Plant Comparison
Gotu Kola vs Wild carrot
A side-by-side comparison of two medicinal plants — every documented constituent, action, use, safety note and cited source, assembled automatically from the Omnia Sana database.
At a glance
Gotu Kola and Wild carrot: both belong to the Apiaceae family; they share 3 indicated uses (inflammation (general), swelling / fluid retention, wounds); 3 pharmacological actions in common.
Evidence face-off — shared uses
| Condition | Gotu Kola | Wild carrot | Verdict |
|---|---|---|---|
| Inflammation (general) | 2/10 | 8/10 | Stronger for Wild carrot |
| Swelling / fluid retention | 8/10 | 7/10 | Comparable evidence |
| Wounds | 2/10 | 2/10 | Comparable evidence |
Evidence scores (1–10) are computed from the tier of each cited source. “Comparable” means the two scores are within one point. Follow a score to its detailed sources.
Key Constituents
The marker compounds and principal actives for wound healing, vascular and neuroprotective effects.
Antioxidant and aromatic supporting constituents.
Seed oil dominated by the sesquiterpene alcohol carotol (often >75%), with alpha-pinene, sabinene, beta-caryophyllene, geranyl acetate and daucol; gives the aromatic, carminative and antimicrobial character.
Beta-carotene and other carotenoids, especially abundant in the root; carrot is the main dietary source of provitamin A.
C17-polyacetylenes (falcarinol, falcarindiol) with anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antifungal and antibacterial activity.
Antioxidant flavonoids such as luteolin, apigenin, quercetin and kaempferol, and phenolic acids such as chlorogenic and caffeic acid.
Pharmacological Actions
Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant; supports inflammatory skin conditions (eczema, psoriasis, ulcers)
Improves venous tone and microcirculation - supports chronic venous insufficiency / varicose veins and reduces leg swelling
Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant; supports inflammatory skin conditions (eczema, psoriasis, ulcers)
Anxiolytic / calming (anxiety)
Improves venous tone and microcirculation - supports chronic venous insufficiency / varicose veins and reduces leg swelling
Classic diuretic and antilithic (stone-clearing) use; supported by antiurolithic activity in animal models.
Root extract protective and curative in renal ischemia-reperfusion injury and against cisplatin nephrotoxicity (preclinical).
Antisecretory, antacid and antiulcer activity; enhances the antiulcer effect of pantoprazole (preclinical).
Seed essential oil inhibits food-borne Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.
Falcarinol-type polyacetylenes.
Falcarinol-type polyacetylenes and other constituents show anti-proliferative and anti-metastatic activity in vitro and in vivo (preclinical).
Carrot insoluble dietary fibre improved glucose tolerance in animal models (preclinical).
Insoluble dietary fibre reduced the post-load rise in blood lipids (preclinical).
Carrot seed oil bioactives promote wound healing (preclinical).
Aromatic bitter carminative for flatulent digestion (traditional).
Traditional & Indicated Uses
inferred from anti-inflammatory action
Improves alertness and mood (raises alertness, reduces anger); a meta-analysis found no significant improvement in specific cognitive-function domains versus placebo
Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant; supports inflammatory skin conditions (eczema, psoriasis, ulcers)
inferred from anti-inflammatory action
inferred from anxiolytic action
Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant; supports inflammatory skin conditions (eczema, psoriasis, ulcers)
inferred from anti-inflammatory action
Improves venous tone and microcirculation - supports chronic venous insufficiency / varicose veins and reduces leg swelling
Improves venous tone and microcirculation - supports chronic venous insufficiency / varicose veins and reduces leg swelling
inferred from anticancer action
Nephroprotective and antiurolithic activity in animal models.
Traditional diuretic for urinary gravel and cystitis; antiurolithic activity.
inferred from diuretic / urinary-antiseptic traditional use
inferred from diuretic action
Carrot seed oil promotes wound healing (preclinical).
inferred from anti-inflammatory action
inferred from antimicrobial action
inferred from antidiabetic action (insoluble dietary fibre)
inferred from lipid-lowering action (insoluble dietary fibre)
Safety, Cautions & Contraindications
Generally well tolerated topically and orally; it can occasionally cause allergic contact dermatitis and, rarely, reversible elevation of liver enzymes with prolonged high oral doses.
May add to the effect of sedatives; use caution with other liver-affecting medicines. Safety in pregnancy and breastfeeding is not established, so avoid medicinal doses.
Wild carrot SEED has estrogenic and anti-implantation (pregnancy-interceptory) activity and a long reputation as an emmenagogue and folk contraceptive; medicinal doses of the seed should be avoided in pregnancy and when trying to conceive.
Like other Apiaceae, wild carrot contains furanocoumarins that can cause photosensitivity; skin contact with the sap plus sun exposure may cause phytophotodermatitis. Avoid excessive sun or UV exposure when using the herb medicinally.
Excessive intake of carrot or carotene can cause a harmless, reversible yellow-orange discolouration of the skin (carotenodermia).
CRITICAL foraging hazard: wild carrot grows among, and closely resembles, several deadly poisonous Apiaceae - poison hemlock (Conium maculatum), fool's parsley (Aethusa cynapium), hemlock water-dropwort (Oenanthe crocata) and water hemlock (Cicuta virosa). Never gather wild carrot for use unless every look-alike has been positively excluded. Wild carrot has solid, ridged, bristly-HAIRY stems, a carrot smell, three-forked bracts beneath the umbel and usually a single dark central floret; the deadly hemlocks have smooth, hairless stems (often purple-blotched) and an unpleasant smell.
External Ids
Botanical Description
Low, creeping perennial herb rooting at the nodes along slender, prostrate stems. The leaves are long-stalked, rounded to kidney- or fan-shaped, with a gently scalloped (crenate) margin, arising in small clusters at each node. Tiny, pinkish-white flowers are borne in small, inconspicuous clusters hidden near the base of the leaf stalks, close to the ground.[12]
Erect biennial herb of the carrot family, 30-100 cm tall, growing from a slender, whitish, aromatic taproot. The leaves are 2-3-pinnate, finely divided and feathery, and smell distinctly of carrot when crushed. Tiny white flowers are borne in a flat or slightly domed compound umbel, classically with a single dark purple-red floret at the very centre; a ruff of long, three-forked (feathery) bracts sits beneath the umbel. As the seed ripens the umbel curls inward into a concave 'bird's nest'. The stems are solid, ridged and roughly hairy (bristly).[1]
Habitat
Grows in damp, shaded ground, lawns, ditches and wetland margins throughout tropical and subtropical Asia (China, India, Southeast Asia) and parts of Africa, Australia and the Pacific.[12]
Dry grassland, meadows, roadsides, field margins and waste ground on well-drained, often chalky (calcareous) soils. Native to Europe, south-west Asia and North Africa and widely naturalised across temperate North America, Australia and elsewhere. The cultivated carrot (Daucus carota subsp. sativus) was domesticated from this wild stock.[1]
Harvesting
The aerial parts (leaves and trailing stems) are harvested during active growth, cut a short distance above the soil to allow regrowth, and used fresh or dried.
The ripe fruits (seeds) are collected from the drying umbels in late summer to autumn; the aromatic seed is the part richest in essential oil. The taproot is dug in the first-year rosette stage, before the plant flowers, when it is still tender; aerial parts are gathered while in flower. Only ever harvest where the plant can be identified with certainty against its deadly Apiaceae look-alikes.[1, 14]
Traditional Uses
Gotu kola is a cornerstone herb of Ayurvedic and traditional Chinese medicine, valued as a 'rasayana' (rejuvenating) tonic for skin healing, memory and mental clarity, and calming the mind; it has a particularly strong traditional and modern reputation for wound healing and connective-tissue/vascular support, reflected in its widespread use for scars, minor wounds and varicose veins.[12]
Wild carrot has a long folk-medicinal history as a diuretic and urinary remedy for gravel, stones, cystitis and gout, and as a carminative aromatic bitter for flatulent indigestion. The seed is the classic part used and carries a well-documented traditional reputation as an emmenagogue and folk contraceptive ('Queen Anne's Lace seed'); experimental work confirms estrogenic and anti-implantation (pregnancy-interceptory) activity, which is also why the seed is avoided in pregnancy. The root is nutritive and rich in carotene, and the plant has been applied to wounds and inflamed skin.[1, 17]
Preparations
Extract titrated to triterpenoid (asiaticoside/madecassoside) content, taken orally as capsules/tablets for venous and cognitive support, or applied topically for wound and scar care.
Standardised extract or fresh leaf preparation applied topically to wounds, scars and inflamed skin.
Dried seed or aerial parts (herb) infused in hot water as a diuretic and carminative tea - the traditional way of taking wild carrot for urinary and digestive complaints.
The bruised aromatic seed steeped or briefly simmered; the seed is the part richest in essential oil and is the classic diuretic and emmenagogue preparation.
Crushed leaf or grated root applied externally to wounds and inflamed skin, reflecting the traditional vulnerary use; carrot seed oil bioactives promote wound healing in animal studies.
Dosage
Clinical studies commonly use extracts providing around 60-180 mg total triterpenoids daily, in divided doses. Educational reference only, not a prescription.
The EU herbal monograph on Centella asiatica herba is for CUTANEOUS USE ONLY and gives, for adults and elderly, a single dose of 0.6 g of the comminuted herb infused in a small amount of boiling water, the still-warm infusion applied as an impregnated dressing 3 times daily (daily dose 1.8 g); or 0.6 g of the powdered herb applied to the affected area 3 times daily. Not to be used for more than 1 week, and not recommended under 18 years. The monograph gives no oral posology - see the separate standardised-extract entry. Educational reference only, not a prescription.
Not documented
References
Lookalikes Review
Dangerous Lookalikes
Synonyms
Not documented
Drug Class Interactions
Not documented
Pairings
Not documented
Both are Apiaceae diuretics traditionally combined for urinary and 'gravel' complaints; complementary diuretic and urinary-support action.[1]
Aromatic Apiaceae seeds traditionally paired as carminative and diuretic digestive teas.[1]
Classic diuretic pairing for fluid retention and urinary support; both increase urine flow.[1]
References & Sources
- Bylka, W., Znajdek-Awizen, P., Studzinska-Sroka, E., Danczak-Pazdrowska, A. and Brzezinska, M (2014) 'Centella asiatica in dermatology: an overview', Phytotherapy Research, 28(8), pp. 1117-1124. doi:10.1002/ptr.5110 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.5110 - Bylka, W., Znajdek-Awizen, P., Studzinska-Sroka, E. and Brzezinska, M (2013) 'Centella asiatica in cosmetology', Postepy Dermatologii i Alergologii, 30(1), pp. 46-49. doi:10.5114/pdia.2013.33378 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.5114/pdia.2013.33378 - Park, K.S (2021) 'Pharmacological effects of Centella asiatica on skin diseases: evidence and possible mechanisms', Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2021, pp. 5462633. doi:10.1155/2021/5462633 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/5462633 - Diniz, L.R.L., Calado, L.L., Duarte, A.B.S. and de Sousa, D.P (2023) 'Centella asiatica and its metabolite asiatic acid: wound healing effects and therapeutic potential', Metabolites, 13(2), pp. 276. doi:10.3390/metabo13020276 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo13020276 - Arribas-Lopez, E., Zand, N., Ojo, O., Snowden, M.J. and Kochhar, T (2022) 'A systematic review of the effect of Centella asiatica on wound healing', International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(6), pp. 3266. doi:10.3390/ijerph19063266 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19063266 - Lin, P., Shi, H., Lu, Y. and Lin, J (2023) 'Centella asiatica alleviates psoriasis through JAK/STAT3-mediated inflammation: an in vitro and in vivo study', Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 317, pp. 116746. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2023.116746 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2023.116746 - Ratz-Lyko, A., Arct, J. and Pytkowska, K (2016) 'Moisturizing and antiinflammatory properties of cosmetic formulations containing Centella asiatica extract', Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 78(1), pp. 27-33. doi:10.4103/0250-474x.180247 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.4103/0250-474x.180247 - Sun, B., Wu, L., Wu, Y., Zhang, C., Qin, L., Hayashi, M., Kudo, M., Gao, M. and Liu, T (2020) 'Therapeutic potential of Centella asiatica and its triterpenes: a review', Frontiers in Pharmacology, 11, pp. 568032. doi:10.3389/fphar.2020.568032 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2020.568032 - Razali, N.N.M., Ng, C.T. and Fong, L.Y (2019) 'Cardiovascular protective effects of Centella asiatica and its triterpenes: a review', Planta Medica, 85(16), pp. 1203-1215. doi:10.1055/a-1008-6138 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.1055/a-1008-6138 - Sharma, R., Banerjee, S. and Sharma, R (2024) 'Role of Mandukparni (Centella asiatica Linn Urban) in neurological disorders: evidence from ethnopharmacology and clinical studies to network enrichment analysis', Neurochemistry International, 180, pp. 105865. doi:10.1016/j.neuint.2024.105865 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuint.2024.105865 - Banerjee, O., Singh, S., Paul, T., Maji, B.K. and Mukherjee, S (2024) 'Centella asiatica mitigates the detrimental effects of Bisphenol-A (BPA) on pancreatic islets', Scientific Reports, 14(1), pp. 8043. doi:10.1038/s41598-024-58545-2 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-58545-2 - Bandopadhyay, S., Mandal, S., Ghorai, M., Jha, N.K., Kumar, M., Radha, Ghosh, A., Prockow, J., Perez de la Lastra, J.M. and Dey, A (2023) 'Therapeutic properties and pharmacological activities of asiaticoside and madecassoside: A review', Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine. doi:10.1111/jcmm.17635 Traditional / reference
https://doi.org/10.1111/jcmm.17635 - European Medicines Agency (HMPC) (2018) 'European Union herbal monograph on Centella asiatica (L.) Urb., herba, Revision 1'. Available at: https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/herbal-monograph/european-union-herbal-monograph-centella-asiatica-l-urb-herba-revision-1_en.pdf Traditional / reference
https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/herbal-monograph/european-union-herbal-monograph-centella-asiatica-l-urb-herba-revision-1_en.pdf - Belcaro, G., Maquart, F.-X., Scoccianti, M., Dugall, M., Hosoi, M., Cesarone, M.R., Luzzi, R., Cornelli, U., Ledda, A. and Feragalli, B (2011) 'TECA (Titrated Extract of Centella Asiatica): new microcirculatory, biomolecular, and vascular application in preventive and clinical medicine. A status paper', Panminerva Medica. Preclinical
https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=TECA%20%28Titrated%20Extract%20of%20Centella%20Asiatica%29%3A%20new%20microcirculatory%2C%20biomolecular%2C%20and%20vascular%20application%20in%20preventive%20and%20clinical%20medicine.%20A%20status%20paper - Chong, N.J. and Aziz, Z (2013) 'A Systematic Review of the Efficacy of Centella asiatica for Improvement of the Signs and Symptoms of Chronic Venous Insufficiency', Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. doi:10.1155/2013/627182 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/627182 - Martinez-Zapata, M.J., Vernooij, R.W., Simancas-Racines, D., Uriona Tuma, S.M., Stein, A.T. and others (2020) 'Phlebotonics for venous insufficiency', Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003229.pub4 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD003229.pub4 - Puttarak, P., Dilokthornsakul, P., Saokaew, S., Dhippayom, T., Kongkaew, C. and others (2017) 'Effects of Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. on cognitive function and mood related outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis', Scientific Reports, 7(1). doi:10.1038/s41598-017-09823-9 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-09823-9 - Haupt, H (2001) 'Poisonous and less poisonous plants. 52', Kinderkrankenschwester, 20(8), pp. 335. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14584174/ Traditional / reference
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14584174/ - North Carolina Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox 'Centella asiatica (Gotu Kola, Asiatic Pennywort)'. Available at: https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/centella-asiatica/ Traditional / reference
https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/centella-asiatica/
- Ismail, J. and Shebaby, W.N. and Daher, J. and Boulos, J.C. and Taleb, R. and Daher, C.F. and Mroueh, M (2023) 'The Wild Carrot (Daucus carota): A Phytochemical and Pharmacological Review', Plants (Basel), 13(1), pp. 93. doi:10.3390/plants13010093 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13010093 - Simpson, K. and Cerda, A. and Stange, C (2016) 'Carotenoid Biosynthesis in Daucus carota', Subcellular Biochemistry, 79, pp. 199-217. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-39126-7_7 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39126-7_7 - Dawid, C. and Dunemann, F. and Schwab, W. and Nothnagel, T. and Hofmann, T (2015) 'Bioactive C17-Polyacetylenes in Carrots (Daucus carota L.): Current Knowledge and Future Perspectives', Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 63(42), pp. 9211-9222. doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.5b04357 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.5b04357 - Mandrich, L. and Esposito, A.V. and Costa, S. and Caputo, E (2023) 'Chemical Composition, Functional and Anticancer Properties of Carrot', Molecules, 28(20), pp. 7161. doi:10.3390/molecules28207161 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28207161 - Bawari, S. and Sah, A.N. and Tewari, D (2020) 'Anticalcifying effect of Daucus carota in experimental urolithiasis in Wistar rats', Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine, 11(3), pp. 308-315. doi:10.1016/j.jaim.2018.12.003 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaim.2018.12.003 - Afzal, M. and Kazmi, I. and Kaur, R. and Ahmad, A. and Pravez, M. and Anwar, F (2013) 'Comparison of protective and curative potential of Daucus carota root extract on renal ischemia reperfusion injury in rats', Pharmaceutical Biology, 51(7), pp. 856-862. doi:10.3109/13880209.2013.767840 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.3109/13880209.2013.767840 - Iqbal, M.O. and Sial, A.S. and Akhtar, I. and Naeem, M. and Hazafa, A. and Ansari, R.A. and Rizvi, S.A.A (2021) 'The nephroprotective effects of Daucus carota and Eclipta prostrata against cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats', Bioengineered, 12(2), pp. 12702-12721. doi:10.1080/21655979.2021.2009977 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1080/21655979.2021.2009977 - Shebaby, W.N. and Daher, C.F. and El-Sibai, M. and Bodman-Smith, K. and Mansour, A. and Karam, M.C. and Mroueh, M (2015) 'Antioxidant and hepatoprotective activities of the oil fractions from wild carrot (Daucus carota ssp. carota)', Pharmaceutical Biology, 53(9), pp. 1285-1294. doi:10.3109/13880209.2014.976349 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.3109/13880209.2014.976349 - Chandra, P. and Kishore, K. and Ghosh, A.K (2015) 'Assessment of Antisecretory, Gastroprotective, and In-vitro Antacid Potential of Daucus carota in Experimental Rats', Osong Public Health and Research Perspectives, 6(6), pp. 329-335. doi:10.1016/j.phrp.2015.10.006 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrp.2015.10.006 - Asdaq, S.M.B. and Swathi, E. and Dhamanigi, S.S. and Asad, M. and Ali Mohzari, Y. and Alrashed, A.A. and Alotaibi, A.S. and Mohammed Alhassan, B. and Nagaraja, S (2020) 'Role of Daucus carota in Enhancing Antiulcer Profile of Pantoprazole in Experimental Animals', Molecules, 25(22), pp. 5287. doi:10.3390/molecules25225287 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25225287 - Venkatesan, K. and Asseri, K.A. and Muralidharan, P. and Sirag, N. and Ahmed, R. and Elfadil, H. and Elodemi, M. and Genena, S.E.R. and Sivadasan, D. and Velraj, M. and Paulsamy, P. and Vadivel, V. and Prabahar, K. and Krishnaraju, K (2025) 'Wound-Healing Efficacy of Daucus carota Bioactive Compounds: Targeting Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Apoptosis', Pharmaceuticals (Basel), 18(12), pp. 1905. doi:10.3390/ph18121905 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.3390/ph18121905 - Qi, K. and Xia, G. and Huang, G. and Huang, H (2021) 'Extraction, chemical modification, and antioxidant activities of Daucus carota polysaccharide', Chemical Biology and Drug Design, 98(6), pp. 1098-1103. doi:10.1111/cbdd.13968 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1111/cbdd.13968 - Yang, X. and Dai, J. and Zhong, Y. and Wei, X. and Wu, M. and Zhang, Y. and Huang, A. and Wang, L. and Huang, Y. and Zhang, C. and Chen, X. and Xiao, H (2021) 'Characterization of insoluble dietary fiber from three food sources and their potential hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects', Food and Function, 12(14), pp. 6576-6587. doi:10.1039/d1fo00521a Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1039/d1fo00521a - Ali, A. and Radwan, M.M. and Wanas, A.S. and Khan, I.A (2018) 'Repellent Activity of Carrot Seed Essential Oil and Its Pure Compound, Carotol, Against Mosquitoes', Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association, 34(4), pp. 272-280. doi:10.2987/18-6751.1 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.2987/18-6751.1 - Gaglio, R. and Barbera, M. and Aleo, A. and Lommatzsch, I. and La Mantia, T. and Settanni, L (2017) 'Inhibitory Activity and Chemical Characterization of Daucus carota subsp. maximus Essential Oils', Chemistry and Biodiversity, 14(5). doi:10.1002/cbdv.201600477 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1002/cbdv.201600477 - Vijayalakshmi, A.M (2008) 'Carotenodermia', Indian Pediatrics, 45(1), pp. 61. Clinical study
https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Carotenodermia - Sharma, M.M. and Lal, G. and Jacob, D (1976) 'Estrogenic and pregnancy interceptory effects of carrot Daucus carota seeds', Indian Journal of Experimental Biology, 14(4), pp. 506-508. Preclinical
https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Estrogenic%20and%20pregnancy%20interceptory%20effects%20of%20carrot%20Daucus%20carota%20seeds - Dayan, A.D (2024) 'Death of Socrates: a likely case of poison hemlock (Conium maculatum) poisoning', Clinical Toxicology (Philadelphia, Pa.), 62(1), pp. 56-60. doi:10.1080/15563650.2024.2309328 Clinical study
https://doi.org/10.1080/15563650.2024.2309328 - King County Noxious Weeds (2024) 'Poison hemlock (Conium maculatum) identification and control'. Available at: https://kingcounty.gov/en/dept/dnrp/nature-recreation/environment-ecology-conservation/noxious-weeds/identification-control/poison-hemlock Traditional / reference
https://kingcounty.gov/en/dept/dnrp/nature-recreation/environment-ecology-conservation/noxious-weeds/identification-control/poison-hemlock - Teuscher, E. and Greger, H. and Adrian, V (1990) 'Toxicity of Aethusa cynapium L. (fool's parsley)', Pharmazie, 45(7), pp. 537-8. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2236201/ Preclinical
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2236201/ - Minnesota Wildflowers (2024) 'Aethusa cynapium (Fool's Parsley)'. Available at: https://www.minnesotawildflowers.info/flower/fools-parsley Traditional / reference
https://www.minnesotawildflowers.info/flower/fools-parsley - Mitchell, M.I. and Routledge, P.A (1978) 'Hemlock water dropwort poisoning - a review', Clinical Toxicology, 12(4), pp. 417-26. doi:10.3109/15563657809150012 Clinical study
https://doi.org/10.3109/15563657809150012 - Heath, K.B (2001) 'A fatal case of apparent water hemlock poisoning', Veterinary and Human Toxicology, 43(1), pp. 35-6. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11205076/ Clinical study
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11205076/
Generated automatically from the Omnia Sana plant database and its cited sources. For educational purposes only — not medical advice. Always consult a qualified practitioner before using medicinal plants.