Plant Comparison

Lingzhi vs Ashwagandha

A side-by-side comparison of two medicinal plants — every documented constituent, action, use, safety note and cited source, assembled automatically from the Omnia Sana database.

First plant

Second plant

Plant ALingzhiGanoderma lingzhiGanodermataceaeFull monograph →

Plant BAshwagandhaWithania somniferaSolanaceaeFull monograph →

At a glance

Lingzhi and Ashwagandha: they share 9 indicated uses (arthritis / joint pain, blood sugar / diabetes support, cancer (anticancer research), …); 6 pharmacological actions in common.

LingzhiAshwagandha

Constituents23

Pharmacological actions78

Indicated uses1114

Safety notes22

Cited sources2125

Indicated uses

Only Lingzhi

Cardiovascular / heart healthInfection (general)

Shared (9)

Arthritis / joint painBlood sugar / diabetes supportCancer (anticancer research)Cold & fluImmune supportInflammation (general)Insomnia / sleeplessnessMetabolic supportSkin irritation

Only Ashwagandha

Cognitive functionFatigue / low energyFertilityMemoryMuscle soreness

Pharmacological actions

Only Lingzhi

Antiviral

Shared (6)

Anti-inflammatoryAnticancer (preclinical)Antidiabetic (blood-sugar lowering)AntioxidantImmunomodulator / immune supportSedative / sleep support

Only Ashwagandha

Physical performance / ergogenicNeuroprotective / cognition support

Evidence face-off — shared uses

Condition	Lingzhi	Ashwagandha	Verdict
Arthritis / joint pain	1/10	1/10	Comparable evidence
Blood sugar / diabetes support	1/10	1/10	Comparable evidence
Cancer (anticancer research)	8/10	7/10	Comparable evidence
Cold & flu	1/10	1/10	Comparable evidence
Immune support	1/10	1/10	Comparable evidence
Inflammation (general)	1/10	1/10	Comparable evidence
Insomnia / sleeplessness	1/10	1/10	Comparable evidence
Metabolic support	1/10	1/10	Comparable evidence
Skin irritation	1/10	1/10	Comparable evidence

Evidence scores (1–10) are computed from the tier of each cited source. “Comparable” means the two scores are within one point. Follow a score to its detailed sources.

Key Constituents

Beta-glucan polysaccharides^{[1, 4]}

Principal immunomodulatory constituents, the main focus of anticancer-adjunct and immune research.

Polysaccharides

Triterpenes (ganoderic acids)^[1]

Bitter triterpenes associated with anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective and adaptogenic activity.

Triterpene saponinsTerpenes / terpenoids

Withanolides (withaferin A, withanolide A)^[5]

Steroidal lactones considered the principal bioactive compounds, responsible for most of the plant's adaptogenic, anti-inflammatory and anticancer research interest.

Withanolides

Alkaloids (withanine, somniferine)^[5]

Minor tropane-type alkaloids contributing to the traditional sedative reputation.

Alkaloids

Sitoindosides and saponins^[5]

Glycowithanolides linked to adaptogenic and immunomodulatory activity.

Saponins

Pharmacological Actions

Anti-inflammatory^{[2, 6, 14, 15, 16]}

Anticancer (preclinical)^{[4, 9, 10, 13, 14, 15, 16]}

Antidiabetic (blood-sugar lowering)^{[5, 9, 14, 15, 16]}

Antioxidant^{[5, 7, 14, 15, 16]}

Antiviral^{[6, 14, 15, 16]}

Immunomodulator / immune support^{[4, 5, 8, 10, 12, 14, 15, 16]}

Sedative / sleep support^{[14, 15, 16]}

Anti-inflammatory^{[5, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19]}

Anticancer (preclinical)^{[11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19]}

Antidiabetic (blood-sugar lowering)^{[12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19]}

Antioxidant^{[6, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19]}

Physical performance / ergogenic^{[8, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19]}

Physical performance / strength improvement

Immunomodulator / immune support^{[12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19]}

Neuroprotective / cognition support^{[2, 6, 9, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19]}

Sedative / sleep support^{[1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19]}

Traditional & Indicated Uses

Arthritis / joint pain^{[14, 15, 16]}Traditional · 1/10

inferred from anti-inflammatory action

Evidence: 1

Label: Arthritis / joint pain

Blood sugar / diabetes support^{[14, 15, 16]}Traditional · 1/10

inferred from antidiabetic action

Evidence: 1

Label: Blood sugar / diabetes support

Cancer (anticancer research)^{[1, 4, 10, 15]}Good · 8/10

inferred from anticancer action

Evidence: 8

Label: Cancer (anticancer research)

Cardiovascular / heart health^{[14, 15, 16]}Traditional · 1/10

Evidence: 1

Label: Cardiovascular / heart health

Cold & flu^{[14, 15, 16]}Traditional · 1/10

inferred from antiviral action

Evidence: 1

Label: Cold & flu

Immune support^{[14, 15, 16]}Traditional · 1/10

Evidence: 1

Label: Immune support

Infection (general)^{[14, 15, 16]}Traditional · 1/10

inferred from antiviral action

Evidence: 1

Label: Infection (general)

Inflammation (general)^{[14, 15, 16]}Traditional · 1/10

inferred from anti-inflammatory action

Evidence: 1

Label: Inflammation (general)

Insomnia / sleeplessness^{[14, 15, 16]}Traditional · 1/10

inferred from sedative action

Evidence: 1

Label: Insomnia / sleeplessness

Metabolic support^{[14, 15, 16]}Traditional · 1/10

inferred from antidiabetic action

Evidence: 1

Label: Metabolic support

Skin irritation^{[14, 15, 16]}Traditional · 1/10

inferred from anti-inflammatory action

Evidence: 1

Label: Skin irritation

Arthritis / joint pain^{[12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19]}Traditional · 1/10

inferred from anti-inflammatory action

Evidence: 1

Label: Arthritis / joint pain

Blood sugar / diabetes support^{[12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19]}Traditional · 1/10

inferred from antidiabetic action

Evidence: 1

Label: Blood sugar / diabetes support

Cancer (anticancer research)^[11]Good · 7/10

inferred from anticancer action

Evidence: 7

Label: Cancer (anticancer research)

Cognitive function^{[12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19]}Traditional · 1/10

inferred from neuroprotective action

Evidence: 1

Label: Cognitive function

Cold & flu^{[12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19]}Traditional · 1/10

inferred from immunomodulator action

Evidence: 1

Label: Cold & flu

Fatigue / low energy^{[12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19]}Traditional · 1/10

inferred from ergogenic action

Evidence: 1

Label: Fatigue / low energy

Fertility^{[12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19]}Traditional · 1/10

Evidence: 1

Label: Fertility

Immune support^{[12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19]}Traditional · 1/10

Evidence: 1

Label: Immune support

Inflammation (general)^{[12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19]}Traditional · 1/10

inferred from anti-inflammatory action

Evidence: 1

Label: Inflammation (general)

Insomnia / sleeplessness^{[12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19]}Traditional · 1/10

inferred from sedative action

Evidence: 1

Label: Insomnia / sleeplessness

Memory^{[12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19]}Traditional · 1/10

inferred from neuroprotective action

Evidence: 1

Label: Memory

Metabolic support^{[12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19]}Traditional · 1/10

inferred from antidiabetic action

Evidence: 1

Label: Metabolic support

Muscle soreness^{[12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19]}Traditional · 1/10

inferred from ergogenic action

Evidence: 1

Label: Muscle soreness

Skin irritation^{[12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19]}Traditional · 1/10

inferred from anti-inflammatory action

Evidence: 1

Label: Skin irritation

Safety, Cautions & Contraindications

Safety note^{[14, 15, 16]}Caution

Generally well tolerated at standard doses. May cause mild digestive upset, dry mouth, or dizziness in some individuals. May enhance the effects of anticoagulant and antihypertensive medications. Avoid during pregnancy and breastfeeding. Extended use beyond 6 months is not well studied in humans.

Safety note^{[14, 15, 16, 17]}Caution

Duke (2002) rates reishi (Ganoderma lucidum) as + and notes immunostimulant, hepatoprotective, antioxidant, antitumor, and hypoglycemic activities at the experimental level (score 1). It is a key adaptogen in traditional Chinese medicine, valued for its polysaccharide (beta-glucan) content. Duke notes antiviral (score 1) and anti-aggregant activities. No strong clinical trials existed at time of publication, but lentinan and polysaccharide fractions from related species show immunomodulatory potential. Duke suggests caution in bleeding disorders due to anti-aggregant activity (Duke, 2002).

Safety note^{[12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19]}Caution

Generally well-tolerated in clinical trials at doses up to 600 mg/day for up to 12 weeks. Common side effects may include mild drowsiness, gastrointestinal upset, and diarrhea at higher doses. Contraindicated during pregnancy due to potential abortifacient effects. May interact with sedatives, immunosuppressants, thyroid medications, and blood sugar medications. People with autoimmune diseases, hyperthyroidism, or scheduled for surgery should consult healthcare providers before use. May cause allergic reactions in sensitive individuals. Not recommended for children without medical supervision.

Safety note^{[12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20]}Caution

Duke (2002) classifies ashwagandha activities primarily at the experimental level (score 1), with adaptogenic, sedative, immunostimulant, and anti-inflammatory actions demonstrated in animal and in vitro models. Root preparations are used at 2–3 g powdered root three times daily, or 150–300 mg of standardized extract. Importantly, the plant has documented abortifacient and antifertility properties in animal studies, and its use should be avoided during pregnancy. It may potentiate the effects of barbiturates and sedatives (Duke, 2002).

External Ids

Gbif: 7690471

Wikidata: Q97958947

Gbif: 2928840

Wikidata: Q852660

Botanical Description

Bracket (shelf) fungus (not a true plant) that grows on the trunks and stumps of deciduous trees. It develops a hard, kidney- or fan-shaped cap with a glossy, varnished, red-brown to mahogany crust and concentric growth rings, often on a lateral woody stalk; the pale underside is covered in fine pores that release rusty-brown spores. The mycelium spreads through the wood substrate before fruiting.^[1]

Height: Cap 5-20 cm across

Habit: Perennial wood-decay bracket fungus

Leaves: Not applicable (fungus)

Flowers: Not applicable (fungus); reproduces by spores

Stem: Hard, glossy, varnished kidney- or fan-shaped cap, often on a lateral stalk

Root: Mycelium spreading through the wood substrate

Fruit: Pale, finely pored underside releasing rusty-brown spores

Flowering Period: Fruiting body develops over weeks to months on the host wood

Erect, branching perennial shrub with soft, downy, oval to lance-shaped leaves. Small, inconspicuous, greenish-yellow bell-shaped flowers are borne in the leaf axils, followed by a small orange-red berry enclosed in a papery, lantern-like calyx, giving rise to the name 'winter cherry'.^[5]

Height: 0.3-1.5 m

Habit: Erect, branching perennial shrub

Leaves: Soft, downy, oval to lance-shaped

Flowers: Small, inconspicuous, greenish-yellow, bell-shaped

Stem: Erect, branching, downy

Root: Long, thick, tapering, pale brown root (the medicinal part), aromatic with a distinctive horse-like smell (the source of the name ashwagandha)

Fruit: Small orange-red berry enclosed in a papery, lantern-like calyx

Flowering Period: Summer to autumn

Habitat

Grows as a wood-decay fungus on the stumps and trunks of deciduous trees (notably maple and other hardwoods) in East Asian forests; also widely cultivated commercially on hardwood logs or sawdust substrate.

Native to the drier regions of India, the Middle East and parts of Africa; cultivated in warm, semi-arid climates on well-drained soils, notably in central and western India.^[5]

Harvesting

Wild fruiting bodies are collected once mature; cultivated material is harvested from logs or substrate at maturity, then dried and processed into slices, powder or extract.

Parts: Mycelium, Whole Plant

The root is dug in winter from plants around one year old, when withanolide content is highest, then cleaned, cut and dried; the leaves are picked through the growing season.^[5]

Parts: Leaf, Root

Season: Root in winter, from around one-year-old plants; leaf through the growing season

Traditional Uses

Reishi/lingzhi, the 'mushroom of immortality', is one of the most revered tonic fungi in traditional Chinese medicine, used for centuries to support vitality, calm the spirit, strengthen immunity and promote longevity; this traditional tonic reputation is now studied for immunomodulatory, anticancer-adjunct and metabolic effects.^{[1, 4]}

Ashwagandha root is one of the most important rasayana (rejuvenative) tonics of Ayurvedic medicine, traditionally used to build strength and vitality, support healthy stress response, and promote restful sleep; this traditional adaptogenic reputation is now supported by clinical trials of standardised root extract for stress, sleep and physical performance.^{[1, 5]}

Preparations

Standardised extract^{[1, 4]}

Extract standardised to polysaccharide (beta-glucan) or triterpene content, taken as capsules or powder; the form used in most modern studies.

Standardised extract^{[1, 5]}

Root extract standardised to withanolide content, taken as capsules or tablets; the form used in most clinical stress, sleep and performance studies.

References

REF-0821, REF-0822, REF-0823, REF-2039, REF-2040, REF-2041, REF-2042, REF-2043, REF-2044, REF-2045, REF-2046, REF-2047, REF-2048

REF-2245, REF-2246, REF-2247, REF-2248, REF-2249, REF-2250, REF-2251, REF-2252, REF-2253, REF-2254, REF-2255

Drug Class Interactions

Safety note^{[18, 19]}Caution

Drug Class: sedatives-cns-depressants

Mechanism: Reishi is traditionally used as a calming, sedative herb; taken with sedatives, sleeping tablets or other central-nervous-system depressants (including alcohol) it may add to drowsiness and slowed reactions.

Reviewed By: Omnia Sana (owner-authorized)

Reviewed Date: 2026-07-03

Safety note^{[21, 22]}Caution

Drug Class: thyroid-medicines

Mechanism: Ashwagandha can raise circulating thyroid hormone (T3/T4) and lower TSH; a randomized trial normalised thyroid indices in subclinical hypothyroidism and a case of thyrotoxicosis has been reported. Combined with thyroid medication it may add to thyroid activity, so monitor thyroid levels.

Reviewed By: Omnia Sana (owner-authorized)

Reviewed Date: 2026-07-03

Safety note^{[1, 23, 24]}Caution

Drug Class: sedatives-cns-depressants

Mechanism: Ashwagandha has sedative, GABA-related calming activity (a meta-analysis of randomised trials found it improves sleep); taken with sedatives, sleeping tablets or other central-nervous-system depressants it may add to drowsiness and slowed reactions.

Reviewed By: Omnia Sana (owner-authorized)

Reviewed Date: 2026-07-03

Safety note^[25]Caution

Drug Class: antidiabetics

Mechanism: Ashwagandha can lower blood glucose; combined with diabetes medicines it may add to blood-sugar lowering and increase the risk of hypoglycaemia, so monitor blood sugar.

Reviewed By: Omnia Sana (owner-authorized)

Reviewed Date: 2026-07-03

Lookalikes Review

Outcome: has-lookalikes

Reviewed By: Omnia Sana (owner-authorized)

Reviewed Date: 2026-07-07

Outcome: none-known

Reviewed By: Omnia Sana (owner-authorized)

Reviewed Date: 2026-07-07

Dangerous Lookalikes

Safety note^{[20, 21]}Fatal

Dangerous Plant: podostroma-cornu-damae

Confused Part: Wild-collected fruit bodies gathered as reishi/lingzhi for medicinal tea; the immature red, antler-like fruit bodies of poison fire coral can be taken for young reishi.

Confusion Context: Reishi (Ganoderma lingzhi / lucidum) is a hard, varnished bracket fungus collected and brewed as a health tonic. Poison fire coral (Podostroma cornu-damae), one of the few deadly-poisonous fungi, is documented to resemble Ganoderma lucidum in its immature stage. A peer-reviewed case report (Ahn et al., 2013, Yonsei Med J) describes two people who collected and boiled wild fungus as tea - one died of pancytopenia and multiple organ failure - and states that in its immature period poison fire coral resembles Ganoderma lucidum, 'well known as a health-food.' Its trichothecene mycotoxins (satratoxins) are frequently fatal. Because reishi is wild-collected for medicinal tea in East Asia, this is a genuinely lethal confusion.

Distinguishing Features: Colour and form: poison fire coral is bright blood-red to orange-red and grows as erect, often branched antler- or coral-like clubs rising from the ground or buried wood. True reishi is a flat kidney- or fan-shaped bracket (conk) with a hard, glossy, varnished red-brown to mahogany crust and a pale pored underside, growing on wood., Growth pattern: reishi forms a shelf/bracket with a distinct cap and often a lateral stalk; poison fire coral forms finger-like or antler-like red spikes with no cap., Underside: reishi has a white-to-brown pored underside that drops rusty-brown spores; poison fire coral has no pores at all.

Key Test: Look at the shape. Reishi is a hard, flat, varnished shelf/bracket with a pale pored underside, growing on wood. Any bright red, erect antler- or coral-like club with NO cap and NO pores is NOT reishi - it may be poison fire coral (Podostroma cornu-damae), which can kill. Never brew an unfamiliar red club or coral fungus; if unsure, do not use it and confirm with an expert mycologist.

Reviewed By: Omnia Sana (owner-authorized)

Reviewed Date: 2026-07-07

Not documented

Dosage

Not documented

Standardised extract^[1]

Clinical trials for stress and sleep commonly use around 300-600 mg of standardised root extract daily, in divided doses, over several weeks. Educational reference only, not a prescription.

Pairings

Not documented

Both ashwagandha and valerian are calming, sleep-promoting herbs; using them together may add to drowsiness and sedation, so take care especially before driving or when using other sedatives.^{[1, 23]}

Partner Id: valeriana-officinalis

Type: caution

Reviewed By: Omnia Sana (owner-authorized)

Reviewed Date: 2026-07-03

Ashwagandha and kava both calm the central nervous system; combining them may add to sedation and drowsiness, so combined use warrants caution.^{[1, 23]}

Partner Id: piper-methysticum

Type: caution

Reviewed By: Omnia Sana (owner-authorized)

Reviewed Date: 2026-07-03

References & Sources

Li, W., Zhou, Q., Lv, B., Li, N. et al (2024) 'Ganoderma lucidum Polysaccharide Supplementation Significantly Activates T-Cell-Mediated Antitumor Immunity and Enhances Anti-PD-1 Immunotherapy Efficacy in Colorectal Cancer', Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 72(21), pp. 12072-12082. doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.3c08385 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.3c08385
Cai, Q., Li, Y. and Pei, G (2017) 'Polysaccharides from Ganoderma lucidum attenuate microglia-mediated neuroinflammation and modulate microglial phagocytosis and behavioural response', Journal of Neuroinflammation, 14(1), pp. 63. doi:10.1186/s12974-017-0839-0 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12974-017-0839-0
Zheng, G., Zhao, Y., Li, Z., Hua, Y. et al (2023) 'Ganoderma lucidum spore powder and derived triterpenes attenuate atherosclerosis and aortic calcification by stimulating ABCA1/G1-mediated macrophage cholesterol efflux and inactivating RUNX2-mediated VSMC osteogenesis', Theranostics, 13(4), pp. 1325-1341. doi:10.7150/thno.80250 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.7150/thno.80250
Sohretoglu, D. and Huang, S (2018) 'Ganoderma lucidum Polysaccharides as An Anti-cancer Agent', Anti-Cancer Agents in Medicinal Chemistry, 18(5), pp. 667-674. doi:10.2174/1871520617666171113121246 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.2174/1871520617666171113121246
Seweryn, E., Ziala, A. and Gamian, A (2021) 'Health-Promoting of Polysaccharides Extracted from Ganoderma lucidum', Nutrients, 13(8), pp. 2725. doi:10.3390/nu13082725 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13082725
Liu, X., Yang, L., Li, G., Jiang, Y., Zhang, G. and Ling, J (2022) 'A novel promising neuroprotective agent: Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide', International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 229, pp. 168-180. doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.12.276 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.12.276
Zhu, M., Chang, Q., Wong, L.K., Chong, F.S. and Li, R.C (1999) 'Triterpene antioxidants from Ganoderma lucidum', Phytotherapy Research, 13(6), pp. 529-531. doi:10.1002/(sici)1099-1573(199909)13:6<529::aid-ptr481>3.0.co;2-x Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-1573(199909)13:6<529::aid-ptr481>3.0.co;2-x
Zeng, P., Chen, Y., Zhang, L. and Xing, M (2019) 'Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide used for treating physical frailty in China', Progress in Molecular Biology and Translational Science, 163, pp. 179-219. doi:10.1016/bs.pmbts.2019.02.009 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.pmbts.2019.02.009
Wu, P., Zhang, C., Yin, Y., Zhang, X., Li, Q., Yuan, L., Sun, Y., Zhou, S., Ying, S. and Wu, J (2024) 'Bioactivities and industrial standardization status of Ganoderma lucidum: A comprehensive review', Heliyon, 10(19), pp. e36987. doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e36987 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e36987
Xu, Z., Chen, X., Zhong, Z., Chen, L. and Wang, Y (2011) 'Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides: immunomodulation and potential anti-tumor activities', The American Journal of Chinese Medicine, 39(1), pp. 15-27. doi:10.1142/S0192415X11008610 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.1142/S0192415X11008610
Geng, X., Zhong, D., Su, L., Lin, Z. and Yang, B (2019) 'Preventive and therapeutic effect of Ganoderma lucidum on kidney injuries and diseases', Advances in Pharmacology, 87, pp. 257-276. doi:10.1016/bs.apha.2019.10.003 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.apha.2019.10.003
Sliva, D (2004) 'Cellular and physiological effects of Ganoderma lucidum (Reishi)', Mini Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry, 4(8), pp. 873-879. doi:10.2174/1389557043403323 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.2174/1389557043403323
Boh, B., Berovic, M., Zhang, J. and Zhi-Bin, L (2007) 'Ganoderma lucidum and its pharmaceutically active compounds', Biotechnology Annual Review, 13, pp. 265-301. doi:10.1016/S1387-2656(07)13010-6 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.1016/S1387-2656(07)13010-6
Bao, X. et al (2001) 'Structural requirements for the immunological activities of polysaccharides from Ganoderma lucidum', 41(9), pp. 2603--2611. Traditional / reference
https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Structural%20requirements%20for%20the%20immunological%20activities%20of%20polysaccharides%20from%20Ganoderma%20lucidum
Jin, X. et al (2012) 'Ganoderma lucidum (Reishi mushroom) for cancer treatment'. Traditional / reference
https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Ganoderma%20lucidum%20%28Reishi%20mushroom%29%20for%20cancer%20treatment
Wachtel-Galor, S., Yuen, J., Buswell, J.A. and Benzie, I.F.F (2011) 'Ganoderma lucidum (Lingzhi or Reishi): A Medicinal Mushroom'. Traditional / reference
https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Ganoderma%20lucidum%20%28Lingzhi%20or%20Reishi%29%3A%20A%20Medicinal%20Mushroom
Duke, J.A (2002) 'Handbook of Medicinal Herbs, Second Edition'. Traditional / reference
https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Handbook%20of%20Medicinal%20Herbs%2C%20Second%20Edition
Ghasemzadeh Rahbardar, M. and Hosseinzadeh, H (2024) 'Therapeutic potential of hypnotic herbal medicines: A comprehensive review', Phytotherapy Research, 38(6), pp. 3037-3059. doi:10.1002/ptr.8201 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.8201
Block, K.I., Gyllenhaal, C. and Mead, M.N (2004) 'Safety and efficacy of herbal sedatives in cancer care', Integrative Cancer Therapies, 3(2), pp. 128-148. doi:10.1177/1534735404265003 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.1177/1534735404265003
Ahn, J.Y. and Seok, S.J. and Song, J.E. and Choi, J.H. and Han, S.H. and Choi, J.Y. and Kim, C.O. and Song, Y.G. and Kim, J.M (2013) 'Two cases of mushroom poisoning by Podostroma cornu-damae', Yonsei Medical Journal, 54(1), pp. 265-8. doi:10.3349/ymj.2013.54.1.265 Clinical study
https://doi.org/10.3349/ymj.2013.54.1.265
Choe, S. and In, S. and Jeon, Y. and Choi, H. and Kim, S (2018) 'Identification of trichothecene-type mycotoxins in toxic mushroom Podostroma cornu-damae and biological specimens from a fatal case by LC-QTOF/MS', Forensic Science International, 291, pp. 234-244. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2018.08.043 Clinical study
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2018.08.043

Cheah, K.L., Norhayati, M.N., Husniati Yaacob, L. and Abdul Rahman, R (2021) 'Effect of Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) extract on sleep: a systematic review and meta-analysis', PLoS One, 16(9), pp. e0257843. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0257843 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0257843
Speers, A.B., Cabey, K.A., Soumyanath, A. and Wright, K.M (2021) 'Effects of Withania somnifera (ashwagandha) on stress and the stress-related neuropsychiatric disorders anxiety, depression, and insomnia', Current Neuropharmacology, 19(9), pp. 1468-1495. doi:10.2174/1570159X19666210712151556 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.2174/1570159X19666210712151556
Arumugam, V., Vijayakumar, V., Balakrishnan, A., B Bhandari, R., Boopalan, D., Ponnurangam, R., Sankaralingam Thirupathy, V. and Kuppusamy, M (2024) 'Effects of Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) on stress and anxiety: a systematic review and meta-analysis', Explore, 20(6), pp. 103062. doi:10.1016/j.explore.2024.103062 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.explore.2024.103062
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