Plant Comparison

Saffron vs Noni

A side-by-side comparison of two medicinal plants — every documented constituent, action, use, safety note and cited source, assembled automatically from the Omnia Sana database.

First plant

Second plant

Plant ASaffronCrocus sativusIridaceaeFull monograph →

Plant BNoniMorinda citrifoliaRubiaceaeFull monograph →

At a glance

Saffron and Noni: they share 6 indicated uses (arthritis / joint pain, blood sugar / diabetes support, cancer (anticancer research), …); 4 pharmacological actions in common.

SaffronNoni

Constituents34

Pharmacological actions68

Indicated uses1013

Safety notes22

Cited sources2614

Indicated uses

Only Saffron

Cognitive functionInsomnia / sleeplessnessMemoryMenstrual cramps

Shared (6)

Arthritis / joint painBlood sugar / diabetes supportCancer (anticancer research)Inflammation (general)Metabolic supportSkin irritation

Only Noni

Back painCold & fluHeadacheImmune supportInfection (general)Pain (general)Wounds

Pharmacological actions

Only Saffron

Neuroprotective / cognition supportSedative / sleep support

Shared (4)

Anti-inflammatoryAnticancer (preclinical)Antidiabetic (blood-sugar lowering)Antioxidant

Only Noni

Analgesic (pain relief)AntimicrobialAntiviralImmunomodulator / immune support

Evidence face-off — shared uses

Condition	Saffron	Noni	Verdict
Arthritis / joint pain	1/10	2/10	Comparable evidence
Blood sugar / diabetes support	1/10	2/10	Comparable evidence
Cancer (anticancer research)	8/10	7/10	Comparable evidence
Inflammation (general)	1/10	2/10	Comparable evidence
Metabolic support	1/10	2/10	Comparable evidence
Skin irritation	1/10	2/10	Comparable evidence

Evidence scores (1–10) are computed from the tier of each cited source. “Comparable” means the two scores are within one point. Follow a score to its detailed sources.

Key Constituents

Crocin and crocetin^[1]

Water-soluble carotenoid glycosides responsible for saffron's deep golden-red colour and much of its antioxidant and mood-related activity.

CrocinCrocetin

Safranal^[1]

The principal volatile aromatic compound, giving saffron its characteristic scent and contributing to its sedative and antidepressant activity.

Safranal

Picrocrocin

The main bitter-tasting glycoside of the stigma, a precursor of safranal.

Picrocrocin

Iridoids (asperulosidic acid and related iridoid glycosides)^{[1, 6]}

A major phytochemical class of noni fruit and leaf, studied for antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity.

Iridoid glycosides

Anthraquinones (damnacanthal and related compounds)^{[1, 2]}

Found mainly in the root and, at lower levels, the fruit; studied for anticancer and antimicrobial activity.

Anthraquinones

Polysaccharides^[8]

Fruit polysaccharides studied for gut-microbiota-modulating and anti-inflammatory effects in animal models of inflammatory bowel disease.

Polysaccharides

Scopoletin (coumarin)^[1]

A phenolic coumarin found in the fruit, studied for anti-inflammatory and vascular effects.

Coumarins

Pharmacological Actions

Anti-inflammatory^{[7, 9, 14, 15, 16]}

Anticancer (preclinical)^{[10, 11, 14, 15, 16]}

Antidiabetic (blood-sugar lowering)^{[14, 15, 16]}

Antioxidant^{[8, 9, 14, 15, 16]}

Neuroprotective / cognition support^{[8, 12, 14, 15, 16]}

Sedative / sleep support^{[2, 4, 5, 6, 13, 14, 15, 16]}

Analgesic (pain relief)^{[11, 12, 13]}

Anti-inflammatory^{[1, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13]}

Anticancer (preclinical)^{[2, 10]}

Antidiabetic (blood-sugar lowering)^{[11, 12, 13]}

Antimicrobial^{[3, 6, 11, 12, 13]}

Antioxidant^{[1, 6, 11, 12, 13]}

Antiviral^{[11, 12, 13]}

Immunomodulator / immune support^{[1, 11, 12, 13]}

Traditional & Indicated Uses

Arthritis / joint pain^{[14, 15, 16]}Traditional · 1/10

inferred from anti-inflammatory action

Evidence: 1

Label: Arthritis / joint pain

Blood sugar / diabetes support^{[14, 15, 16]}Traditional · 1/10

inferred from antidiabetic action

Evidence: 1

Label: Blood sugar / diabetes support

Cancer (anticancer research)^{[10, 11]}Good · 8/10

inferred from anticancer action

Evidence: 8

Label: Cancer (anticancer research)

Cognitive function^{[14, 15, 16]}Traditional · 1/10

inferred from neuroprotective action

Evidence: 1

Label: Cognitive function

Inflammation (general)^{[14, 15, 16]}Traditional · 1/10

inferred from anti-inflammatory action

Evidence: 1

Label: Inflammation (general)

Insomnia / sleeplessness^{[14, 15, 16]}Traditional · 1/10

inferred from sedative action

Evidence: 1

Label: Insomnia / sleeplessness

Memory^{[14, 15, 16]}Traditional · 1/10

inferred from neuroprotective action

Evidence: 1

Label: Memory

Menstrual cramps^{[14, 15, 16]}Traditional · 1/10

Evidence: 1

Label: Menstrual cramps

Metabolic support^{[14, 15, 16]}Traditional · 1/10

inferred from antidiabetic action

Evidence: 1

Label: Metabolic support

Skin irritation^{[14, 15, 16]}Traditional · 1/10

inferred from anti-inflammatory action

Evidence: 1

Label: Skin irritation

Arthritis / joint pain^{[11, 12, 13]}Traditional · 2/10

inferred from anti-inflammatory action

Evidence: 2

Label: Arthritis / joint pain

Back pain^{[11, 12, 13]}Traditional · 2/10

inferred from analgesic action

Evidence: 2

Label: Back pain

Blood sugar / diabetes support^{[11, 12, 13]}Traditional · 2/10

inferred from antidiabetic action

Evidence: 2

Label: Blood sugar / diabetes support

Cancer (anticancer research)^{[2, 10]}Good · 7/10

inferred from anticancer action

Evidence: 7

Label: Cancer (anticancer research)

Cold & flu^{[11, 12, 13]}Traditional · 2/10

inferred from antiviral action

Evidence: 2

Label: Cold & flu

Headache^{[11, 12, 13]}Traditional · 2/10

inferred from analgesic action

Evidence: 2

Label: Headache

Immune support^{[11, 12, 13]}Traditional · 2/10

Evidence: 2

Label: Immune support

Infection (general)^{[11, 12, 13]}Traditional · 2/10

inferred from antimicrobial action

Evidence: 2

Label: Infection (general)

Inflammation (general)^{[8, 11, 12, 13]}Traditional · 2/10

inferred from anti-inflammatory action

Evidence: 2

Label: Inflammation (general)

Metabolic support^{[11, 12, 13]}Traditional · 2/10

inferred from antidiabetic action

Evidence: 2

Label: Metabolic support

Pain (general)^{[11, 12, 13]}Traditional · 2/10

Evidence: 2

Label: Pain (general)

Skin irritation^{[7, 11, 12, 13]}Traditional · 2/10

inferred from anti-inflammatory action

Evidence: 2

Label: Skin irritation

Wounds^{[11, 12, 13]}Traditional · 2/10

inferred from antimicrobial action

Evidence: 2

Label: Wounds

Safety, Cautions & Contraindications

Safety note^{[14, 15, 16]}Caution

Culinary use is entirely safe. At very high doses (5g+), saffron can be toxic — but such doses far exceed culinary or therapeutic amounts. Avoid medicinal doses during pregnancy (uterine stimulant). May interact with antidepressants. High quality saffron is often adulterated; verify source.

Safety note^{[14, 15, 16, 17]}Caution

Duke (2002) rates saffron as ++ and provides a critical safety warning: abortifacient activity has clinical support (score 2), meaning that medicinal doses can induce abortion — saffron is strictly contraindicated in pregnancy at doses above culinary amounts. The plant also shows antidepressant, antioxidant, and antitumor activities at the experimental level (score 1). Dose (culinary): 0.5 g stigmas as flavoring; medicinal doses above 5 g are considered potentially toxic. Duke notes that saffron stigmas contain crocin and safranal, which are responsible for its antidepressant and antioxidant properties (Duke, 2002).

Safety note^{[11, 12, 13]}Serious

Generally safe in moderate amounts. High potassium content — use caution in renal disease. Rare cases of hepatotoxicity reported with excessive consumption. May interact with warfarin (due to vitamin K content). Avoid during pregnancy.

Safety note^{[11, 12, 13, 14]}Info

Duke (2002) rates noni as +++ and notes analgesic, antirheumatic, antiarthritic, antitumor, antispasmodic, and hypotensive activities at the experimental level (score 1). Traditional Polynesian and South Asian medicine values it as a broad-spectrum tonic. The plant contains morindine, proxeronine, and damnacanthal, which are under investigation for immunomodulatory and anti-tumor effects. Duke notes that noni fruit can be consumed as food and is generally safe, though the juice has a strong unpleasant odor and taste. No significant toxicity has been reported with regular food consumption (Duke, 2002).

External Ids

Gbif: 2747430

Powo: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:436688-1

Wikidata: Q15041677

Gbif: 5339879

Wikidata: Q234238

Botanical Description

Small, cormous perennial with narrow, grass-like, dark green leaves emerging with or just after the flowers. Each flower is a delicate lilac-purple, six-petalled bloom with three golden-yellow anthers and a single style dividing into three long, deep-red, thread-like stigmas - the saffron of commerce. The plant is a sterile triploid that never sets seed and is propagated entirely by division of its underground corms.

Height: 10-20 cm

Habit: Small, cormous, autumn-flowering perennial

Leaves: Narrow, grass-like, dark green, emerging with or just after the flowers

Flowers: Lilac-purple, six-petalled, with three golden anthers and three long deep-red stigma threads

Stem: Very short; flowers arise almost directly from the corm

Root: Underground corm with fibrous roots

Fruit: Sterile triploid; does not set seed, propagated by corm division

Flowering Period: Autumn (October-November)

Small evergreen tree or shrub (Rubiaceae), 3-10 m tall, with large, glossy, dark green, elliptical leaves marked by prominent parallel veins. Small, white, tubular, fragrant flowers are borne in dense rounded heads, developing into a compound fleshy fruit (syncarp) that is warty, semi-translucent and yellow-white when ripe, with a strong, pungent, cheese-like odour.^[1]

Height: 3-10 m

Habit: Small evergreen tree or shrub

Leaves: Large, glossy, dark green, elliptical, prominently veined

Flowers: Small, white, tubular, fragrant, in dense rounded heads

Stem: Woody, branching

Root: Woody taproot with lateral roots

Fruit: Compound fleshy syncarp, warty and semi-translucent, yellow-white when ripe, pungent cheese-like odour

Flowering Period: Year-round in tropical climates, with peak flushes seasonally

Habitat

Believed to have originated in Greece or Crete and spread through cultivation across the Mediterranean, Middle East and Asia (notably Iran, Kashmir and Spain); grown in sunny, well-drained fields with hot, dry summers and cool, wet autumns/winters.

Native to Southeast Asia and Australasia, and dispersed across the Pacific islands and into India and the Caribbean by early Polynesian voyagers and subsequent cultivation; grows in coastal areas, open and disturbed forest, and even on bare lava flows, tolerating poor, saline and drought-prone soils.^{[1, 6]}

Harvesting

The flowers are hand-picked at dawn as they open, and the three red stigma threads are immediately hand-separated from each flower and dried - an extremely labour-intensive process (many thousands of flowers are needed for a small amount of dried saffron), which accounts for saffron's high cost.

Parts: Flower

Season: Autumn, at flowering, harvested at dawn

Ripe fruit is hand-picked as it softens and turns yellow-white, then traditionally left to further ripen or ferment for juice production; leaves and root are also traditionally gathered.^[6]

Parts: Fruit, Leaf, Root

Season: Fruit harvested as it ripens, largely year-round in the tropics

Traditional Uses

Saffron has a long Mediterranean, Middle Eastern and South Asian tradition as both a prized culinary spice/dye and a medicinal herb, used for mood support, digestive complaints and as a mild emmenagogue; its traditional mood-lifting reputation is now supported by clinical trials comparing standardised saffron extract to conventional antidepressants for mild-to-moderate depression.^[1]

Noni has an extensive Polynesian, South Asian and Southeast Asian traditional-medicine history, used as a broad-spectrum tonic for pain, inflammation, infection and immune support, and traditionally for diabetes and skin complaints. The fermented fruit juice is the most widely used modern preparation, now studied for antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory and metabolic effects supporting several of these traditional uses.^{[1, 6]}

Preparations

Standardised extract^[1]

Stigma extract standardised to safranal/crocin content, taken as capsules; the form used in most clinical mood and metabolic studies.

Fermented fruit juice^{[5, 6]}

The classic Polynesian preparation: ripe fruit fermented in sealed containers for several weeks, then strained; the most-studied modern form.

Dosage

Standardised extract^[1]

Clinical trials for mood support commonly use around 30 mg of standardised saffron extract daily (in divided doses); culinary use is typically well under 1 g. High medicinal doses (5 g or more) are considered potentially toxic and should be avoided. Educational reference only, not a prescription.

Fermented fruit juice^{[11, 12, 13]}

Commercial noni juice is typically taken in modest daily amounts (a few tablespoons); given rare reports of hepatotoxicity with excessive or prolonged intake, avoid high doses, especially with pre-existing liver disease. Educational reference only, not a prescription.

References

REF-0788, REF-0789, REF-0790, REF-2001, REF-2002, REF-2003, REF-2004, REF-2005, REF-2006, REF-2007, REF-2008, REF-2009, REF-2010

REF-1417, REF-1418, REF-1419, REF-1420, REF-1421, REF-1422, REF-1423, REF-1424, REF-1425, REF-1426

Drug Class Interactions

Safety note^{[18, 19]}Caution

Drug Class: antidepressants-serotonergic

Mechanism: Saffron has antidepressant, serotonin-related activity (a meta-analysis of randomised trials found saffron more effective than placebo and comparable to standard antidepressants for mild-to-moderate depression; a trial safely combined low-dose saffron with SSRIs); because both raise serotonergic activity, combining saffron with antidepressants may add to serotonergic effects, so watch for side effects such as agitation or restlessness.

Reviewed By: Omnia Sana (owner-authorized)

Reviewed Date: 2026-07-03

Safety note^{[20, 21]}Caution

Drug Class: sedatives-cns-depressants

Mechanism: Saffron is traditionally used as a calming, sedative herb; taken with sedatives, sleeping tablets or other central-nervous-system depressants (including alcohol) it may add to drowsiness and slowed reactions.

Reviewed By: Omnia Sana (owner-authorized)

Reviewed Date: 2026-07-03

Safety note^[22]Caution

Drug Class: antidiabetics

Mechanism: Saffron lowers fasting blood glucose and HbA1c in trials in people with diabetes; combined with diabetes medicines it may add to blood-sugar lowering, so monitor blood sugar.

Reviewed By: Omnia Sana (owner-authorized)

Reviewed Date: 2026-07-03

Not documented

Lookalikes Review

Outcome: has-lookalikes

Reviewed By: Omnia Sana (owner-authorized)

Reviewed Date: 2026-07-07

Outcome: none-known

Reviewed By: Omnia Sana (owner-authorized)

Reviewed Date: 2026-07-07

Dangerous Lookalikes

Safety note^{[23, 24, 25, 26]}Fatal

Dangerous Plant: colchicum-autumnale

Confused Part: The whole autumn flower (a leafless lilac-purple, crocus-shaped bloom) and its style/stigma threads that can be taken for saffron, plus the corm; in spring the strap-shaped leaves are also confused with other greens.

Confusion Context: Autumn crocus / meadow saffron (Colchicum autumnale, family Colchicaceae) flowers in autumn with a leafless lilac-purple crocus-like flower that closely mimics true saffron crocus (Crocus sativus, Iridaceae) and is even nicknamed 'meadow saffron'. It contains colchicine, a cell toxin with no readily available antidote; ingestion causes deceptively delayed (hours later) multi-organ failure and can be fatal. A Swiss poison-centre review lists it among the few plants that can kill (Kupper & Reichert 2009), and a documented case describes severe multi-organ injury after it was eaten in error (Gabrscek et al. 2004). University extensions warn it should definitely not be used in place of saffron, because eating any part of it can be fatal.

Distinguishing Features: STAMEN COUNT (decisive): true saffron crocus has exactly THREE stamens per flower; autumn crocus (Colchicum) has SIX. Two independent university extensions confirm three-versus-six as the hard, countable difference., SAFFRON THREADS: saffron crocus has one style splitting into three long, deep-RED branched stigmas (the saffron threads). Colchicum has three separate pale styles with yellow anthers and does not produce the long red saffron threads., FLOWER ARCHITECTURE: saffron crocus is in the iris family (Iridaceae; 3 stamens, 1 style); Colchicum is in Colchicaceae (6 stamens, 3 styles) - a fundamentally different flower.

Key Test: Count the stamens inside the open flower: exactly THREE (with three long deep-red saffron threads) = true saffron crocus. SIX stamens (pale styles, yellow anthers, no red threads) = autumn crocus (Colchicum) - do NOT eat or use as saffron; it can be fatal. If in any doubt, do not harvest.

Reviewed By: Omnia Sana (owner-authorized)

Reviewed Date: 2026-07-07

Not documented

References & Sources

Shafiee, A., Jafarabady, K., Seighali, N., Mohammadi, I. et al (2025) 'Effect of Saffron Versus Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) in Treatment of Depression and Anxiety: A Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials', Nutrition Reviews, 83(3), pp. e751-e761. doi:10.1093/nutrit/nuae076 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.1093/nutrit/nuae076
Lopresti, A.L. and Drummond, P.D (2014) 'Saffron (Crocus sativus) for depression: a systematic review of clinical studies and examination of underlying antidepressant mechanisms of action', Human Psychopharmacology, 29(6), pp. 517-527. doi:10.1002/hup.2434 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.1002/hup.2434
Chen, Z., Gu, J., Lin, S., Xu, Z. et al (2022) 'Saffron essential oil ameliorates CUMS-induced depression-like behavior in mice via the MAPK-CREB1-BDNF signaling pathway', Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 300, pp. 115719. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2022.115719 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2022.115719
Hausenblas, H.A., Saha, D., Dubyak, P.J. and Anton, S.D (2013) 'Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) and major depressive disorder: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials', Journal of Integrative Medicine, 11(6), pp. 377-383. doi:10.3736/jintegrmed2013056 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.3736/jintegrmed2013056
Kell, G., Rao, A., Beccaria, G., Clayton, P., Inarejos-Garcia, A.M. and Prodanov, M (2017) 'affron a novel saffron extract (Crocus sativus L.) improves mood in healthy adults over 4 weeks in a double-blind, parallel, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial', Complementary Therapies in Medicine, 33, pp. 58-64. doi:10.1016/j.ctim.2017.06.001 Randomized trial
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctim.2017.06.001
Baziar, S., Aqamolaei, A., Khadem, E., Mortazavi, S.H., Naderi, S., Sahebolzamani, E., Mortezaei, A., Jalilevand, S., Mohammadi, M., Shahmirzadi, M. and Akhondzadeh, S (2019) 'Crocus sativus L. Versus Methylphenidate in Treatment of Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Randomized, Double-Blind Pilot Study', Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 29(3), pp. 205-212. doi:10.1089/cap.2018.0146 Randomized trial
https://doi.org/10.1089/cap.2018.0146
Moshiri, M., Vahabzadeh, M. and Hosseinzadeh, H (2014) 'Clinical Applications of Saffron (Crocus sativus) and its Constituents: A Review', Drug Research, 65(6), pp. 287-295. doi:10.1055/s-0034-1375681 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0034-1375681
Finley, J.W. and Gao, S (2017) 'A Perspective on Crocus sativus L. (Saffron) Constituent Crocin: A Potent Water-Soluble Antioxidant and Potential Therapy for Alzheimer's Disease', Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 65(5), pp. 1005-1020. doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.6b04398 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.6b04398
Boskabady, M.H. and Farkhondeh, T (2016) 'Antiinflammatory, Antioxidant, and Immunomodulatory Effects of Crocus sativus L. and its Main Constituents', Phytotherapy Research, 30(7), pp. 1072-1094. doi:10.1002/ptr.5622 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.5622
Bhandari, P.R (2015) 'Crocus sativus L. (saffron) for cancer chemoprevention: A mini review', Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine, 5(2), pp. 81-87. doi:10.1016/j.jtcme.2014.10.009 Meta-analysis / review
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Khorasanchi, Z., Shafiee, M., Kermanshahi, F., Khazaei, M., Ryzhikov, M., Parizadeh, M.R., Kermanshahi, B., Ferns, G.A., Avan, A. and Hassanian, S.M (2018) 'Crocus sativus a natural food coloring and flavoring has potent anti-tumor properties', Phytomedicine, 43, pp. 21-27. doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2018.03.041 Meta-analysis / review
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El Midaoui, A., Ghzaiel, I., Vervandier-Fasseur, D., Ksila, M., Zarrouk, A., Nury, T., Khallouki, F., El Hessni, A., Ibrahimi, S.O., Latruffe, N., Couture, R., Kharoubi, O., Brahmi, F., Hammami, S., Masmoudi-Kouki, O., Hammami, M., Ghrairi, T., Vejux, A. and Lizard, G (2022) 'Saffron (Crocus sativus L.): A Source of Nutrients for Health and for the Treatment of Neuropsychiatric and Age-Related Diseases', Nutrients, 14(3), pp. 597. doi:10.3390/nu14030597 Meta-analysis / review
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Pitsikas, N (2021) 'Crocus sativus L. Extracts and Its Constituents Crocins and Safranal; Potential Candidates for Schizophrenia Treatment?', Molecules, 26(5), pp. 1237. doi:10.3390/molecules26051237 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26051237
Akhondzadeh, S. et al (2005) 'Comparison of Crocus sativus L'. Traditional / reference
https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Comparison%20of%20Crocus%20sativus%20L
Hosseinzadeh, H. and Nassiri-Asl, M (2013) 'Avicenna', 27(4), pp. 475--483. Traditional / reference
https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Avicenna
Moshiri, E. et al (2006) 'Crocus sativus L', pp. 607--611. Traditional / reference
https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Crocus%20sativus%20L
Duke, J.A (2002) 'Handbook of Medicinal Herbs, Second Edition'. Traditional / reference
https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Handbook%20of%20Medicinal%20Herbs%2C%20Second%20Edition
Talaei, A., Hassanpour Moghadam, M., Sajadi Tabassi, S.A. and Mohajeri, S.A (2015) 'Crocin, the main active saffron constituent, as an adjunctive treatment in major depressive disorder: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, pilot clinical trial', Journal of Affective Disorders, 174, pp. 51-56. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2014.11.035 Randomized trial
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2014.11.035
Toth, B., Hegyi, P., Lantos, T., Szakacs, Z., Keremi, B., Varga, G., Tenk, J., Petervari, E., Balasko, M., Rumbus, Z., Rakonczay, Z., Balint, E.R., Kiss, T. and Csupor, D (2019) 'The efficacy of saffron in the treatment of mild to moderate depression: a meta-analysis', Planta Medica, 85(1), pp. 24-31. doi:10.1055/a-0660-9565 Meta-analysis / review
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Gabrscek, L. and Lesnicar, G. and Krivec, B. and Voga, G. and Sibanc, B. and Blatnik, J. and Jagodic, B (2004) 'Accidental poisoning with autumn crocus', Journal of Toxicology. Clinical Toxicology, 42(1), pp. 85-8. doi:10.1081/clt-120028750 Clinical study
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https://hort.extension.wisc.edu/articles/autumn-crocus-colchicum-spp/
Ohio State University Extension (Buckeye Yard and Garden onLine) 'Crocus By Other Names'. Available at: https://bygl.osu.edu/node/1458 Traditional / reference
https://bygl.osu.edu/node/1458

Potterat, O. and Hamburger, M (2007) 'Morinda citrifolia (Noni) fruit--phytochemistry, pharmacology, safety', Planta Medica, 73(3), pp. 191-199. doi:10.1055/s-2007-967115 Meta-analysis / review
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Brown, A.C (2012) 'Anticancer activity of Morinda citrifolia (Noni) fruit: a review', Phytotherapy Research, 26(10), pp. 1427-1440. doi:10.1002/ptr.4595 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.4595
Almeida-Souza, F., de Souza, C.S., Taniwaki, N.N., Silva, J.J. and others (2016) 'Morinda citrifolia Linn. fruit (Noni) juice induces an increase in NO production and death of Leishmania amazonensis amastigotes in peritoneal macrophages from BALB/c', Nitric Oxide, 58, pp. 51-58. doi:10.1016/j.niox.2016.06.004 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.niox.2016.06.004
Wang, R., Wang, L., Wang, S., Wang, J. and others (2022) 'Phenolics from noni (Morinda citrifolia L.) fruit alleviate obesity in high fat diet-fed mice via modulating the gut microbiota and mitigating intestinal damage', Food Chemistry, 402, pp. 134232. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.134232 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.134232
Yoshitomi, H., Zhou, J., Nishigaki, T., Li, W. and others (2020) 'Morinda citrifolia (Noni) fruit juice promotes vascular endothelium function in hypertension via glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor-CaMKKbeta-AMPK-eNOS pathway', Phytotherapy Research, 34(9), pp. 2341-2350. doi:10.1002/ptr.6685 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.6685
Almeida, E.S., de Oliveira, D. and Hotza, D (2019) 'Properties and Applications of Morinda citrifolia (Noni): A Review', Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety, 18(4), pp. 883-909. doi:10.1111/1541-4337.12456 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.1111/1541-4337.12456
Kim, S.H., Seong, G.S. and Choung, S.Y (2020) 'Fermented Morinda citrifolia (Noni) Alleviates DNCB-Induced Atopic Dermatitis in NC/Nga Mice through Modulating Immune Balance and Skin Barrier Function', Nutrients, 12(1), pp. 249. doi:10.3390/nu12010249 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12010249
Jin, M.Y., Wu, X.Y., Li, M.Y., Li, X.T. and others (2021) 'Noni (Morinda citrifolia L.) Fruit Polysaccharides Regulated IBD Mice Via Targeting Gut Microbiota: Association of JNK/ERK/NF-kappaB Signaling Pathways', Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 69(35), pp. 10151-10162. doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.1c03833 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.1c03833
Lee, D., Yu, J.S., Huang, P., Qader, M. and others (2020) 'Identification of Anti-Inflammatory Compounds from Hawaiian Noni (Morinda citrifolia L.) Fruit Juice', Molecules, 25(21), pp. 4968. doi:10.3390/molecules25214968 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25214968
Ma, L.D., Lin, G.B., Yang, L.B., Cao, J.L. and others (2021) 'Morinda citrifolia (Noni) Juice Suppresses A549 Human Lung Cancer Cells via Inhibiting AKT/Nuclear Factor-kappaB Signaling Pathway', Chinese Journal of Integrative Medicine, 27(9), pp. 688-695. doi:10.1007/s11655-020-3421-y Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11655-020-3421-y
Hirazumi, A. and Furusawa, E (1999) 'An immunomodulatory polysaccharide-rich substance from the fruit juice of Morinda citrifolia', 13(5), pp. 380--387. Preclinical
https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=An%20immunomodulatory%20polysaccharide-rich%20substance%20from%20the%20fruit%20juice%20of%20Morinda%20citrifolia
Potterat, O. and Hamburger, M (2007) 'Morinda citrifolia (Noni) fruit — phytochemistry, pharmacology, safety', 73(3), pp. 191--199. doi:10.1055/s-2007-967115 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-967115
West, B.J., Jensen, C.J., Westendorf, J. and White, L.D (2006) 'A safety review of noni fruit juice', 71(8). doi:10.1111/j.1750-3841.2006.00164.x Traditional / reference
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-3841.2006.00164.x
Duke, J.A (2002) 'Handbook of Medicinal Herbs, Second Edition'. Traditional / reference
https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Handbook%20of%20Medicinal%20Herbs%2C%20Second%20Edition

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Generated automatically from the Omnia Sana plant database and its cited sources. For educational purposes only — not medical advice. Always consult a qualified practitioner before using medicinal plants.