Omnia SanaPlant Comparison
Witch Hazel vs Selfheal
A side-by-side comparison of two medicinal plants — every documented constituent, action, use, safety note and cited source, assembled automatically from the Omnia Sana database.
At a glance
Witch Hazel and Selfheal: they share 6 indicated uses (arthritis / joint pain, bruising, cancer (anticancer research), …); 4 pharmacological actions in common.
Evidence face-off — shared uses
| Condition | Witch Hazel | Selfheal | Verdict |
|---|---|---|---|
| Arthritis / joint pain | 5/10 | 2/10 | Stronger for Witch Hazel |
| Bruising | 1/10 | 2/10 | Comparable evidence |
| Cancer (anticancer research) | 2/10 | 7/10 | Stronger for Selfheal |
| Inflammation (general) | 5/10 | 2/10 | Stronger for Witch Hazel |
| Skin irritation | 5/10 | 2/10 | Stronger for Witch Hazel |
| Wounds | 1/10 | 2/10 | Comparable evidence |
Evidence scores (1–10) are computed from the tier of each cited source. “Comparable” means the two scores are within one point. Follow a score to its detailed sources.
Key Constituents
The principal astringent and anti-inflammatory constituents.
Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory constituents of the bark and leaf.
Pentacyclic triterpenoids (ursolic, oleanolic and betulinic acids), the phenolic acid rosmarinic acid, coumarins (umbelliferone, scopoletin, esculetin) and the flavonoid luteolin are the main bioactives behind self-heal's antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activity.
Water-extracted polysaccharides — including a partially sulphated arabinogalactomannan (PSP-2B) and polyphenolic-protein-polysaccharide conjugates (PVG/PVE30) — are the principal antiviral and immunomodulatory constituents, blocking herpes simplex virus attachment and modulating innate immune signalling.
Pharmacological Actions
Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant (supports irritated/atopic skin); Relief of haemorrhoid symptoms (astringent and anti-inflammatory)
Astringent for skin irritation and minor inflammation of the skin and oral mucosa (tannins), applied topically; Relief of haemorrhoid symptoms (astringent and anti-inflammatory)
Traditional & Indicated Uses
inferred from anti-inflammatory action
Vulnerary for minor wounds, bruises and insect bites
inferred from anticancer action
Relief of haemorrhoid symptoms (astringent and anti-inflammatory)
Astringent for skin irritation and minor inflammation of the skin and oral mucosa (tannins), applied topically
Astringent for skin irritation and minor inflammation of the skin and oral mucosa (tannins), applied topically
Astringent for skin irritation and minor inflammation of the skin and oral mucosa (tannins), applied topically
inferred from anti-inflammatory action
inferred from antiviral action
inferred from antimicrobial action
inferred from anti-inflammatory action
inferred from anti-inflammatory action
inferred from antimicrobial action
inferred from anticancer action
Safety, Cautions & Contraindications
For topical use. Do not apply to deep wounds, serious burns or severe rectal bleeding - these need medical care.
Generally very safe and well tolerated. No significant known toxicity or drug interactions. Safe for topical and internal use in normal medicinal doses. Suitable for most adults including children in appropriate doses.
Duke (2002) rates self-heal as +++ and notes antioxidant (score 2), anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and COX-2 inhibitory activities. The plant contains luteolin, rosmarinic acid, and hyperoside — all with well-documented bioactivities. Hepatoprotective activity has been experimentally demonstrated. Duke notes that self-heal has a broad antimicrobial spectrum and an impressive antioxidant profile, supporting its traditional reputation as a versatile wound-healing herb. No significant safety concerns at normal herbal doses (Duke, 2002).
External Ids
Botanical Description
Large, multi-stemmed deciduous shrub or small tree with broad, oval, wavy-toothed leaves, asymmetrical at the base. Unusually, it flowers in late autumn to winter after the leaves have fallen, bearing clusters of small, spidery, bright yellow flowers with narrow, crinkled, ribbon-like petals. The woody seed capsule matures the following autumn and explosively ejects its seeds ('snapping hazelnut').[14]
Low, creeping to semi-erect perennial herb (Lamiaceae), 5-30 cm tall, with square, often purplish stems. Leaves are opposite, ovate with slightly toothed margins. Small, two-lipped, violet-purple flowers are densely packed into a compact, club-shaped terminal spike subtended by purplish bracts.[1]
Habitat
Native to woodland understorey and forest margins of eastern North America; widely cultivated as an ornamental and medicinal shrub.[14]
Native throughout Europe, Asia and North America (circumboreal), extremely common in lawns, meadows, woodland clearings, roadsides and waste ground, tolerating mowing and a wide range of soils.[1]
Harvesting
Bark is stripped from branches (not the main trunk, to avoid harming the plant) and leaves are picked in summer; both are dried for use, or steam-distilled together with twigs to produce distilled witch-hazel water, the most common commercial form.[14]
Whole flowering aerial parts (flower, leaf and stem) are cut during flowering (summer) and dried.[1]
Traditional Uses
Witch hazel has a long Native American and, after adoption by European settlers, worldwide reputation as a topical astringent and anti-inflammatory remedy for skin irritation, minor wounds, bruises, insect bites and haemorrhoids, and as a soothing wash for irritated skin and mucous membranes.[14]
Selfheal has an extremely broad folk-medicine reputation across European, North American and Traditional Chinese Medicine traditions - as its name suggests, used as an all-purpose wound herb, gargle for sore throat, and internal remedy for fevers and inflammation. Modern research on its triterpenoid, phenolic and polysaccharide constituents supports wide-ranging antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and antiviral activity.[1]
Preparations
Dried aerial parts steeped in hot water, taken internally or used as a gargle or wash.
Dosage
The EU herbal monograph on Hamamelis virginiana L., cortex gives, for cutaneous use, tincture at a strength corresponding to 5-10% in semi-solid preparations several times daily, or a dry extract (5-7.7:1, ethanol 30% m/m) at a strength corresponding to 1.3% as an ointment several times daily; for anorectal use, a decoction of 5-10 g per 250 mL up to 3 times daily as impregnated dressings. For topical use only. Educational reference only, not a prescription.
Traditional guidance suggests roughly 2-4 g dried herb per cup as an infusion, up to three times daily, or an equivalent tincture; used topically as a wash or gargle at similar strength. Educational reference only, not a prescription.
References
Lookalikes Review
References & Sources
- Skowrońska, W., Pawłowska, K.A., Obrębski, M., Piwowarski, J.P. et al (2025) 'Chemical composition, skin microbiota metabolism, antimicrobial potential and anti-inflammatory properties of witch hazel bark (Hamamelis virginiana L.)', Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 353(Pt B), pp. 120433. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2025.120433 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2025.120433 - Piazza, S., Martinelli, G., Vrhovsek, U., Masuero, D. et al (2022) 'Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Acne Effects of Hamamelis virginiana Bark in Human Keratinocytes', Antioxidants (Basel), 11(6), pp. 1119. doi:10.3390/antiox11061119 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11061119 - Janarthanam, V.A., Rajan, P.S.S., Panda, S.P., Panigrahy, U.P. et al (2025) 'Hamamelitannin from Hamamelis virginiana Attenuates Ethanol-Induced Oxidative and Inflammatory Responses in Danio rerio Larvae', Molecular Biotechnology, 68(5), pp. 2369-2385. doi:10.1007/s12033-025-01502-9 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12033-025-01502-9 - Piazza, S., Martinelli, G., Magnavacca, A., Fumagalli, M., Pozzoli, C., Terno, M., Canilli, L., Angarano, M., Maranta, N., Dell'Agli, M. and Sangiovanni, E (2022) 'Unveiling the Ability of Witch Hazel (Hamamelis virginiana L.) Bark Extract to Impair Keratinocyte Inflammatory Cascade Typical of Atopic Eczema', International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 23(16), pp. 9279. doi:10.3390/ijms23169279 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23169279 - Amendola, I., Viegas, D.J., Freitas, E.T., Oliveira, J.R., Santos, J.G., Oliveira, F.E., Lagareiro Netto, A.A., Marcucci, M.C., Oliveira, L.D. and Back-Brito, G.N (2024) 'Hamamelis virginiana L. extract presents antimicrobial and antibiofilm effects, absence of cytotoxicity, anti-inflammatory action, and potential to fight infections through the nitric oxide production by macrophages', Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias, 96(1), pp. e20200031. doi:10.1590/0001-3765202320200031 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1590/0001-3765202320200031 - Habtemariam, S (2002) 'Hamamelitannin from Hamamelis virginiana inhibits the tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF)-induced endothelial cell death in vitro', Toxicon, 40(1), pp. 83-88. doi:10.1016/s0041-0101(01)00195-7 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1016/s0041-0101(01)00195-7 - Natella, F., Guantario, B., Ambra, R., Ranaldi, G., Intorre, F., Burki, C. and Canali, R (2021) 'Human Metabolites of Hamamelis virginiana (Extract) Modulate Fibroblast Extracellular Matrix Components in Response to UV-A Irradiation', Frontiers in Pharmacology, 12, pp. 747638. doi:10.3389/fphar.2021.747638 Randomized trial
https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2021.747638 - Dauer, A., Rimpler, H. and Hensel, A (2003) 'Polymeric proanthocyanidins from the bark of Hamamelis virginiana', Planta Medica, 69(1), pp. 89-91. doi:10.1055/s-2003-37022 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2003-37022 - Vennat, B., Pourrat, H., Pouget, M.P., Gross, D. and Pourrat, A (1988) 'Tannins from Hamamelis virginiana: identification of proanthocyanidins and hamamelitannin quantification in leaf, bark, and stem extracts', Planta Medica, 54(5), pp. 454-457. doi:10.1055/s-2006-962499 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2006-962499 - Duckstein, S.M., Lorenz, P. and Stintzing, F.C (2012) 'Conversion of phenolic constituents in aqueous Hamamelis virginiana leaf extracts during fermentation', Phytochemical Analysis, 23(6), pp. 588-597. doi:10.1002/pca.2359 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1002/pca.2359 - Sanchez-Tena, S., Fernandez-Cachon, M.L., Carreras, A., Mateos-Martin, M.L., Costoya, N., Moyer, M.P., Nunez, M.J., Torres, J.L. and Cascante, M (2012) 'Hamamelitannin from witch hazel (Hamamelis virginiana) displays specific cytotoxic activity against colon cancer cells', Journal of Natural Products, 75(1), pp. 26-33. doi:10.1021/np200426k Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1021/np200426k - Theisen, L.L., Erdelmeier, C.A.J., Spoden, G.A., Boukhallouk, F., Sausy, A., Florin, L. and Muller, C.P (2014) 'Tannins from Hamamelis virginiana bark extract: characterization and improvement of the antiviral efficacy against influenza A virus and human papillomavirus', PLoS One, 9(1), pp. e88062. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0088062 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0088062 - Cheesman, M.J., Alcorn, S.R., White, A. and Cock, I.E (2023) 'Hamamelis virginiana L. Leaf Extracts Inhibit the Growth of Antibiotic-Resistant Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Bacteria', Antibiotics, 12(7), pp. 1195. doi:10.3390/antibiotics12071195 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics12071195 - European Medicines Agency (HMPC) (n.d.) 'European Union herbal monograph on Hamamelis virginiana L., cortex/folium/aqua (Hamamelidis cortex)'. Available at: https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/herbal/hamamelidis-cortex Traditional / reference
https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/herbal/hamamelidis-cortex - (2025) 'Hamamelis virginiana L. in Skin Care: A Review of Its Pharmacological Properties and Cosmetological Applications', Molecules. doi:10.3390/molecules30132744 Randomized trial
https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30132744 - Herbal Reality (n.d.) 'Witch Hazel (Hamamelis virginiana): Benefits, Safety, Uses'. Available at: https://www.herbalreality.com/herb/witch-hazel/ Traditional / reference
https://www.herbalreality.com/herb/witch-hazel/
- Mir, R.H., Bhat, M.F., Sawhney, G., Kumar, P., Andrabi, N.I., Shaikh, M., Mohi-Ud-Din, R. and Masoodi, M.H (2022) 'Prunella vulgaris L.: Critical Pharmacological, Expository Traditional Uses and Extensive Phytochemistry: A Review', Current Drug Discovery Technologies, 19(1). doi:10.2174/1570163818666210203181542 Traditional / reference
https://doi.org/10.2174/1570163818666210203181542 - Pan, J. and Wang, H. and Chen, Y (2022) 'Prunella vulgaris L. - A Review of its Ethnopharmacology, Phytochemistry, Quality Control and Pharmacological Effects', Frontiers in Pharmacology, 13, pp. 903171. doi:10.3389/fphar.2022.903171 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2022.903171 - Wang, S.J. and Wang, X.H. and Dai, Y.Y. and Ma, M.H. and Rahman, K. and Nian, H. and Zhang, H (2019) 'Prunella vulgaris: A Comprehensive Review of Chemical Constituents, Pharmacological Effects and Clinical Applications', Current Pharmaceutical Design, 25(3), pp. 359-369. doi:10.2174/1381612825666190313121608 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.2174/1381612825666190313121608 - Zhu, M.J. and Song, Y.J. and Rao, P.L. and Gu, W.Y. and Xu, Y. and Xu, H.X (2025) 'Therapeutic role of Prunella vulgaris L. polysaccharides in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and gut dysbiosis', Journal of Integrative Medicine, 23(3), pp. 297-308. doi:10.1016/j.joim.2025.03.002 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joim.2025.03.002 - Zhang, Y. and Qu, X. and Xu, N. and He, H. and Li, Q. and Wei, X. and Chen, Y. and Xu, Y. and Li, X. and Zhang, R. and Zhong, R. and Liu, C. and Xiang, P. and Zhu, F (2024) 'Mechanism of Prunella vulgaris L. and luteolin in restoring Tfh/Tfr balance and alleviating oxidative stress in Graves' disease', Phytomedicine, 132, pp. 155818. doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2024.155818 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2024.155818 - Zhang, S. and Wang, Y. and Wang, M. and Jiang, L. and Ma, X. and Huang, Y. and Liu, T. and Zheng, L. and Li, Y (2024) 'Construction and anti-pancreatic cancer activity of selenium nanoparticles stabilized by Prunella vulgaris polysaccharide', Int J Biol Macromol, 278(Pt 3), pp. 134924. doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.134924 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.134924 - Ning, N. and Nan, Y. and Chen, G. and Huang, S. and Lu, D. and Yang, Y. and Meng, F. and Yuan, L (2024) 'Anti-Tumor Effects and Toxicity Reduction Mechanisms of Prunella vulgaris: A Comprehensive Review', Molecules, 29(8). doi:10.3390/molecules29081843 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29081843 - Han, Q. and Xu, N. and Chen, B. and Wu, W. and Sheng, L (2021) 'Safety and efficacy of Prunella vulgaris preparation in adjuvant treatment of thyroid nodules: A meta-analysis', Medicine (Baltimore), 100(41), pp. e27490. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000027490 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000027490 - Li, P. and Lv, X. and Wang, J. and Zhang, C. and Zhao, J. and Yang, Y (2023) 'Research on the anti-ageing mechanism of Prunella vulgaris L', Sci Rep, 13(1), pp. 12398. doi:10.1038/s41598-023-39609-1 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-39609-1 - Zhang, Q. and Chen, X. and Palen, K. and Johnson, B. and Bui, D. and Xiong, D. and Pan, J. and Hu, M. and Wang, Y. and You, M (2023) 'Cancer chemoprevention with PV-1, a novel Prunella vulgaris-containing herbal mixture that remodels the tumor immune microenvironment in mice', Front Immunol, 14, pp. 1196434. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2023.1196434 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2023.1196434 - Ma, F. and Deng, Q. and Lou, H. and Li, J. and Xu, S. and Wu, W. and Wen, Q. and Tang, L. and Wang, X. and Pan, W (2022) 'Vulgarisin-type diterpenoids from self-heal (Prunella vulgaris) and their neuroprotective effects against ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) via a mitochondria-related pathway', Food Funct, 13(13), pp. 7062-7074. doi:10.1039/d2fo00150k Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1039/d2fo00150k - Xie, J. and Xiong, S. and Yu, J. and Ma, X. and Xiang, F. and Chen, Y. and Xia, B. and Li, Y. and Zhang, Z. and Liao, D. and Lin, L (2025) 'Prunella vulgaris polyphenols alleviate liver injury-uveitis comorbidity by regulating acylcarnitine via the S100A9-PP2A-AMPK pathway', Phytomedicine, 141, pp. 156675. doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2025.156675 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2025.156675 - Li, Y. and Luo, H. and Lin, X. and Hua, L. and Wang, J. and Xie, J. and Zhang, Z. and Shi, Z. and Li, M. and Peng, Q. and Lin, L. and Liao, D. and Xia, B (2025) 'Triterpenes of Prunella vulgaris Inhibit Triple-Negative Breast Cancer by Regulating PTP1B/PI3K/AKT/mTOR and IL-24/CXCL12/CXCR4 Pathways', Int J Mol Sci, 26(5). doi:10.3390/ijms26051959 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26051959 - Zeng, S. and Liu, B. and Ge, R. and Yuan, Z. and Yang, Y. and Zhu, W. and Wang, Z (2025) 'An integrative analysis reveals mechanisms of Prunella vulgaris in thyroid cancer metastasis', Phytomedicine, 145, pp. 157051. doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2025.157051 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2025.157051 - Zhu, Q. and Muyayalo, K.P. and Xu, Q.H. and Wang, J. and Wang, H. and Liao, A.H (2021) 'Prunella vulgaris can improve the pregnancy outcomes of experimental autoimmune thyroiditis rats by inhibiting Th1/Th17 immune responses', J Reprod Immunol, 149, pp. 103469. doi:10.1016/j.jri.2021.103469 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jri.2021.103469 - Lin, J. and Zhou, J. and Ye, K. and Xie, F (2025) 'Prunella vulgaris: A potential molecule for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma', Medicine (Baltimore), 104(17), pp. e42267. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000042267 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000042267 - Li, L. and Lin, L. and Deng, J. and Lin, X. and Li, Y. and Xia, B (2021) 'The therapeutic effects of Prunella vulgaris against fluoride‐induced oxidative damage by using the metabolomics method', Environmental Toxicology, 36(9), pp. 1802-1816. doi:10.1002/tox.23301 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1002/tox.23301 - Wei, J. and Leng, L. and Sui, Y. and Song, S. and Owusu, F.B. and Li, X. and Cao, Y. and Li, P. and Wang, H. and Li, R. and Yang, W. and Gao, X. and Wang, Q (2023) 'Phenolic acids from Prunella vulgaris alleviate cardiac remodeling following myocardial infarction partially by suppressing NLRP3 activation', Phytotherapy Research, 38(1), pp. 384-399. doi:10.1002/ptr.8024 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.8024 - Jiao, X. and Liu, H. and Lu, Q. and Wang, Y. and Zhao, Y. and Liu, X. and Liu, F. and Zuo, Y. and Wang, W. and Li, Y (2021) 'Study on the Mechanism of Prunella Vulgaris L on Diabetes Mellitus Complicated with Hypertension Based on Network Pharmacology and Molecular Docking Analyses', Journal of Diabetes Research, 2021, pp. 1-14. doi:10.1155/2021/9949302 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/9949302 - Namgung, S. and Yoon, J.J. and Yoon, C. and Han, B.H. and Choi, E.S. and Oh, H. and Kim, Y. and Lee, Y.J. and Kang, D.G. and Lee, H.S (2017) 'Prunella vulgarisAttenuates Diabetic Renal Injury by Suppressing Glomerular Fibrosis and Inflammation', The American Journal of Chinese Medicine, 45(03), pp. 475-495. doi:10.1142/s0192415x1750029x Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1142/s0192415x1750029x - Lim, G. and Sung, J.Y. and Yu, S. and Kim, Y. and Kim, Y. and Shim, J. and Kim, H.J. and Cho, M.L. and Lee, J. and Kim, Y. and Kim, Y (2020) 'Pygenic Acid A (PA) Sensitizes Metastatic Breast Cancer Cells to Anoikis and Inhibits Metastasis In Vivo', International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 21(22), pp. 8444-8444. doi:10.3390/ijms21228444 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21228444 - Lin, Y. and Yang, C. and Tang, J. and Li, Q. and Zhang, Z. and Xia, B. and Li, Y. and He, Q. and Lin, L. and Liao, D (2020) 'Characterization and anti-uterine tumor effect of extract from Prunella vulgaris L', BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies, 20(1), pp. 189-189. doi:10.1186/s12906-020-02986-5 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-020-02986-5 - Chen, Y. and Jiang, B. and Qu, C. and Jiang, C. and Zhang, C. and Wang, Y. and Chen, F. and Sun, X. and Su, L. and Luo, Y (2024) 'Bioactive components in prunella vulgaris for treating Hashimoto's disease via regulation of innate immune response in human thyrocytes', Heliyon, 10(16), pp. e36103-e36103. doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e36103 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e36103 - Raafat, K. and Wurglics, M. and Schubert‐Zsilavecz, M (2016) 'Prunella vulgaris L. active components and their hypoglycemic and antinociceptive effects in alloxan-induced diabetic mice', Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 84, pp. 1008-1018. doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2016.09.095 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2016.09.095 - Qu, Z. and Zhang, J. and Yang, H. and Gao, J. and Chen, H. and Liu, C. and Gao, W (2016) 'Prunella vulgaris L., an Edible and Medicinal Plant, Attenuates Scopolamine-Induced Memory Impairment in Rats', Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 65(2), pp. 291-300. doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.6b04597 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.6b04597 - Guo, Q. and Qu, H. and Zhang, H. and Zhong, X (2021) 'Prunella vulgaris L. Attenuates Experimental Autoimmune Thyroiditis by Inhibiting HMGB1/TLR9 Signaling', Drug Design Development and Therapy, Volume 15, pp. 4559-4574. doi:10.2147/dddt.s325814 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.2147/dddt.s325814 - Akkol, E.K. and Renda, G. and İlhan, M. and Bektaş, N.Y (2022) 'Wound healing acceleration and anti-inflammatory potential of Prunella vulgaris L.: From conventional use to preclinical scientific verification', Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 295, pp. 115411-115411. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2022.115411 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2022.115411 - Yu, F. and Zhang, L. and Ma, R. and Liu, C. and Wang, Q. and Yin, D (2021) 'The Antitumour Effect of Prunella vulgaris Extract on Thyroid Cancer Cells In Vitro and In Vivo', Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2021, pp. 1-12. doi:10.1155/2021/8869323 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/8869323 - Zhong, X., Zhang, Y., Yuan, M., Xu, L., Luo, X., Wu, R., Xi, Z., Li, Y. and Xu, H (2024) 'Prunella vulgaris polysaccharide inhibits herpes simplex virus infection by blocking TLR-mediated NF-kB activation', Chinese Medicine, 19(1). doi:10.1186/s13020-023-00865-y Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13020-023-00865-y - Zhang, Q., Li, Y., Zhong, X., Fu, W., Luo, X., Feng, J., Yuan, M., Xiao, L. and Xu, H (2021) 'Polyphenolic-protein-polysaccharide conjugates from Spica of Prunella vulgaris: Chemical profile and anti-herpes simplex virus activities', International Journal of Biological Macromolecules. doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.11.200 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.11.200 - Ma, F.W., Kong, S.Y., Tan, H.S., Wu, R., Xia, B., Zhou, Y. and Xu, H.X (2016) 'Structural characterization and antiviral effect of a novel polysaccharide PSP-2B from Prunellae Spica', Carbohydrate Polymers, pp. 699--709. doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.07.062 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.07.062 - Grieve, M (1931) 'A Modern Herbal'. Traditional / reference
https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=A%20Modern%20Herbal - Psotova, J. et al (2003) 'Biological activities of Prunella vulgaris extract', 17(9), pp. 1082--1087. doi:10.1002/ptr.1324 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.1324 - Yang, Y.Q. et al (2007) 'Antiviral activity of aqueous extract of Prunella vulgaris L', 73(3), pp. 157--162. Traditional / reference
https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Antiviral%20activity%20of%20aqueous%20extract%20of%20Prunella%20vulgaris%20L - Haarberg, K.M.K., Wymore Brand, M.J., Overstreet, A.M.C., Hauck, C.C., Murphy, P.A., Hostetter, J.M., Ramer-Tait, A.E. and Wannemuehler, M.J (2015) 'Orally administered extract from Prunella vulgaris attenuates spontaneous colitis in mdr1a(-/-) mice', World Journal of Gastrointestinal Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 6(4), pp. 223--237. doi:10.4292/wjgpt.v6.i4.223 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.4292/wjgpt.v6.i4.223 - Zhang, Y.B., Xu, L., Yuan, M., Liu, M.F., Li, Y., Zhong, X.L., Lin, Z.X., Xian, Y.F., Lu, P., Xi, Z.C. and Xu, H.X (2025) 'Protective effects of Prunella vulgaris polysaccharides against herpes simplex virus type 1 infection through the STING-TBK1-IRF3 pathway', Journal of Integrative Medicine, 24(3), pp. 454--465. doi:10.1016/j.joim.2025.12.008 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joim.2025.12.008 - Duke, J.A (2002) 'Handbook of Medicinal Herbs, Second Edition'. Traditional / reference
https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Handbook%20of%20Medicinal%20Herbs%2C%20Second%20Edition
Generated automatically from the Omnia Sana plant database and its cited sources. For educational purposes only — not medical advice. Always consult a qualified practitioner before using medicinal plants.