaginaceae) forming a low rosette of narrow, lance-shaped leaves with prominent parallel ribs (hence 'ribwort'). Slender, furrowed, leafless flowering stalks rise from the rosette bearing a dense, short, dark brown-black ovoid to cylindrical flower spike ringed by a 'collar' of protruding cream-white stamens.^[11]

Height: Low rosette; flowering stalks 10-45 cm

Habit: Low rosette-forming perennial herb

Leaves: Narrow, lance-shaped, prominently 3-5-ribbed, in a basal rosette

Flowers: Dense, short, dark brown-black ovoid to cylindrical spike with a ring of cream-white stamens

Stem: Slender, furrowed, leafless flowering stalk

Root: Fibrous perennial rootstock

Fruit: Small capsule with 1-2 seeds

Flowering Period: May-September

Habitat

Grows on coastal dunes, riverbanks and disturbed, nutrient-poor or sandy soils; native across temperate Europe and Asia, tolerant of harsh, exposed conditions and cold climates, notably widespread in the Himalayan and Tibetan plateau region.^[4]

Native throughout Europe and temperate Asia and naturalised worldwide; common in grassland, meadows, lawns, roadsides and waste ground, tolerating trampling and a wide range of soils.^[11]

Harvesting

Berries are hand-picked (often by cutting whole fruiting branches, given the thorns and fragile fruit) in late summer to autumn once ripe; leaves are picked through the growing season, and seeds are separated from pressed fruit for seed oil.^[4]

Parts: Fruit, Leaf, Seed

Season: Fruit in late summer to autumn; leaf through the growing season

Leaves and aerial parts are gathered during the growing season, ideally before or during flowering, and dried quickly.^[11]

Parts: Leaf (aerial parts)

Season: Growing season, before or during flowering

Traditional Uses

Sea buckthorn has a long Tibetan, Mongolian and traditional Chinese medicine history as a nutritive and healing tonic for respiratory, digestive and skin complaints, and the berries are exceptionally rich in vitamin C and carotenoids; the oil, from both fruit and seed, has a particular traditional and modern reputation for soothing and healing irritated or damaged skin and mucous membranes.^{[1, 4]}

Ribwort plantain has an official European herbal-monograph tradition for the temporary relief of dry cough and irritation of the mouth and throat, and for minor skin wounds, reflecting its long folk use as a demulcent respiratory remedy and wound herb. Modern research confirms mucilage-driven demulcent action alongside antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activity.^{[11, 12]}

Preparations

Fruit/seed oil^[4]

Cold-pressed oil from the berry pulp or seed, applied topically for skin healing or taken orally as a nutritional/antioxidant supplement.

Infusion (tea)^[11]

Dried leaf steeped in hot water for cough and sore throat.

Fresh pressed juice / syrup^[12]

Fresh leaf juice, traditionally made into a cough syrup, often combined with honey.

Poultice^[12]

Crushed fresh leaf applied to minor wounds and insect bites.

References

REF-0836, REF-0837, REF-0838, REF-2317, REF-2318, REF-2319, REF-2320, REF-2321, REF-2322, REF-2323, REF-2324, REF-2325, REF-2326, REF-2327

REF-0960, REF-0961, REF-0962, REF-0963, REF-0964, REF-0965, REF-0966, REF-0967, REF-0968, REF-0969

Lookalikes Review

Outcome: none-known

Reviewed By: Omnia Sana (owner-authorized)

Reviewed Date: 2026-07-07

Outcome: none-known

Reviewed By: Omnia Sana (owner-authorized)

Reviewed Date: 2026-07-07

Dosage

Not documented

Infusion (tea)^{[11, 12]}

EMA/ESCOP herbal-monograph guidance suggests roughly 2-4 g dried leaf per cup as an infusion, up to three times daily, or an equivalent liquid extract. Educational reference only, not a prescription.

References & Sources

Liu, L., Wen, T., Xiao, Y., Chen, H. et al (2024) 'Sea buckthorn extract mitigates chronic obstructive pulmonary disease by suppression of ferroptosis via scavenging ROS and blocking p53/MAPK pathways', Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 336, pp. 118726. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2024.118726 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2024.118726
Wen, P., Zhao, P., Qin, G., Tang, S. et al (2018) 'Genotoxicity and teratogenicity of seabuckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) berry oil', Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 43(4), pp. 391-397. doi:10.1080/01480545.2018.1497047 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1080/01480545.2018.1497047
Gong, G., Guan, Y.Y., Zhang, Z.L., Rahman, K. et al (2020) 'Isorhamnetin: A review of pharmacological effects', Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 128, pp. 110301. doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110301 Traditional / reference
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110301
Suryakumar, G. and Gupta, A (2011) 'Medicinal and therapeutic potential of Sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.)', Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 138(2), pp. 268-278. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2011.09.024 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2011.09.024
Pundir, S., Garg, P., Dviwedi, A., Ali, A., Kapoor, V.K., Kapoor, D., Kulshrestha, S., Lal, U.R. and Negi, P (2021) 'Ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemistry and dermatological effects of Hippophae rhamnoides L.: a review', Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 266, pp. 113434. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2020.113434 Meta-analysis / review
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Chen, Y., He, W., Cao, H., Wang, Z., Liu, J., Wang, B. and Wang, C (2024) 'Research progress of sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides) in prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease', Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine, 11, pp. 1477636. doi:10.3389/fcvm.2024.1477636 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2024.1477636
Ganju, L., Padwad, Y., Singh, R., Karan, D., Chanda, S., Chopra, M.K., Bhatnagar, P., Kashyap, R. and Sawhney, R.C (2005) 'Anti-inflammatory activity of seabuckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides) leaves', International Immunopharmacology, 5(12), pp. 1675-1684. doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2005.03.017 Preclinical
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Ciesarova, Z., Murkovic, M., Cejpek, K., Kreps, F., Tobolkova, B., Koplik, R., Belajova, E., Kukurova, K., Dasko, L., Panovska, Z., Revenco, D. and Burcova, Z (2020) 'Why is sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) so exceptional? A review', Food Research International, 133, pp. 109170. doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109170 Meta-analysis / review
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Ma, X., Yang, W., Kallio, H. and Yang, B (2022) 'Health promoting properties and sensory characteristics of phytochemicals in berries and leaves of sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides)', Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 62(14), pp. 3798-3816. doi:10.1080/10408398.2020.1869921 Meta-analysis / review
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Dvorska, D., Sebova, D., Kajo, K., Kapinova, A., Svajdlenka, E., Goga, M., Frenak, R., Treml, J., Mersakova, S., Strnadel, J., Mazurakova, A., Baranova, I., Halasova, E., Brozmanova, M., Biringer, K., Kassayova, M., Dankova, Z., Smejkal, K., Hornak, S., Mojzis, J., Sadlonova, V., Brany, D., Kello, M. and Kubatka, P (2025) 'Chemopreventive and therapeutic effects of Hippophae rhamnoides L. fruit peels evaluated in preclinical models of breast carcinoma', Frontiers in Pharmacology, 16, pp. 1561436. doi:10.3389/fphar.2025.1561436 Preclinical
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Ling, N., Tian, H., Wang, Q., Gao, M., Xu, G., Sun, Y., Song, D., Li, W. and Ji, C (2024) 'Advance in Hippophae rhamnoides polysaccharides: extraction, structural characteristics, pharmacological activity, structure-activity relationship and application', International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 270, pp. 132420. doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132420 Meta-analysis / review
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https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Sea%20buckthorn%20%E2%80%94%20values%20and%20medicinal%20properties
Rousi, A (1971) 'The genus Hippophae L.: a taxonomic study', 8(3), pp. 177--227. Traditional / reference
https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=The%20genus%20Hippophae%20L.%3A%20a%20taxonomic%20study
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https://doi.org/10.1211/0022357055605

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Generated automatically from the Omnia Sana plant database and its cited sources. For educational purposes only — not medical advice. Always consult a qualified practitioner before using medicinal plants.