Plant Comparison

Hawthorn vs Sweet Violet

A side-by-side comparison of two medicinal plants — every documented constituent, action, use, safety note and cited source, assembled automatically from the Omnia Sana database.

First plant

Second plant

Plant AHawthornCrataegus monogynaRosaceaeFull monograph →

Plant BSweet VioletViola odorataViolaceaeFull monograph →

At a glance

Hawthorn and Sweet Violet: they share 5 indicated uses (arthritis / joint pain, cancer (anticancer research), inflammation (general), …); 3 pharmacological actions in common.

HawthornSweet Violet

Constituents23

Pharmacological actions45

Indicated uses611

Safety notes22

Cited sources2116

Indicated uses

Only Hawthorn

Cardiovascular / heart health

Shared (5)

Arthritis / joint painCancer (anticancer research)Inflammation (general)Insomnia / sleeplessnessSkin irritation

Only Sweet Violet

AsthmaBronchitisCoughHeadacheRespiratory supportSore throat

Pharmacological actions

Only Hawthorn

Antioxidant

Shared (3)

Anti-inflammatoryAnticancer (preclinical)Sedative / sleep support

Only Sweet Violet

Demulcent (soothing mucilage)Expectorant

Evidence face-off — shared uses

Condition	Hawthorn	Sweet Violet	Verdict
Arthritis / joint pain	1/10	1/10	Comparable evidence
Cancer (anticancer research)	2/10	2/10	Comparable evidence
Inflammation (general)	1/10	1/10	Comparable evidence
Insomnia / sleeplessness	1/10	6/10	Stronger for Sweet Violet
Skin irritation	1/10	5/10	Stronger for Sweet Violet

Evidence scores (1–10) are computed from the tier of each cited source. “Comparable” means the two scores are within one point. Follow a score to its detailed sources.

Key Constituents

Flavonoids (catechins, quercetin, vitexin) and anthocyanins^{[1, 4]}

Principal cardioprotective and antioxidant polyphenols characterised by chemical profiling of leaf, flower and fruit.

FlavonoidsCatechinsQuercetinAnthocyanins

Oligomeric proanthocyanidins^[4]

Contribute to the vasoactive and antioxidant effects, the basis for extract standardisation.

Proanthocyanidins

Mucilage and saponins^[11]

Mucilage gives the soothing demulcent action; saponins give the expectorant action.

MucilageSaponins

Flavonoids and salicylic acid^{[2, 11]}

Antioxidant and mild analgesic constituents.

Flavonoids

Alkaloids (e.g. violine) and essential oil^[11]

Minor aromatic and bioactive constituents.

Essential (volatile) oilAlkaloids

Pharmacological Actions

Anti-inflammatory^{[4, 13, 14, 15]}

Anticancer (preclinical)^[1]

Antioxidant^{[4, 5, 6, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15]}

Sedative / sleep support^{[13, 14, 15]}

Anti-inflammatory^{[1, 4, 11]}

Anticancer (preclinical)^{[3, 10]}

Demulcent (soothing mucilage)^{[1, 11, 12]}

Demulcent / expectorant for cough, bronchitis and catarrh (mucilage soothes; saponins loosen mucus) - a double-blind RCT found violet-flower syrup, added to standard treatment, sped cough suppression in children with asthma

Expectorant^{[1, 6, 11, 12]}

Sedative / sleep support^{[1, 7, 8, 9, 11]}

Mild sedative for sleeplessness and to ease headache (traditional)

Traditional & Indicated Uses

Arthritis / joint pain^{[13, 14, 15]}Traditional · 1/10

inferred from anti-inflammatory action

Evidence: 1

Label: Arthritis / joint pain

Cancer (anticancer research)^[1]Traditional · 2/10

inferred from anticancer action

Evidence: 2

Label: Cancer (anticancer research)

Cardiovascular / heart health^{[13, 14, 15]}Traditional · 1/10

Evidence: 1

Label: Cardiovascular / heart health

Inflammation (general)^{[13, 14, 15]}Traditional · 1/10

inferred from anti-inflammatory action

Evidence: 1

Label: Inflammation (general)

Insomnia / sleeplessness^{[13, 14, 15]}Traditional · 1/10

inferred from sedative action

Evidence: 1

Label: Insomnia / sleeplessness

Skin irritation^{[13, 14, 15]}Traditional · 1/10

inferred from anti-inflammatory action

Evidence: 1

Label: Skin irritation

Arthritis / joint pain^[11]Traditional · 1/10

inferred from anti-inflammatory action

Evidence: 1

Label: Arthritis / joint pain

Asthma^{[11, 12]}Moderate · 5/10

Evidence: 5

Label: Asthma

Bronchitis^{[11, 12]}Moderate · 5/10

Evidence: 5

Label: Bronchitis

Cancer (anticancer research)^{[3, 10]}Traditional · 2/10

inferred from anticancer action

Evidence: 2

Label: Cancer (anticancer research)

Cough^{[11, 12]}Moderate · 5/10

Evidence: 5

Label: Cough

Headache^[11]Traditional · 1/10

Mild sedative for sleeplessness and to ease headache (traditional)

Evidence: 1

Label: Headache

Inflammation (general)^[11]Traditional · 1/10

inferred from anti-inflammatory action

Evidence: 1

Label: Inflammation (general)

Insomnia / sleeplessness^{[8, 9, 11]}Moderate · 6/10

Mild sedative for sleeplessness and to ease headache (traditional)

Evidence: 6

Label: Insomnia / sleeplessness

Respiratory support^{[6, 11, 12]}Moderate · 6/10

inferred from expectorant action

Evidence: 6

Label: Respiratory support

Skin irritation^{[5, 11, 12]}Moderate · 5/10

inferred from demulcent action

Evidence: 5

Label: Skin irritation

Sore throat^[11]Traditional · 1/10

Evidence: 1

Label: Sore throat

Safety, Cautions & Contraindications

Safety note^{[13, 14, 15]}Caution

Generally well tolerated. Hawthorn should not replace prescribed cardiac medications without medical supervision. May potentiate the effects of cardiac glycosides (digoxin), antihypertensive drugs, and coronary dilators. Not recommended during pregnancy and breastfeeding due to insufficient safety data. Mild side effects (nausea, dizziness, GI upset) occasionally reported.

Safety note^{[13, 14, 15, 16]}Caution

Duke (2002) rates hawthorn as +++ — one of the most clinically supported cardiovascular herbs. Clinical evidence (score 2) supports its use for decreasing cardiac output (NYHA functional Stage II heart failure), as recognized by Commission E. Key activities include vasodilation, positive inotropic effects, and antioxidant protection of vascular tissue. Dose: 160–900 mg standardized leaf/flower extract (containing 18.75% oligomeric proanthocyanidins) daily. Duke emphasizes that hawthorn should not replace conventional heart failure therapy, and therapeutic effects may take 4–8 weeks to emerge. Mild interactions with cardiac glycosides (digitalis) are possible (Duke, 2002).

Safety note^{[11, 13]}Caution

Generally well tolerated as flower/leaf preparations. It contains salicylates, so use caution if you are salicylate-sensitive; the root in large doses is emetic and purgative.

Safety note^[13]Caution

Safety in pregnancy and breastfeeding is not established, so avoid medicinal doses.

External Ids

Gbif: 9220780

Wikidata: Q161511

Gbif: 5331181

Wikidata: Q108684

Botanical Description

Small deciduous tree or large shrub, densely thorny, with deeply lobed, glossy leaves (more deeply cut than midland hawthorn). Clusters of small, five-petalled white flowers with a strong, musky scent appear in spring ('May blossom'), followed by small red berries (haws), each containing a single seed (nutlet) - the origin of the species name monogyna.^[4]

Height: 5-10 m

Habit: Small deciduous, densely thorny tree or large shrub

Leaves: Deeply lobed, glossy (more deeply cut than C. laevigata)

Flowers: Clusters of small, five-petalled white, strongly musky-scented flowers

Stem: Densely thorny branches; grey, fissured bark on older wood

Root: Deep, spreading root system

Fruit: Small red berry (haw), containing a single seed

Flowering Period: May

Low, spreading perennial herb with heart-shaped, softly toothed leaves arising from a short rootstock, spreading by runners (stolons). Fragrant, deep violet-purple (occasionally white) flowers with five petals, the lower petal spurred, are borne singly on slender stalks.^[11]

Height: 5-15 cm

Habit: Low, spreading perennial herb, spreading by runners

Leaves: Heart-shaped, softly toothed

Flowers: Fragrant, deep violet-purple (occasionally white), five-petalled, the lower petal spurred, borne singly

Stem: Very short; leaves and flowers arise from a basal rootstock, spreading by stolons

Root: Short rootstock with spreading runners

Fruit: Small three-valved capsule

Flowering Period: February-April (with a lighter second flush in autumn)

Habitat

One of the commonest hedgerow and scrub trees of Europe, growing in hedgerows, woodland edges, scrub and pasture on a wide range of soils; native to Europe, North Africa and Western Asia.^[4]

Grows in woodland edges, hedgerows, shaded banks and gardens on moist, humus-rich soils; native to Europe, North Africa and Asia and widely naturalised and cultivated elsewhere.^[11]

Harvesting

Flowers are picked as they open in May, leaves are picked with the young flowering shoots, and the ripe red berries (haws) are gathered in autumn after the first frosts soften them slightly; all three parts are traditionally combined.^[4]

Parts: Flower, Fruit, Leaf

Season: Flower and leaf in May; fruit in autumn

Flowers are picked as they open in early spring; leaves can be gathered through the growing season and dried.^[11]

Parts: Flower and leaf (aerial parts)

Season: Flower in early spring; leaf through the growing season

Traditional Uses

Common hawthorn shares the same long cardiovascular and calming tradition as midland hawthorn, used across European herbal medicine as a heart tonic for mild circulatory complaints, palpitations and nervous tension, and remains one of the most clinically studied cardiovascular botanicals.^[4]

Sweet violet flower and leaf have a long European folk history as a soothing demulcent and expectorant remedy for cough, bronchitis and catarrh, and as a mild sedative for sleeplessness and headache; the flower syrup in particular has a long tradition as a children's cough remedy.^[11]

Preparations

Standardised extract^[4]

Leaf-and-flower extract standardised to flavonoid or procyanidin content, taken as tablets or capsules; the best-studied clinical form.

Syrup (flower)^[12]

Fresh flowers infused and combined with sugar syrup as a traditional soothing cough remedy, particularly for children.

Infusion^[11]

Dried flower or leaf infused in hot water as a traditional demulcent, calming tea.

Dosage

Standardised extract^[13]

The EU herbal monograph on Crataegus spp., folium cum flore gives dry extracts in divided daily doses of 240-900 mg (single dose 80-450 mg) or, for one quantified extract, 570-1750 mg daily (single dose 190-350 mg), in adults and elderly. If symptoms persist longer than 2 weeks a doctor should be consulted, and hawthorn is never used as a substitute for prescribed heart medication without medical supervision. Educational reference only, not a prescription.

Herbal tea^[13]

The EU herbal monograph gives 1-2 g of the comminuted leaf and flower in 150 mL of boiling water as an infusion, up to 4 times daily (maximum 6 g daily), in adults and elderly. Educational reference only, not a prescription.

Infusion/syrup^[8]

A double-blind randomised placebo-controlled trial used 5 mL of Viola odorata syrup every 12 hours for 4 weeks as add-on therapy for insomnia. Traditional references suggest around 2-4 g of dried flower and leaf per cup, up to three times daily. Note the EU monograph on Violae herba cum flore covers Viola tricolor, a different species, and its posology does not transfer here. Educational reference only, not a prescription.

References

REF-0785, REF-0786, REF-0787, REF-1709, REF-1710, REF-1711, REF-1712, REF-1713, REF-1714, REF-1715, REF-1716, REF-1717

REF-1143, REF-1144, REF-1145, REF-1146, REF-1147, REF-1148, REF-1149, REF-1150, REF-1151, REF-1152

Drug Class Interactions

Safety note^{[17, 18, 19]}Caution

Drug Class: cardiac-glycosides

Mechanism: Hawthorn has its own positive effect on the heart (a Cochrane review found it improves heart-failure symptoms and exercise tolerance) and shares P-glycoprotein handling with digoxin, so combining it with digoxin or other cardiac-glycoside heart drugs should be supervised even though a controlled study found no major change in digoxin levels.

Reviewed By: Omnia Sana (owner-authorized)

Reviewed Date: 2026-07-03

Safety note^{[18, 19]}Caution

Drug Class: antihypertensives

Mechanism: Hawthorn can mildly lower blood pressure and reduce cardiac oxygen demand (a Cochrane meta-analysis found a lower pressure-heart-rate product), which may add to the effect of blood-pressure and heart-failure medicines.

Reviewed By: Omnia Sana (owner-authorized)

Reviewed Date: 2026-07-03

Safety note^{[20, 21]}Caution

Drug Class: sedatives-cns-depressants

Mechanism: Hawthorn is traditionally used as a calming, sedative herb; taken with sedatives, sleeping tablets or other central-nervous-system depressants (including alcohol) it may add to drowsiness and slowed reactions.

Reviewed By: Omnia Sana (owner-authorized)

Reviewed Date: 2026-07-03

Safety note^{[14, 15]}Caution

Drug Class: sedatives-cns-depressants

Mechanism: Sweet violet is traditionally used as a calming, sedative herb; taken with sedatives, sleeping tablets or other central-nervous-system depressants (including alcohol) it may add to drowsiness and slowed reactions.

Reviewed By: Omnia Sana (owner-authorized)

Reviewed Date: 2026-07-03

Lookalikes Review

Outcome: none-known

Reviewed By: Omnia Sana (owner-authorized)

Reviewed Date: 2026-07-07

Outcome: has-lookalikes

Reviewed By: Omnia Sana (owner-authorized)

Reviewed Date: 2026-07-07

Dangerous Lookalikes

Not documented

Safety note^[16]Irritant

Dangerous Plant: ficaria-verna

Confused Part: Low, heart-shaped spring leaves gathered as an edible; lesser celandine forms similar low leaves at the same time and place.

Confusion Context: Sweet violet (Viola odorata) is foraged in early spring for its heart-shaped leaves and flowers. Lesser celandine (Ficaria verna, fig buttercup) grows in the same season and habitat and, as foraging guidance warns, its low-growing leaves closely resemble violet; lesser celandine is toxic to humans in most stages (it contains the acrid irritant protoanemonin). Because their spring leaves are alike, this is a genuine early-season foraging hazard, although cooking destroys the toxin and the acrid taste discourages eating much.

Distinguishing Features: Flowers (decisive): sweet violet has purple (sometimes white) flowers with five uneven petals. Lesser celandine has glossy, bright-yellow star-like flowers with 8-12 petals. A yellow many-petalled flower means lesser celandine, never violet., Leaves: violet leaves are matt and heart-shaped on their own stalks from the base. Lesser celandine leaves are glossier and more kidney- to arrow-shaped, sometimes with pale mottling., Best practice: harvest violet leaves only once you can trace every leaf to a violet plant (ideally in flower), not to a yellow-flowered plant.

Key Test: Wait until the plant flowers, or trace each leaf to its flower. Purple five-petalled flowers with matt heart-shaped leaves = sweet violet. Glossy yellow flowers with 8-12 petals = lesser celandine - do not eat it raw. If you cannot confirm a violet flower, do not gather the leaves.

Reviewed By: Omnia Sana (owner-authorized)

Reviewed Date: 2026-07-07

References & Sources

Ez-Zahra Amrati, F., Mssillou, I., Boukhira, S., Djiddi Bichara, M. et al (2024) 'Phenolic Composition of Crataegus monogyna Jacq. Extract and Its Anti-Inflammatory, Hepatoprotective, and Antileukemia Effects', Pharmaceuticals (Basel), 17(6), pp. 786. doi:10.3390/ph17060786 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.3390/ph17060786
Lis, M., Szczypka, M., Suszko-Pawłowska, A., Sokół-Łętowska, A. et al (2019) 'Hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna) Phenolic Extract Modulates Lymphocyte Subsets and Humoral Immune Response in Mice', Planta Medica, 86(2), pp. 160-168. doi:10.1055/a-1045-5437 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1055/a-1045-5437
Paun, G., Neagu, E., Albu, C., Alecu, A. et al (2024) 'Antioxidant and Antidiabetic Activity of Crataegus monogyna L. and Cornus mas Fruit Extracts', Molecules, 29(15), pp. 3595. doi:10.3390/molecules29153595 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29153595
Nabavi, S.F., Habtemariam, S., Ahmed, T., Sureda, A., Daglia, M. and Sobarzo-Sanchez, E (2015) 'Polyphenolic Composition of Crataegus monogyna Jacq.: From Chemistry to Medical Applications', Nutrients, 7(9), pp. 7708-7728. doi:10.3390/nu7095361 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7095361
Belabdelli, F., Bekhti, N., Piras, A., Benhafsa, F.M., Ilham, M. and Adil, S (2021) 'Chemical composition, antioxidant and antibacterial activity of Crataegus monogyna leaves' extracts', Natural Product Research, 36(12), pp. 3234-3239. doi:10.1080/14786419.2021.1958215 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2021.1958215
Jalali, A.S., Hasanzadeh, S. and Malekinejad, H (2012) 'Crataegus monogyna aqueous extract ameliorates cyclophosphamide-induced toxicity in rat testis: stereological evidences', Acta Medica Iranica, 50(1), pp. 1-8. Preclinical
https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Crataegus%20monogyna%20aqueous%20extract%20ameliorates%20cyclophosphamide-induced%20toxicity%20in%20rat%20testis%3A%20stereological%20evidences
Martin-Garcia, B., Razola-Diaz, M.D.C., Gomez-Caravaca, A.M., Benitez, G. and Verardo, V (2021) 'Setup of an Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction to Obtain High Phenolic Recovery in Crataegus monogyna Leaves', Molecules, 26(15), pp. 4536. doi:10.3390/molecules26154536 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26154536
Arslan, R., Bektas, N., Bor, Z. and Sener, E (2014) 'Evaluation of the antithrombotic effects of Crataegus monogyna and Crataegus davisii in the carrageenan-induced tail thrombosis model', Pharmaceutical Biology, 53(2), pp. 275-279. doi:10.3109/13880209.2014.914957 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.3109/13880209.2014.914957
Edwards, J.E., Brown, P.N., Talent, N., Dickinson, T.A. and Shipley, P.R (2012) 'A review of the chemistry of the genus Crataegus', Phytochemistry, 79, pp. 5-26. doi:10.1016/j.phytochem.2012.04.006 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2012.04.006
Jarzycka, A., Lewinska, A., Gancarz, R. and Wilk, K.A (2013) 'Assessment of extracts of Helichrysum arenarium, Crataegus monogyna, Sambucus nigra in photoprotective UVA and UVB; photostability in cosmetic emulsions', Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology, 128, pp. 50-57. doi:10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2013.07.029 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2013.07.029
Lucconi, G., Chlapanidas, T., Martino, E., Gaggeri, R., Perteghella, S. and Rossi, D (2013) 'Formulation of microspheres containing Crataegus monogyna Jacq. extract with free radical scavenging activity', Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, 19(1), pp. 65-72. doi:10.3109/10837450.2012.752387 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.3109/10837450.2012.752387
Zorniak, M., Szydlo, B. and Krzeminski, T.F (2017) 'Crataegus special extract WS 1442: up-to-date review of experimental and clinical experiences', Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology, 68(4), pp. 521-526. Meta-analysis / review
https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Crataegus%20special%20extract%20WS%201442%3A%20up-to-date%20review%20of%20experimental%20and%20clinical%20experiences
European Medicines Agency (2016) 'European Union herbal monograph on Crataegus spp., folium cum flore'. Traditional / reference
https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=European%20Union%20herbal%20monograph%20on%20Crataegus%20spp.%2C%20folium%20cum%20flore
Pittler, M.H., Guo, R. and Ernst, E (2008) 'Hawthorn extract for treating chronic heart failure'. Traditional / reference
https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Hawthorn%20extract%20for%20treating%20chronic%20heart%20failure
Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew (n.d.). Available at: https://powo.science.kew.org Traditional / reference
https://powo.science.kew.org
Duke, J.A (2002) 'Handbook of Medicinal Herbs, Second Edition'. Traditional / reference
https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Handbook%20of%20Medicinal%20Herbs%2C%20Second%20Edition
Tankanow, R., Tamer, H.R., Streetman, D.S., Smith, S.G., Welton, J.L., Annesley, T., Aaronson, K.D. and Bleske, B.E (2003) 'Interaction study between digoxin and a preparation of hawthorn (Crataegus oxyacantha)', Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 43(6), pp. 637-642. doi:10.1177/0091270003253417 Randomized trial
https://doi.org/10.1177/0091270003253417
Pittler, M.H., Guo, R. and Ernst, E (2008) 'Hawthorn extract for treating chronic heart failure', Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2008(1), pp. CD005312. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD005312.pub2 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD005312.pub2
Pittler, M.H., Guo, R. and Ernst, E (2008) 'Hawthorn extract for treating chronic heart failure', Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2008(1), pp. CD005312. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD005312.pub2 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD005312.pub2
Ghasemzadeh Rahbardar, M. and Hosseinzadeh, H (2024) 'Therapeutic potential of hypnotic herbal medicines: A comprehensive review', Phytotherapy Research, 38(6), pp. 3037-3059. doi:10.1002/ptr.8201 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.8201
Block, K.I., Gyllenhaal, C. and Mead, M.N (2004) 'Safety and efficacy of herbal sedatives in cancer care', Integrative Cancer Therapies, 3(2), pp. 128-148. doi:10.1177/1534735404265003 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.1177/1534735404265003

Feyzabadi, Z., Ghorbani, F., Vazani, Y. and Zarshenas, M.M (2017) 'A Critical Review on Phytochemistry, Pharmacology of Viola odorata L. and Related Multipotential Products in Traditional Persian Medicine', Phytotherapy Research, 31(11), pp. 1669-1675. doi:10.1002/ptr.5909 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.5909
Heger, T., Zatloukal, M., Kubala, M., Strnad, M. and others (2022) 'Procyanidin C1 from Viola odorata L. inhibits Na,K-ATPase', Scientific Reports, 12(1), pp. 7011. doi:10.1038/s41598-022-11086-y Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-11086-y
Yousefnia, S., Naseri, D., Seyed Forootan, F., Tabatabaeian, M. and others (2020) 'Suppressive role of Viola odorata extract on malignant characters of mammosphere-derived breast cancer stem cells', Clinical & Translational Oncology, 22(9), pp. 1619-1634. doi:10.1007/s12094-020-02307-9 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12094-020-02307-9
Tafazoli, V., Shahriari, M., Heydari, M., Nikbakht, H.A. and others (2020) 'The Effect of Viola odorata L. Oil for Fever in Children: A Randomized Triple-blinded Placebo-controlled Clinical Trial', Current Drug Discovery Technologies, 17(5), pp. 696-703. doi:10.2174/1570163816666190620142256 Randomized trial
https://doi.org/10.2174/1570163816666190620142256
Rahimi, V.B., Askari, V.R., Emami, S.A. and Tayarani-Najaran, Z (2017) 'Anti-melanogenic activity of Viola odorata different extracts on B16F10 murine melanoma cells', Iranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences, 20(3), pp. 242-249. doi:10.22038/ijbms.2017.8350 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.22038/ijbms.2017.8350
Adel Mehraban, M.S., Shirzad, M., Mohammad Taghizadeh Kashani, L., Ahmadian-Attari, M.M. and others (2022) 'Efficacy and safety of add-on Viola odorata L. in the treatment of COVID-19: A randomized double-blind controlled trial', Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 304, pp. 116058. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2022.116058 Randomized trial
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2022.116058
Saleem, U., Hira, S., Anwar, F., Shah, M.A. and others (2021) 'Pharmacological Screening of Viola odorata L. for Memory-Enhancing Effect via Modulation of Oxidative Stress and Inflammatory Biomarkers', Frontiers in Pharmacology, 12, pp. 664832. doi:10.3389/fphar.2021.664832 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2021.664832
Shayesteh, M., Vaez-Mahdavi, M.R., Shams, J., Kamalinejad, M. and others (2020) 'Effects of Viola odorata as an Add-On Therapy on Insomnia in Patients with Obsession or Depression: A Pilot Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial', Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 26(5), pp. 398-408. doi:10.1089/acm.2019.0254 Randomized trial
https://doi.org/10.1089/acm.2019.0254
Feyzabadi, Z., Jafari, F., Kamali, S.H., Ashayeri, H. and others (2014) 'Efficacy of Viola odorata in Treatment of Chronic Insomnia', Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal, 16(12), pp. e17511. doi:10.5812/ircmj.17511 Clinical study
https://doi.org/10.5812/ircmj.17511
Parsley, N.C., Kirkpatrick, C.L., Crittenden, C.M., Rad, J.G. and others (2018) 'PepSAVI-MS reveals anticancer and antifungal cycloviolacins in Viola odorata', Phytochemistry, 152, pp. 61-70. doi:10.1016/j.phytochem.2018.04.014 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2018.04.014
Herbal Reality (n.d.) 'Violets (Viola odorata): Benefits, Safety, Uses'. Available at: https://www.herbalreality.com/herb/violets/ Traditional / reference
https://www.herbalreality.com/herb/violets/
Qasemzadeh, M.J., Sharifi, H., Hamedanian, M., Gharehbeglou, M., Heydari, M., Sardari, M., Akhlaghdoust, M. and Minae, M.B (2015) 'The Effect of Viola odorata Flower Syrup on the Cough of Children With Asthma: A Double-Blind, Randomized Controlled Trial', Journal of Evidence-Based Complementary & Alternative Medicine, 20(4), pp. 287--291. doi:10.1177/2156587215584862 Randomized trial
https://doi.org/10.1177/2156587215584862
RxList (n.d.) 'Sweet Violet: Health Benefits, Side Effects, Uses, Dose & Precautions'. Available at: https://www.rxlist.com/supplements/sweet_violet.htm Traditional / reference
https://www.rxlist.com/supplements/sweet_violet.htm
Ghasemzadeh Rahbardar, M. and Hosseinzadeh, H (2024) 'Therapeutic potential of hypnotic herbal medicines: A comprehensive review', Phytotherapy Research, 38(6), pp. 3037-3059. doi:10.1002/ptr.8201 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.8201
Block, K.I., Gyllenhaal, C. and Mead, M.N (2004) 'Safety and efficacy of herbal sedatives in cancer care', Integrative Cancer Therapies, 3(2), pp. 128-148. doi:10.1177/1534735404265003 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.1177/1534735404265003
Unruly Gardening 'Foraging Violets: How to Identify, Harvest and Use'. Available at: https://unrulygardening.com/foraging-violets/ Traditional / reference
https://unrulygardening.com/foraging-violets/

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Generated automatically from the Omnia Sana plant database and its cited sources. For educational purposes only — not medical advice. Always consult a qualified practitioner before using medicinal plants.