Plant Comparison

Gotu Kola vs Cumin

A side-by-side comparison of two medicinal plants — every documented constituent, action, use, safety note and cited source, assembled automatically from the Omnia Sana database.

First plant

Second plant

Plant AGotu KolaCentella asiaticaApiaceaeFull monograph →

Plant BCuminCuminum cyminumApiaceaeFull monograph →

At a glance

Gotu Kola and Cumin: both belong to the Apiaceae family; they share 4 indicated uses (arthritis / joint pain, inflammation (general), skin irritation, …); 2 pharmacological actions in common.

Gotu KolaCumin

Constituents21

Pharmacological actions75

Indicated uses1510

Safety notes23

Cited sources1927

Indicated uses

Only Gotu Kola

AnxietyBruisingCognitive functionEczemaHaemorrhoidsMemoryNervous tensionPsoriasisStressSwelling / fluid retentionVaricose veins

Shared (4)

Arthritis / joint painInflammation (general)Skin irritationWounds

Only Cumin

BloatingIndigestionInfection (general)Menstrual crampsMetabolic supportMuscle spasm

Pharmacological actions

Only Gotu Kola

Anti-oedematous (reduces swelling)Anxiolytic / calmingNeuroprotective / cognition supportVenotonic / vasoprotectiveVulnerary (wound healing)

Shared (2)

Anti-inflammatoryAntioxidant

Only Cumin

AntimicrobialAntispasmodicDigestive aid

Evidence face-off — shared uses

Condition	Gotu Kola	Cumin	Verdict
Arthritis / joint pain	2/10	9/10	Stronger for Cumin
Inflammation (general)	2/10	9/10	Stronger for Cumin
Skin irritation	2/10	9/10	Stronger for Cumin
Wounds	2/10	9/10	Stronger for Cumin

Evidence scores (1–10) are computed from the tier of each cited source. “Comparable” means the two scores are within one point. Follow a score to its detailed sources.

Key Constituents

Pentacyclic triterpenoid glycosides (asiaticoside, madecassoside) and their aglycones (asiatic and madecassic acid)^[12]

The marker compounds and principal actives for wound healing, vascular and neuroprotective effects.

Glycosides

Flavonoids and essential oil^[12]

Antioxidant and aromatic supporting constituents.

Essential (volatile) oilFlavonoids

Cuminaldehyde^[1]

Cuminaldehyde (4-isopropylbenzaldehyde) is the dominant constituent of cumin-seed essential oil (around two-thirds of the oil) and the main driver of its antimicrobial, antifungal (anti-aflatoxigenic) and antioxidant activity.

Essential (volatile) oil

Pharmacological Actions

Anti-inflammatory^{[2, 3, 6, 7, 11, 12, 14]}

Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant; supports inflammatory skin conditions (eczema, psoriasis, ulcers)

Anti-oedematous (reduces swelling)^{[9, 14, 15, 16]}

Improves venous tone and microcirculation - supports chronic venous insufficiency / varicose veins and reduces leg swelling

Antioxidant^{[7, 11, 12, 14]}

Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant; supports inflammatory skin conditions (eczema, psoriasis, ulcers)

Anxiolytic / calming^[12]

Anxiolytic / calming (anxiety)

Neuroprotective / cognition support^{[8, 10, 12]}

Cognitive and memory support; neuroprotective

Venotonic / vasoprotective^{[9, 14, 15, 16]}

Improves venous tone and microcirculation - supports chronic venous insufficiency / varicose veins and reduces leg swelling

Vulnerary (wound healing)^{[1, 2, 4, 5, 12, 14]}

Wound healing and scar/collagen support (stimulates collagen synthesis and tissue repair)

Anti-inflammatory^{[2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21]}

Antimicrobial^{[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21]}

Antioxidant^{[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21]}

Antispasmodic^{[2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22]}

Antispasmodic (cramp easing)

Digestive aid^{[2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22]}

Traditional & Indicated Uses

Anxiety^[12]Traditional · 1/10

Anxiolytic / calming (anxiety)

Evidence: 1

Label: Anxiety

Arthritis / joint pain^{[12, 14]}Traditional · 2/10

inferred from anti-inflammatory action

Evidence: 2

Label: Arthritis / joint pain

Bruising^{[12, 14]}Traditional · 2/10

inferred from vulnerary action

Evidence: 2

Label: Bruising

Cognitive function^[17]Good · 7/10

Improves alertness and mood (raises alertness, reduces anger); a meta-analysis found no significant improvement in specific cognitive-function domains versus placebo

Evidence: 7

Label: Cognitive function

Eczema^{[12, 14]}Traditional · 2/10

Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant; supports inflammatory skin conditions (eczema, psoriasis, ulcers)

Evidence: 2

Label: Eczema

Haemorrhoids^{[14, 15, 16]}Good · 8/10

inferred from venotonic action

Evidence: 8

Label: Haemorrhoids

Inflammation (general)^{[12, 14]}Traditional · 2/10

inferred from anti-inflammatory action

Evidence: 2

Label: Inflammation (general)

Memory^[12]Traditional · 1/10

Cognitive and memory support; neuroprotective

Evidence: 1

Label: Memory

Nervous tension^[12]Traditional · 1/10

inferred from anxiolytic action

Evidence: 1

Label: Nervous tension

Psoriasis^{[12, 14]}Traditional · 2/10

Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant; supports inflammatory skin conditions (eczema, psoriasis, ulcers)

Evidence: 2

Label: Psoriasis

Skin irritation^{[12, 14]}Traditional · 2/10

inferred from anti-inflammatory action

Evidence: 2

Label: Skin irritation

Stress^[12]Traditional · 1/10

inferred from anxiolytic action

Evidence: 1

Label: Stress

Swelling / fluid retention^{[14, 15, 16]}Good · 8/10

Improves venous tone and microcirculation - supports chronic venous insufficiency / varicose veins and reduces leg swelling

Evidence: 8

Label: Swelling / fluid retention

Varicose veins^{[14, 15, 16]}Good · 8/10

Improves venous tone and microcirculation - supports chronic venous insufficiency / varicose veins and reduces leg swelling

Evidence: 8

Label: Varicose veins

Wounds^{[12, 14]}Traditional · 2/10

inferred from vulnerary action

Evidence: 2

Label: Wounds

Arthritis / joint pain^{[2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21]}Strong · 9/10

inferred from anti-inflammatory action

Evidence: 9

Label: Arthritis / joint pain

Bloating^{[2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22]}Strong · 10/10

inferred from digestive action

Evidence: 10

Label: Bloating

Indigestion^{[2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22]}Strong · 10/10

inferred from digestive action

Evidence: 10

Label: Indigestion

Infection (general)^{[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21]}Strong · 9/10

inferred from antimicrobial action

Evidence: 9

Label: Infection (general)

Inflammation (general)^{[2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21]}Strong · 9/10

inferred from anti-inflammatory action

Evidence: 9

Label: Inflammation (general)

Menstrual cramps^{[2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22]}Strong · 10/10

inferred from antispasmodic action

Evidence: 10

Label: Menstrual cramps

Metabolic support^{[2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 23, 24, 25, 26]}Strong · 10/10

Evidence: 10

Label: Metabolic support

Muscle spasm^{[2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22]}Strong · 10/10

inferred from antispasmodic action

Evidence: 10

Label: Muscle spasm

Skin irritation^{[2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21]}Strong · 9/10

inferred from anti-inflammatory action

Evidence: 9

Label: Skin irritation

Wounds^{[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21]}Strong · 9/10

inferred from antimicrobial action

Evidence: 9

Label: Wounds

Safety, Cautions & Contraindications

Safety note^[12]Info

Generally well tolerated topically and orally; it can occasionally cause allergic contact dermatitis and, rarely, reversible elevation of liver enzymes with prolonged high oral doses.

Safety note^[12]Caution

May add to the effect of sedatives; use caution with other liver-affecting medicines. Safety in pregnancy and breastfeeding is not established, so avoid medicinal doses.

Safety note^{[2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21]}Info

Food amounts are generally considered safe; in the US it’s listed as GRAS as a spice/flavoring (LactMed, 2025).

Safety note^{[2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21]}Info

Allergy risk: cumin can trigger allergic reactions in sensitive people; cross-reactivity is reported within Apiaceae spices (e.g., celery/coriander/fennel/cumin) and in “pollen–spice” allergy patterns (Lisiecka et al., 2025; Berghea et al., 2025).

Safety note^{[2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 27]}Caution

Duke (2002) rates cumin as +++ and notes carminative, digestive, and aperitif activities at experimental levels (score 1). The plant demonstrates estrogenic activity in animal studies and has antifungal and antioxidant properties. Photodermatitic potential (phototoxicity) of the essential oil is noted — users should avoid sun exposure after topical application. Duke advises caution in pregnancy due to potential emmenagogue and antifertility effects at high medicinal doses (Duke, 2002).

External Ids

Gbif: 3034128

Wikidata: Q324714

Gbif: 3034775

Powo: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:840882-1

Wikidata: Q132624

Botanical Description

Low, creeping perennial herb rooting at the nodes along slender, prostrate stems. The leaves are long-stalked, rounded to kidney- or fan-shaped, with a gently scalloped (crenate) margin, arising in small clusters at each node. Tiny, pinkish-white flowers are borne in small, inconspicuous clusters hidden near the base of the leaf stalks, close to the ground.^[12]

Height: 5-20 cm (creeping/prostrate)

Habit: Low, creeping, mat-forming perennial herb

Leaves: Long-stalked, rounded/kidney-shaped, scalloped margin, hairless

Flowers: Tiny, pinkish-white, in small inconspicuous clusters near the base of the leaf stalks

Stem: Slender, prostrate, rooting at the nodes

Root: Fine roots at each node

Fruit: Small, flattened, ridged schizocarp

Flowering Period: Year-round in favourable climates

Slender annual herb with finely divided, thread-like leaves similar to dill or fennel but smaller. Small white or pale pink flowers are borne in small compound umbels, followed by small, ridged, boat-shaped, strongly aromatic seeds.

Height: 20-30 cm

Habit: Slender, low-growing annual herb

Leaves: Finely divided, thread-like, similar to dill but smaller

Flowers: Small white or pale pink flowers in small compound umbels

Stem: Slender, branching

Root: Slender taproot

Fruit: Small, ridged, boat-shaped, strongly aromatic seed (mericarp)

Flowering Period: Summer

Habitat

Grows in damp, shaded ground, lawns, ditches and wetland margins throughout tropical and subtropical Asia (China, India, Southeast Asia) and parts of Africa, Australia and the Pacific.^[12]

Believed native to the eastern Mediterranean and Central Asia; cultivated widely in warm, dry climates including India, the Middle East and North Africa as a major spice crop.

Harvesting

The aerial parts (leaves and trailing stems) are harvested during active growth, cut a short distance above the soil to allow regrowth, and used fresh or dried.

Parts: Aerial parts (leaf and herb)

Season: During active growth (warm season)

The seed heads are cut when the fruit has ripened but before it shatters, usually in mid- to late summer, then dried and threshed.

Parts: Seed

Season: Mid- to late summer

Traditional Uses

Gotu kola is a cornerstone herb of Ayurvedic and traditional Chinese medicine, valued as a 'rasayana' (rejuvenating) tonic for skin healing, memory and mental clarity, and calming the mind; it has a particularly strong traditional and modern reputation for wound healing and connective-tissue/vascular support, reflected in its widespread use for scars, minor wounds and varicose veins.^[12]

Cumin seed has an ancient culinary and medicinal history across the Middle East, South Asia and the Mediterranean as a warming digestive carminative for indigestion, bloating and cramping, and is one of the most widely used spices worldwide.

Preparations

Standardised extract^[12]

Extract titrated to triterpenoid (asiaticoside/madecassoside) content, taken orally as capsules/tablets for venous and cognitive support, or applied topically for wound and scar care.

Topical cream/ointment^[12]

Standardised extract or fresh leaf preparation applied topically to wounds, scars and inflamed skin.

Not documented

Dosage

Standardised oral extract^[12]

Clinical studies commonly use extracts providing around 60-180 mg total triterpenoids daily, in divided doses. Educational reference only, not a prescription.

Topical preparations^[13]

The EU herbal monograph on Centella asiatica herba is for CUTANEOUS USE ONLY and gives, for adults and elderly, a single dose of 0.6 g of the comminuted herb infused in a small amount of boiling water, the still-warm infusion applied as an impregnated dressing 3 times daily (daily dose 1.8 g); or 0.6 g of the powdered herb applied to the affected area 3 times daily. Not to be used for more than 1 week, and not recommended under 18 years. The monograph gives no oral posology - see the separate standardised-extract entry. Educational reference only, not a prescription.

Not documented

References

REF-2087, REF-2088, REF-2089, REF-2090, REF-2091, REF-2092, REF-2093, REF-2094, REF-2095, REF-2096, REF-2097

Not documented

Lookalikes Review

Outcome: has-lookalikes

Reviewed By: Omnia Sana (owner-authorized)

Reviewed Date: 2026-07-07

Outcome: none-known

Reviewed By: Omnia Sana (owner-authorized)

Reviewed Date: 2026-07-07

Dangerous Lookalikes

Safety note^{[18, 19]}Irritant

Dangerous Plant: ranunculus-repens

Confused Part: Leaves foraged at ground level - the long-stalked basal leaves growing in damp lawn, ditch and wetland turf.

Confusion Context: This is a habitat-and-silhouette confusion rather than a documented mass poisoning. Creeping buttercup (Ranunculus repens) is one of the commonest low creeping herbs of the same damp lawns, ditches and wet ground where gotu kola is gathered, and at a glance its long-stalked, rounded, lobed, scallop-edged basal leaves read like the rounded scalloped leaves of gotu kola. No case series of gotu-kola-to-buttercup poisoning is on record, and the far more common gotu kola confusions (marsh pennywort Hydrocotyle, kidney weed Dichondra, brahmi Bacopa) are non-toxic wrong-plant errors rather than hazards. Creeping buttercup is singled out here because it is the one genuinely irritant plant sharing gotu kola's silhouette and habitat: its fresh sap contains protoanemonin, which causes contact dermatitis, blistering and burning irritation of the mouth and gut. The hazard is real but self-limiting - protoanemonin is destroyed on drying and the acrid, blistering taste discourages swallowing any quantity.

Distinguishing Features: Leaf division (decisive): gotu kola has ONE undivided, rounded/kidney/fan-shaped blade per stalk with a scalloped (crenate) margin. Creeping buttercup's basal leaves are DIVIDED into THREE separate stalked leaflets, each lobed and toothed. Count the leaflets: one undivided blade = gotu kola; three separate leaflets = buttercup., Hairiness: gotu kola leaves and creeping stems are essentially smooth and hairless; creeping buttercup stems and leaves are finely HAIRY., Flower: creeping buttercup bears the unmistakable glossy five-petalled yellow buttercup flower on an upright stalk. Gotu kola's flowers are tiny, pinkish-white and hidden at the leaf bases near the ground. Any bright yellow buttercup flower rules out gotu kola outright.

Key Test: Look at a single leaf on its stalk: gotu kola is ONE rounded, scalloped, hairless blade; creeping buttercup is THREE separate lobed, toothed, hairy leaflets. Three leaflets - or any glossy yellow buttercup flower - means it is not gotu kola; do not eat it.

Reviewed By: Omnia Sana (owner-authorized)

Reviewed Date: 2026-07-07

Not documented

References & Sources

Bylka, W., Znajdek-Awizen, P., Studzinska-Sroka, E., Danczak-Pazdrowska, A. and Brzezinska, M (2014) 'Centella asiatica in dermatology: an overview', Phytotherapy Research, 28(8), pp. 1117-1124. doi:10.1002/ptr.5110 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.5110
Bylka, W., Znajdek-Awizen, P., Studzinska-Sroka, E. and Brzezinska, M (2013) 'Centella asiatica in cosmetology', Postepy Dermatologii i Alergologii, 30(1), pp. 46-49. doi:10.5114/pdia.2013.33378 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.5114/pdia.2013.33378
Park, K.S (2021) 'Pharmacological effects of Centella asiatica on skin diseases: evidence and possible mechanisms', Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2021, pp. 5462633. doi:10.1155/2021/5462633 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/5462633
Diniz, L.R.L., Calado, L.L., Duarte, A.B.S. and de Sousa, D.P (2023) 'Centella asiatica and its metabolite asiatic acid: wound healing effects and therapeutic potential', Metabolites, 13(2), pp. 276. doi:10.3390/metabo13020276 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo13020276
Arribas-Lopez, E., Zand, N., Ojo, O., Snowden, M.J. and Kochhar, T (2022) 'A systematic review of the effect of Centella asiatica on wound healing', International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(6), pp. 3266. doi:10.3390/ijerph19063266 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19063266
Lin, P., Shi, H., Lu, Y. and Lin, J (2023) 'Centella asiatica alleviates psoriasis through JAK/STAT3-mediated inflammation: an in vitro and in vivo study', Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 317, pp. 116746. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2023.116746 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2023.116746
Ratz-Lyko, A., Arct, J. and Pytkowska, K (2016) 'Moisturizing and antiinflammatory properties of cosmetic formulations containing Centella asiatica extract', Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 78(1), pp. 27-33. doi:10.4103/0250-474x.180247 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.4103/0250-474x.180247
Sun, B., Wu, L., Wu, Y., Zhang, C., Qin, L., Hayashi, M., Kudo, M., Gao, M. and Liu, T (2020) 'Therapeutic potential of Centella asiatica and its triterpenes: a review', Frontiers in Pharmacology, 11, pp. 568032. doi:10.3389/fphar.2020.568032 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2020.568032
Razali, N.N.M., Ng, C.T. and Fong, L.Y (2019) 'Cardiovascular protective effects of Centella asiatica and its triterpenes: a review', Planta Medica, 85(16), pp. 1203-1215. doi:10.1055/a-1008-6138 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.1055/a-1008-6138
Sharma, R., Banerjee, S. and Sharma, R (2024) 'Role of Mandukparni (Centella asiatica Linn Urban) in neurological disorders: evidence from ethnopharmacology and clinical studies to network enrichment analysis', Neurochemistry International, 180, pp. 105865. doi:10.1016/j.neuint.2024.105865 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuint.2024.105865
Banerjee, O., Singh, S., Paul, T., Maji, B.K. and Mukherjee, S (2024) 'Centella asiatica mitigates the detrimental effects of Bisphenol-A (BPA) on pancreatic islets', Scientific Reports, 14(1), pp. 8043. doi:10.1038/s41598-024-58545-2 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-58545-2
Bandopadhyay, S., Mandal, S., Ghorai, M., Jha, N.K., Kumar, M., Radha, Ghosh, A., Prockow, J., Perez de la Lastra, J.M. and Dey, A (2023) 'Therapeutic properties and pharmacological activities of asiaticoside and madecassoside: A review', Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine. doi:10.1111/jcmm.17635 Traditional / reference
https://doi.org/10.1111/jcmm.17635
European Medicines Agency (HMPC) (2018) 'European Union herbal monograph on Centella asiatica (L.) Urb., herba, Revision 1'. Available at: https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/herbal-monograph/european-union-herbal-monograph-centella-asiatica-l-urb-herba-revision-1_en.pdf Traditional / reference
https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/herbal-monograph/european-union-herbal-monograph-centella-asiatica-l-urb-herba-revision-1_en.pdf
Belcaro, G., Maquart, F.-X., Scoccianti, M., Dugall, M., Hosoi, M., Cesarone, M.R., Luzzi, R., Cornelli, U., Ledda, A. and Feragalli, B (2011) 'TECA (Titrated Extract of Centella Asiatica): new microcirculatory, biomolecular, and vascular application in preventive and clinical medicine. A status paper', Panminerva Medica. Preclinical
https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=TECA%20%28Titrated%20Extract%20of%20Centella%20Asiatica%29%3A%20new%20microcirculatory%2C%20biomolecular%2C%20and%20vascular%20application%20in%20preventive%20and%20clinical%20medicine.%20A%20status%20paper
Chong, N.J. and Aziz, Z (2013) 'A Systematic Review of the Efficacy of Centella asiatica for Improvement of the Signs and Symptoms of Chronic Venous Insufficiency', Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. doi:10.1155/2013/627182 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/627182
Martinez-Zapata, M.J., Vernooij, R.W., Simancas-Racines, D., Uriona Tuma, S.M., Stein, A.T. and others (2020) 'Phlebotonics for venous insufficiency', Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003229.pub4 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD003229.pub4
Puttarak, P., Dilokthornsakul, P., Saokaew, S., Dhippayom, T., Kongkaew, C. and others (2017) 'Effects of Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. on cognitive function and mood related outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis', Scientific Reports, 7(1). doi:10.1038/s41598-017-09823-9 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-09823-9
Haupt, H (2001) 'Poisonous and less poisonous plants. 52', Kinderkrankenschwester, 20(8), pp. 335. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14584174/ Traditional / reference
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14584174/
North Carolina Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox 'Centella asiatica (Gotu Kola, Asiatic Pennywort)'. Available at: https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/centella-asiatica/ Traditional / reference
https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/centella-asiatica/

Ben Miri, Y. and Djenane, D (2018) 'Evaluation of Protective Impact of Algerian Cuminum cyminum L. and Coriandrum sativum L. Essential Oils on Aspergillus flavus Growth and Aflatoxin B1 Production', Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences, 21(2), pp. 67--77. doi:10.3923/pjbs.2018.67.77 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.3923/pjbs.2018.67.77
Allaq, A.A. and Sidik, N.J (2020) 'Cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.): A review of its ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry and biological activities'. Available at: https://bmrat.org/index.php/BMRAT/article/view/634 Traditional / reference
https://bmrat.org/index.php/BMRAT/article/view/634
Berghea, E.C. et al (2025) 'Spices, herbs and allergic reactions in children: myth or reality?'. doi:10.3389/falgy.2025.1698559/full Clinical study
https://doi.org/10.3389/falgy.2025.1698559/full
Britannica (2025) 'Cumin'. Available at: https://www.britannica.com/plant/cumin Traditional / reference
https://www.britannica.com/plant/cumin
EUR-Lex (2015) 'Official Journal of the European Union C 76/2015 (Latvian text; includes “Romiešu ķimenes (cumin)'. Available at: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/LV/TXT/HTML/?uri=OJ%3AC%3A2015%3A076%3AFULL Traditional / reference
https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/LV/TXT/HTML/?uri=OJ%3AC%3A2015%3A076%3AFULL
EUR-Lex (2020) 'Official Journal of the European Union C 108/2020 (Latvian text; includes “kumins (romiešu ķimenes)'. Available at: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/LV/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX%3A52020XC0401%2804%29 Traditional / reference
https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/LV/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX%3A52020XC0401%2804%29
http://letonika.lv/ (2021) 'Latviešu—angļu vārdnīca: ķimenes (includes “Romiešu ķimenes = cumin'. Available at: http://letonika.lv/ Traditional / reference
http://letonika.lv/
Karimian, J. et al (2021) 'The effects of cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) supplementation on glycemic indices: a systematic review and meta-analysis'. doi:10.1002/ptr.7075 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.7075
KPBS (2015) 'Cumin: The Ancient Spice That'. Available at: https://www.kpbs.org/news/2015/03/11/cumin-the-ancient-spice-thats-traveled-the-globe Traditional / reference
https://www.kpbs.org/news/2015/03/11/cumin-the-ancient-spice-thats-traveled-the-globe
LactMed (2025) 'Cumin'. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK501873/ Traditional / reference
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK501873/
Lisiecka, M.F. et al (2025) 'Allergic reactions to spices: a review of sensitivities to pepper, cumin, oregano, anise, mustard and other spices'. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40341008/ Traditional / reference
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40341008/
Liu, M. et al (2025) 'Potential benefits of Cuminum cyminum L'. doi:10.3389/fnut.2025.1618108/full Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2025.1618108/full
Morshedi, D. et al (2015) 'Cuminaldehyde as the Major Component of Cuminum cyminum…', 80(10), pp. H2336--H2345. doi:10.1111/1750-3841.13016 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1111/1750-3841.13016
Nabhan, G.P (2014) 'Cumin, Camels, and Caravans: A Spice Odyssey'. Available at: https://www.ucpress.edu/book/9780520379244/cumin-camels-and-caravans Traditional / reference
https://www.ucpress.edu/book/9780520379244/cumin-camels-and-caravans
Nouri, A. et al (2024) 'Phytochemical composition… (includes GC–MS profile of cumin seed essential oil)'. Available at: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11606850/ Traditional / reference
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11606850/
PubChem (n.d.). Available at: https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Cumin-Oil Traditional / reference
https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Cumin-Oil
Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew (n.d.) 'Cuminum cyminum L'. Available at: https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:840882-1 Traditional / reference
https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:840882-1
SekoEko (n.d.) 'Kumīns, ķimenes un citi līdzinieki!'. Available at: https://sekoeko.lv/lv/kumins-kimenes-un-citi-lidzinieki Traditional / reference
https://sekoeko.lv/lv/kumins-kimenes-un-citi-lidzinieki
Tavakoli-Rouzbehani, O.M. et al (2022) 'The effects of cumin supplementation on lipid parameters: a systematic review and meta-analysis of RCTs'. Available at: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9881733/ Meta-analysis / review
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9881733/
Vikipēdija (n.d.). Available at: https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kum%C4%ABns Traditional / reference
https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kum%C4%ABns
Wikisource (2018) '1911 Encyclopædia Britannica: Cumin'. Available at: https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Cumin Traditional / reference
https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Cumin
Amin, E.A., Ismail, E., Mahboobeh, R. and Tabandeh, S (2024) 'The effect of Cuminum cyminum on the return of bowel motility after abdominal surgery: a triple-blind randomized clinical trial', BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies, 24(1). doi:10.1186/s12906-024-04530-1 Randomized trial
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-024-04530-1
Hadi, A., Mohammadi, H., Hadi, Z., Roshanravan, N. and Kafeshani, M (2018) 'Cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) is a safe approach for management of lipid parameters: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials', Phytotherapy Research, 32(11), pp. 2146--2154. doi:10.1002/ptr.6162 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.6162
Tavakoli-Rouzbehani, O.M., Faghfouri, A.H., Anbari, M., Papi, S., Shojaei, F.S., Ghaffari, M. and Alizadeh, M (2021) 'The effects of Cuminum cyminum on glycemic parameters: A systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled clinical trials', Journal of Ethnopharmacology, pp. 2021. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2021.114510 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2021.114510
Karimian, J., Farrokhzad, A. and Jalili, C (2021) 'The effect of cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) supplementation on glycemic indices: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials', Phytotherapy Research, 35(8), pp. 4127--4135. doi:10.1002/ptr.7075 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.7075
Morovati, A., Pourghassem Gargari, B. and Sarbakhsh, P (2019) 'Effects of cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) essential oil supplementation on metabolic syndrome components: A randomized, triple-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial', Phytotherapy Research, 33(12), pp. 3261--3269. doi:10.1002/ptr.6500 Randomized trial
https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.6500
Duke, J.A (2002) 'Handbook of Medicinal Herbs, Second Edition'. Traditional / reference
https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Handbook%20of%20Medicinal%20Herbs%2C%20Second%20Edition

Gotu Kola monograph Cumin monograph Compare other plants

Generated automatically from the Omnia Sana plant database and its cited sources. For educational purposes only — not medical advice. Always consult a qualified practitioner before using medicinal plants.