Plant Comparison

Boswellia vs Sweet Violet

A side-by-side comparison of two medicinal plants — every documented constituent, action, use, safety note and cited source, assembled automatically from the Omnia Sana database.

First plant

Second plant

Plant ABoswelliaBoswellia serrataBurseraceaeFull monograph →

Plant BSweet VioletViola odorataViolaceaeFull monograph →

At a glance

Boswellia and Sweet Violet: they share 6 indicated uses (arthritis / joint pain, asthma, cancer (anticancer research), …); 2 pharmacological actions in common.

BoswelliaSweet Violet

Constituents23

Pharmacological actions35

Indicated uses911

Safety notes22

Cited sources1816

Indicated uses

Only Boswellia

Back painInflammatory bowel disease (IBD)Pain (general)

Shared (6)

Arthritis / joint painAsthmaCancer (anticancer research)HeadacheInflammation (general)Skin irritation

Only Sweet Violet

BronchitisCoughInsomnia / sleeplessnessRespiratory supportSore throat

Pharmacological actions

Only Boswellia

Analgesic (pain relief)

Shared (2)

Anti-inflammatoryAnticancer (preclinical)

Only Sweet Violet

Demulcent (soothing mucilage)ExpectorantSedative / sleep support

Evidence face-off — shared uses

Condition	Boswellia	Sweet Violet	Verdict
Arthritis / joint pain	9/10	1/10	Stronger for Boswellia
Asthma	2/10	5/10	Stronger for Sweet Violet
Cancer (anticancer research)	7/10	2/10	Stronger for Boswellia
Headache	7/10	1/10	Stronger for Boswellia
Inflammation (general)	5/10	1/10	Stronger for Boswellia
Skin irritation	5/10	5/10	Comparable evidence

Evidence scores (1–10) are computed from the tier of each cited source. “Comparable” means the two scores are within one point. Follow a score to its detailed sources.

Key Constituents

Boswellic acids (pentacyclic triterpenes, especially KBA and AKBA)^[12]

The principal anti-inflammatory compounds; AKBA inhibits 5-lipoxygenase. Absorption improves when taken with a high-fat meal.

Boswellic acidsTerpenes / terpenoids

Other triterpenes and essential oil of the resin^[12]

Additional constituents of the oleo-gum-resin.

Essential (volatile) oilTerpenes / terpenoids

Mucilage and saponins^[11]

Mucilage gives the soothing demulcent action; saponins give the expectorant action.

MucilageSaponins

Flavonoids and salicylic acid^{[2, 11]}

Antioxidant and mild analgesic constituents.

Flavonoids

Alkaloids (e.g. violine) and essential oil^[11]

Minor aromatic and bioactive constituents.

Essential (volatile) oilAlkaloids

Pharmacological Actions

Analgesic (pain relief)^{[2, 3, 9, 10, 13]}

Analgesic (pain relief)

Anti-inflammatory^{[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12]}

Anti-inflammatory (inhibits 5-lipoxygenase / leukotriene synthesis and NF-kB signalling); Reduces inflammatory markers (e.g. hs-CRP) and, in one RCT, improved knee joint-space and reduced osteophytes on radiograph

Anticancer (preclinical)^{[7, 14, 15, 16, 17]}

Boswellic acids, especially acetyl-11-keto-beta-boswellic acid (AKBA) from Boswellia serrata, induce cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis and inhibit proliferation, invasion and metastasis across lung, colorectal and prostate cancers (preclinical, incl. in vivo).

Anti-inflammatory^{[1, 4, 11]}

Anticancer (preclinical)^{[3, 10]}

Demulcent (soothing mucilage)^{[1, 11, 12]}

Demulcent / expectorant for cough, bronchitis and catarrh (mucilage soothes; saponins loosen mucus) - a double-blind RCT found violet-flower syrup, added to standard treatment, sped cough suppression in children with asthma

Expectorant^{[1, 6, 11, 12]}

Sedative / sleep support^{[1, 7, 8, 9, 11]}

Mild sedative for sleeplessness and to ease headache (traditional)

Traditional & Indicated Uses

Arthritis / joint pain^{[2, 12, 13, 18]}Strong · 9/10

Osteoarthritis: reduces joint pain and stiffness and improves function (over at least 4 weeks); Supports inflammatory arthritis including rheumatoid arthritis

Evidence: 9

Label: Arthritis / joint pain

Asthma^[12]Traditional · 2/10

Supportive in bronchial asthma

Evidence: 2

Label: Asthma

Back pain^[13]Good · 7/10

inferred from analgesic action

Evidence: 7

Label: Back pain

Cancer (anticancer research)^{[7, 14, 15, 16, 17]}Good · 7/10

Boswellia serrata resin and its triterpenoid AKBA arrest the cell cycle and induce apoptosis in non-small-cell lung cancer, suppress colitis-associated colorectal cancer (NF-kB, gut microbiota) and inhibit prostate cancer (IL-17 pathway) in vitro and in vivo (preclinical).

Evidence: 7

Label: Cancer (anticancer research)

Headache^[13]Good · 7/10

inferred from analgesic action

Evidence: 7

Label: Headache

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)^[12]Traditional · 2/10

Supportive in inflammatory bowel disease (ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease)

Evidence: 2

Label: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)

Inflammation (general)^{[2, 12]}Moderate · 5/10

inferred from anti-inflammatory action

Evidence: 5

Label: Inflammation (general)

Pain (general)^{[2, 13, 18]}Strong · 9/10

Analgesic (pain relief); Osteoarthritis: reduces joint pain and stiffness and improves function (over at least 4 weeks)

Evidence: 9

Label: Pain (general)

Skin irritation^{[2, 12]}Moderate · 5/10

inferred from anti-inflammatory action

Evidence: 5

Label: Skin irritation

Arthritis / joint pain^[11]Traditional · 1/10

inferred from anti-inflammatory action

Evidence: 1

Label: Arthritis / joint pain

Asthma^{[11, 12]}Moderate · 5/10

Evidence: 5

Label: Asthma

Bronchitis^{[11, 12]}Moderate · 5/10

Evidence: 5

Label: Bronchitis

Cancer (anticancer research)^{[3, 10]}Traditional · 2/10

inferred from anticancer action

Evidence: 2

Label: Cancer (anticancer research)

Cough^{[11, 12]}Moderate · 5/10

Evidence: 5

Label: Cough

Headache^[11]Traditional · 1/10

Mild sedative for sleeplessness and to ease headache (traditional)

Evidence: 1

Label: Headache

Inflammation (general)^[11]Traditional · 1/10

inferred from anti-inflammatory action

Evidence: 1

Label: Inflammation (general)

Insomnia / sleeplessness^{[8, 9, 11]}Moderate · 6/10

Mild sedative for sleeplessness and to ease headache (traditional)

Evidence: 6

Label: Insomnia / sleeplessness

Respiratory support^{[6, 11, 12]}Moderate · 6/10

inferred from expectorant action

Evidence: 6

Label: Respiratory support

Skin irritation^{[5, 11, 12]}Moderate · 5/10

inferred from demulcent action

Evidence: 5

Label: Skin irritation

Sore throat^[11]Traditional · 1/10

Evidence: 1

Label: Sore throat

Safety, Cautions & Contraindications

Safety note^{[12, 13]}Info

Generally well tolerated; the most commonly reported side effects are mild gastrointestinal symptoms, and allergic reactions are rare.

Safety note^[12]Caution

Boswellic acids can affect drug-metabolising enzymes, so caution is advised when taking other medicines; safety in pregnancy and breastfeeding is not established, so avoid medicinal doses.

Safety note^{[11, 13]}Caution

Generally well tolerated as flower/leaf preparations. It contains salicylates, so use caution if you are salicylate-sensitive; the root in large doses is emetic and purgative.

Safety note^[13]Caution

Safety in pregnancy and breastfeeding is not established, so avoid medicinal doses.

External Ids

Gbif: 5421354

Powo: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:127067-1

Wikidata: Q2367334

Gbif: 5331181

Wikidata: Q108684

Botanical Description

Small to medium deciduous tree with thin, papery, peeling bark. The leaves are pinnately compound with numerous small, toothed leaflets, clustered toward the branch tips. Small, pale yellow to white flowers are borne in axillary racemes. When the bark is cut, it exudes a fragrant, resinous gum (oleo-gum-resin) that hardens into pale, waxy tears - the medicinal part.^[12]

Height: 4-10 m

Habit: Small to medium deciduous tree

Leaves: Pinnately compound with numerous small, toothed leaflets

Flowers: Small, pale yellow to white flowers in axillary racemes

Stem: Thin, papery, peeling bark, exuding resin when cut

Root: Woody root system

Fruit: Small, three-valved capsule

Flowering Period: Varies with climate; typically before or with new leaves

Low, spreading perennial herb with heart-shaped, softly toothed leaves arising from a short rootstock, spreading by runners (stolons). Fragrant, deep violet-purple (occasionally white) flowers with five petals, the lower petal spurred, are borne singly on slender stalks.^[11]

Height: 5-15 cm

Habit: Low, spreading perennial herb, spreading by runners

Leaves: Heart-shaped, softly toothed

Flowers: Fragrant, deep violet-purple (occasionally white), five-petalled, the lower petal spurred, borne singly

Stem: Very short; leaves and flowers arise from a basal rootstock, spreading by stolons

Root: Short rootstock with spreading runners

Fruit: Small three-valved capsule

Flowering Period: February-April (with a lighter second flush in autumn)

Habitat

Native to dry, rocky, hilly terrain of India and parts of the Middle East and North Africa, where it is tapped for its resin much like frankincense (Boswellia sacra).^[12]

Grows in woodland edges, hedgerows, shaded banks and gardens on moist, humus-rich soils; native to Europe, North Africa and Asia and widely naturalised and cultivated elsewhere.^[11]

Harvesting

The bark is deliberately incised and the exuded oleo-gum-resin is allowed to harden and is collected over several days to weeks, then cleaned and graded before use or extraction.^[12]

Parts: Gum resin (oleo-gum-resin)

Season: Tapped through the dry season

Flowers are picked as they open in early spring; leaves can be gathered through the growing season and dried.^[11]

Parts: Flower and leaf (aerial parts)

Season: Flower in early spring; leaf through the growing season

Traditional Uses

Boswellia resin (salai guggul) is a mainstay of Ayurvedic medicine for inflammatory joint and respiratory conditions, and has been burned as incense across many cultures. Modern standardised extracts, rich in boswellic acids, are used for osteoarthritis, inflammatory bowel disease and other inflammatory conditions, directly building on this traditional anti-inflammatory reputation.^[12]

Sweet violet flower and leaf have a long European folk history as a soothing demulcent and expectorant remedy for cough, bronchitis and catarrh, and as a mild sedative for sleeplessness and headache; the flower syrup in particular has a long tradition as a children's cough remedy.^[11]

Preparations

Standardised extract^[12]

Resin extract standardised to boswellic acid (often AKBA) content, taken as capsules or tablets, ideally with a fat-containing meal to aid absorption.

Syrup (flower)^[12]

Fresh flowers infused and combined with sugar syrup as a traditional soothing cough remedy, particularly for children.

Infusion^[11]

Dried flower or leaf infused in hot water as a traditional demulcent, calming tea.

Dosage

Standardised extract^[12]

Clinical trials in osteoarthritis commonly use extracts providing around 100-250 mg of boswellic acids (or several hundred mg of standardised extract) daily, in divided doses, taken with food. Educational reference only, not a prescription.

Infusion/syrup^[8]

A double-blind randomised placebo-controlled trial used 5 mL of Viola odorata syrup every 12 hours for 4 weeks as add-on therapy for insomnia. Traditional references suggest around 2-4 g of dried flower and leaf per cup, up to three times daily. Note the EU monograph on Violae herba cum flore covers Viola tricolor, a different species, and its posology does not transfer here. Educational reference only, not a prescription.

References

REF-1809, REF-0573, REF-1810, REF-1811, REF-1812, REF-1813, REF-1814, REF-1815, REF-1816, REF-1817, REF-1818

REF-1143, REF-1144, REF-1145, REF-1146, REF-1147, REF-1148, REF-1149, REF-1150, REF-1151, REF-1152

Lookalikes Review

Outcome: none-known

Reviewed By: Omnia Sana (owner-authorized)

Reviewed Date: 2026-07-07

Outcome: has-lookalikes

Reviewed By: Omnia Sana (owner-authorized)

Reviewed Date: 2026-07-07

Drug Class Interactions

Not documented

Safety note^{[14, 15]}Caution

Drug Class: sedatives-cns-depressants

Mechanism: Sweet violet is traditionally used as a calming, sedative herb; taken with sedatives, sleeping tablets or other central-nervous-system depressants (including alcohol) it may add to drowsiness and slowed reactions.

Reviewed By: Omnia Sana (owner-authorized)

Reviewed Date: 2026-07-03

Dangerous Lookalikes

Not documented

Safety note^[16]Irritant

Dangerous Plant: ficaria-verna

Confused Part: Low, heart-shaped spring leaves gathered as an edible; lesser celandine forms similar low leaves at the same time and place.

Confusion Context: Sweet violet (Viola odorata) is foraged in early spring for its heart-shaped leaves and flowers. Lesser celandine (Ficaria verna, fig buttercup) grows in the same season and habitat and, as foraging guidance warns, its low-growing leaves closely resemble violet; lesser celandine is toxic to humans in most stages (it contains the acrid irritant protoanemonin). Because their spring leaves are alike, this is a genuine early-season foraging hazard, although cooking destroys the toxin and the acrid taste discourages eating much.

Distinguishing Features: Flowers (decisive): sweet violet has purple (sometimes white) flowers with five uneven petals. Lesser celandine has glossy, bright-yellow star-like flowers with 8-12 petals. A yellow many-petalled flower means lesser celandine, never violet., Leaves: violet leaves are matt and heart-shaped on their own stalks from the base. Lesser celandine leaves are glossier and more kidney- to arrow-shaped, sometimes with pale mottling., Best practice: harvest violet leaves only once you can trace every leaf to a violet plant (ideally in flower), not to a yellow-flowered plant.

Key Test: Wait until the plant flowers, or trace each leaf to its flower. Purple five-petalled flowers with matt heart-shaped leaves = sweet violet. Glossy yellow flowers with 8-12 petals = lesser celandine - do not eat it raw. If you cannot confirm a violet flower, do not gather the leaves.

Reviewed By: Omnia Sana (owner-authorized)

Reviewed Date: 2026-07-07

References & Sources

Siddiqui, M.Z (2011) 'Boswellia serrata, a potential antiinflammatory agent: an overview', Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 73(3), pp. 255-261. doi:10.4103/0250-474X.93507 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.4103/0250-474X.93507
Majeed, M., Majeed, S., Narayanan, N.K. and Nagabhushanam, K (2019) 'A pilot, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to assess the safety and efficacy of a novel Boswellia serrata extract in the management of osteoarthritis of the knee', Phytotherapy Research, 33(5), pp. 1457--1468. doi:10.1002/ptr.6338 Randomized trial
https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.6338
Karlapudi, V., Sunkara, K.B., Konda, P.R., Sarma, K.V. and Rokkam, M.P (2022) 'Efficacy and Safety of Aflapin, a Novel Boswellia serrata Extract, in the Treatment of Osteoarthritis of the Knee: A Short-Term 30-Day Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Study', Journal of the American Nutrition Association, 42(2), pp. 159-168. doi:10.1080/07315724.2021.2014370 Randomized trial
https://doi.org/10.1080/07315724.2021.2014370
Kirste, S., Treier, M., Wehrle, S.J., Becker, G., Abdel-Tawab, M., Gerbeth, K., Hug, M.J., Lubrich, B., Grosu, A.L. and Momm, F (2011) 'Boswellia serrata acts on cerebral edema in patients irradiated for brain tumors: a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind pilot trial', Cancer, 117(16), pp. 3788-3795. doi:10.1002/cncr.25945 Randomized trial
https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.25945
Abdel-Tawab, M., Werz, O. and Schubert-Zsilavecz, M (2011) 'Boswellia serrata: an overall assessment of in vitro, preclinical, pharmacokinetic and clinical data', Clinical Pharmacokinetics, 50(6), pp. 349-369. doi:10.2165/11586800-000000000-00000 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.2165/11586800-000000000-00000
Gomaa, A.A., Mohamed, H.S., Abd-Ellatief, R.B. and Gomaa, M.A (2021) 'Boswellic acids/Boswellia serrata extract as a potential COVID-19 therapeutic agent in the elderly', Inflammopharmacology, 29(4), pp. 1033-1048. doi:10.1007/s10787-021-00841-8 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10787-021-00841-8
Khan, M.A., Ali, R., Parveen, R., Najmi, A.K. and Ahmad, S (2016) 'Pharmacological evidences for cytotoxic and antitumor properties of Boswellic acids from Boswellia serrata', Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 191, pp. 315-323. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2016.06.053 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2016.06.053
Ammon, H.P.T (2010) 'Modulation of the immune system by Boswellia serrata extracts and boswellic acids', Phytomedicine, 17(11), pp. 862-867. doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2010.03.003 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2010.03.003
Alluri, V.K., Kundimi, S., Sengupta, K., Golakoti, T. and Kilari, E.K (2020) 'An Anti-Inflammatory Composition of Boswellia serrata Resin Extracts Alleviates Pain and Protects Cartilage in Monoiodoacetate-Induced Osteoarthritis in Rats', Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2020, pp. 7381625. doi:10.1155/2020/7381625 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/7381625
Henrotin, Y., Dierckxsens, Y., Delisse, G., Maes, N. and Albert, A (2022) 'Curcuma and Boswellia serrata extract combination for hand osteoarthritis: an open-label pre-post trial', Pharmaceutical Biology, 60(1), pp. 2295-2299. doi:10.1080/13880209.2022.2147550 Clinical study
https://doi.org/10.1080/13880209.2022.2147550
Cherepanova, M.O. and Subotyalov, M.A (2023) 'Component Composition and Biological Activity of Oleo-Gum Resin from Boswellia serrata (Burseraceae)', Doklady Biological Sciences, 512(1), pp. 336-342. doi:10.1134/S0012496623700643 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.1134/S0012496623700643
Ammon, H.P.T (2016) 'Boswellic Acids and Their Role in Chronic Inflammatory Diseases', Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-41334-1_13 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-41334-1_13
Yu, G., Xiang, W., Zhang, T., Zeng, L., Yang, K. and Li, J (2020) 'Effectiveness of Boswellia and Boswellia extract for osteoarthritis patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis', BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies. doi:10.1186/s12906-020-02985-6 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-020-02985-6
Lv, M. and Shao, S. and Zhang, Q. and Zhuang, X. and Qiao, T (2020) 'Acetyl-11-Keto-beta-Boswellic Acid Exerts the Anti-Cancer Effects via Cell Cycle Arrest, Apoptosis Induction and Autophagy Suppression in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Cells', OncoTargets and Therapy, 13, pp. 733-744. doi:10.2147/OTT.S236346 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.2147/OTT.S236346
Xu, F. and Li, W. and Zheng, X.-J. and Hao, Y. and Yang, Y.-H. and Yang, H. and Zhang, S. and Cao, W.-X. and Li, X.-X. and Zhang, X. and Du, G.-H. and Ji, T.-F. and Wang, J.-H (2025) '3-O-Acetyl-11-Keto-beta-Boswellic Acid Suppresses Colitis-Associated Colorectal Cancer by Inhibiting the NF-kB Signaling Pathway and Remodeling Gut Microbiota', Oncology Research, 33(8), pp. 1969-1989. doi:10.32604/or.2025.062386 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.32604/or.2025.062386
Zou, B. and Liu, Q. and Long, Y. and Dai, X. and Tian, X. and Zhou, Q (2025) 'Network Pharmacology Combined with Proteomics Reveals That 3-Acetyl-11-keto-beta-boswellic Acid Inhibits the Progression of Prostate Cancer by Regulating the IL-17 Signaling Pathway', ACS Omega, 10(21), pp. 21813-21822. doi:10.1021/acsomega.5c01683 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.5c01683
Ragab, E.A. and Abd El-Wahab, M.F. and Doghish, A.S. and Salama, R.M. and Eissa, N. and Darwish, S.F (2023) 'The journey of boswellic acids from synthesis to pharmacological activities', Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology, 397(3), pp. 1477-1504. doi:10.1007/s00210-023-02725-w Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00210-023-02725-w
Liu, X., Machado, G.C., Eyles, J.P., Ravi, V. and Hunter, D.J (2018) 'Dietary supplements for treating osteoarthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis', British Journal of Sports Medicine, 52(3), pp. 167--175. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2016-097333 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2016-097333

Feyzabadi, Z., Ghorbani, F., Vazani, Y. and Zarshenas, M.M (2017) 'A Critical Review on Phytochemistry, Pharmacology of Viola odorata L. and Related Multipotential Products in Traditional Persian Medicine', Phytotherapy Research, 31(11), pp. 1669-1675. doi:10.1002/ptr.5909 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.5909
Heger, T., Zatloukal, M., Kubala, M., Strnad, M. and others (2022) 'Procyanidin C1 from Viola odorata L. inhibits Na,K-ATPase', Scientific Reports, 12(1), pp. 7011. doi:10.1038/s41598-022-11086-y Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-11086-y
Yousefnia, S., Naseri, D., Seyed Forootan, F., Tabatabaeian, M. and others (2020) 'Suppressive role of Viola odorata extract on malignant characters of mammosphere-derived breast cancer stem cells', Clinical & Translational Oncology, 22(9), pp. 1619-1634. doi:10.1007/s12094-020-02307-9 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12094-020-02307-9
Tafazoli, V., Shahriari, M., Heydari, M., Nikbakht, H.A. and others (2020) 'The Effect of Viola odorata L. Oil for Fever in Children: A Randomized Triple-blinded Placebo-controlled Clinical Trial', Current Drug Discovery Technologies, 17(5), pp. 696-703. doi:10.2174/1570163816666190620142256 Randomized trial
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Rahimi, V.B., Askari, V.R., Emami, S.A. and Tayarani-Najaran, Z (2017) 'Anti-melanogenic activity of Viola odorata different extracts on B16F10 murine melanoma cells', Iranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences, 20(3), pp. 242-249. doi:10.22038/ijbms.2017.8350 Preclinical
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Shayesteh, M., Vaez-Mahdavi, M.R., Shams, J., Kamalinejad, M. and others (2020) 'Effects of Viola odorata as an Add-On Therapy on Insomnia in Patients with Obsession or Depression: A Pilot Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial', Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 26(5), pp. 398-408. doi:10.1089/acm.2019.0254 Randomized trial
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Parsley, N.C., Kirkpatrick, C.L., Crittenden, C.M., Rad, J.G. and others (2018) 'PepSAVI-MS reveals anticancer and antifungal cycloviolacins in Viola odorata', Phytochemistry, 152, pp. 61-70. doi:10.1016/j.phytochem.2018.04.014 Preclinical
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Qasemzadeh, M.J., Sharifi, H., Hamedanian, M., Gharehbeglou, M., Heydari, M., Sardari, M., Akhlaghdoust, M. and Minae, M.B (2015) 'The Effect of Viola odorata Flower Syrup on the Cough of Children With Asthma: A Double-Blind, Randomized Controlled Trial', Journal of Evidence-Based Complementary & Alternative Medicine, 20(4), pp. 287--291. doi:10.1177/2156587215584862 Randomized trial
https://doi.org/10.1177/2156587215584862
RxList (n.d.) 'Sweet Violet: Health Benefits, Side Effects, Uses, Dose & Precautions'. Available at: https://www.rxlist.com/supplements/sweet_violet.htm Traditional / reference
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https://unrulygardening.com/foraging-violets/

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Generated automatically from the Omnia Sana plant database and its cited sources. For educational purposes only — not medical advice. Always consult a qualified practitioner before using medicinal plants.