Plant Comparison
Water Hyssop vs Greater Plantain
A side-by-side comparison of two medicinal plants — every documented constituent, action, use, safety note and cited source, assembled automatically from the Omnia Sana database.
First plant
Second plant
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At a glance
Water Hyssop and Greater Plantain: both belong to the Plantaginaceae family; they share 4 indicated uses (arthritis / joint pain, cancer (anticancer research), inflammation (general), …); 3 pharmacological actions in common.
Water HyssopGreater Plantain
Constituents25
Pharmacological actions513
Indicated uses715
Safety notes25
Cited sources2054
Indicated uses
Only Water Hyssop
Cognitive functionInsomnia / sleeplessnessMemory
Shared (4)
Arthritis / joint painCancer (anticancer research)Inflammation (general)Skin irritation
Only Greater Plantain
BronchitisBruisingConstipationCoughDiarrhoeaInfection (general)Respiratory supportSore throatWoundsImmune supportCardiovascular / heart health
Pharmacological actions
Only Water Hyssop
Neuroprotective / cognition supportSedative / sleep support
Shared (3)
Anti-inflammatoryAnticancer (preclinical)Antioxidant
Only Greater Plantain
AntimicrobialAstringentDemulcent (soothing mucilage)ExpectorantLaxativeVulnerary (wound healing)Immunomodulator / immune supportAntiviralAnalgesic (pain relief)Antifungal
Evidence face-off — shared uses
| Condition | Water Hyssop | Greater Plantain | Verdict |
|---|---|---|---|
| Arthritis / joint pain | 1/10 | 1/10 | Comparable evidence |
| Cancer (anticancer research) | 2/10 | 2/10 | Comparable evidence |
| Inflammation (general) | 1/10 | 1/10 | Comparable evidence |
| Skin irritation | 1/10 | 1/10 | Comparable evidence |
Evidence scores (1–10) are computed from the tier of each cited source. “Comparable” means the two scores are within one point. Follow a score to its detailed sources.
Key Constituents
Characteristic iridoids of Plantago major.
Iridoid glycosidesGlycosides
Polyphenolic esters contributing to antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity.
Caffeic acidVerbascoside (acteoside)
Flavonoids (baicalein, luteolin, hispidulin)[1]
Flavonoid constituents of the leaf.
FlavonoidsLuteolin
Pharmacological Actions
Bacopa monnieri (Brahmi) extract and its saponins (bacopaside II, bacopasaponins) inhibit proliferation and induce apoptosis in colon and lung cancer cells (preclinical).
Traditional & Indicated Uses
Arthritis / joint pain[13]Traditional · 1/10
inferred from anti-inflammatory action
Evidence: 1
Label: Arthritis / joint pain
Bacopaside II from Bacopa monnieri inhibits colon cancer cell growth via cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis (aquaporin-1 blockade), and its bacopasaponins are cytotoxic to lung (PC9) and colon (SW620) cancer cells (preclinical).
Evidence: 2
Label: Cancer (anticancer research)
inferred from neuroprotective action
Evidence: 6
Label: Cognitive function
Inflammation (general)[13]Traditional · 1/10
inferred from anti-inflammatory action
Evidence: 1
Label: Inflammation (general)
Insomnia / sleeplessness[13]Traditional · 1/10
inferred from sedative action
Evidence: 1
Label: Insomnia / sleeplessness
Skin irritation[13]Traditional · 1/10
inferred from anti-inflammatory action
Evidence: 1
Label: Skin irritation
inferred from anti-inflammatory action
Evidence: 1
Label: Arthritis / joint pain
inferred from expectorant action
Evidence: 1
Label: Bronchitis
inferred from vulnerary action
Evidence: 1
Label: Bruising
Demulcent / expectorant (coughs, catarrh, irritated airways)
Evidence: 1
Label: Cough
Infection (general)[1]Traditional · 1/10
inferred from antimicrobial action
Evidence: 1
Label: Infection (general)
inferred from anti-inflammatory action
Evidence: 1
Label: Inflammation (general)
inferred from expectorant action
Evidence: 1
Label: Respiratory support
inferred from anti-inflammatory action
Evidence: 1
Label: Skin irritation
inferred from vulnerary action
Evidence: 2
Label: Wounds
Immune support[16]Traditional · 2/10
P. major extract showed immunomodulatory, antiviral and cytotoxic effects in vitro.
Evidence: 2
Label: Immune support
Cancer (anticancer research)[21]Traditional · 2/10
P. major extracts/compounds inhibited proliferation of cancer cell lines (preclinical).
Evidence: 2
Label: Cancer (anticancer research)
Safety, Cautions & Contraindications
Generally well tolerated at standard doses. The most commonly reported side effects are gastrointestinal — nausea, stomach cramps, and increased bowel movements — which can be reduced by taking with food. Not recommended during pregnancy. May interact with medications that increase acetylcholine levels (e.g. Alzheimer's medications). Use with caution in thyroid conditions, as bacopa may increase thyroid hormone levels.
Extremely safe; one of the most widely used edible and medicinal plants in the world. Psyllium seeds (closely related) are well-studied as a bulk laxative but should always be taken with adequate water. Allergic reactions are rare but possible. No significant drug interactions documented at normal doses.
Duke (2002) rates plantain as ++ and notes anti-inflammatory, antitussive, antiatherosclerotic, and COX-2-inhibitory activities at the experimental level (score 1). The seeds (psyllium) of related species have clinical evidence for cholesterol reduction and as bulk laxatives, though entries here apply to the leaf. Dose: leaf as tea or poultice for wounds, sore throat, and bronchial conditions. Duke notes the plant is generally safe with anti-inflammatory topical use well-supported in traditional practice. Commission E approved plantain (ribwort species) for catarrh and wound healing (Duke, 2002).
Generally regarded as safe as food and in customary medicinal use; allergic reactions are uncommon, though the abundant wind-borne pollen can aggravate hay fever in sensitive people.
Correct identification is essential and material should be gathered away from roadsides, sprayed lawns and other contaminated ground; deep or infected wounds warrant proper medical care.
External Ids
Gbif: 3171169
Wikidata: Q1366575
Gbif: 3189767
Wikidata: Q157154
Botanical Description
Low, creeping, succulent perennial herb that roots at the nodes as it spreads across wet ground. The leaves are small, fleshy, spatula-shaped and arranged oppositely along the trailing stems. Small, pale lavender to white, four- to five-petalled flowers are borne singly in the leaf axils.[4]
Height: 5-15 cm (trailing/creeping)
Habit: Low, creeping, succulent perennial herb
Leaves: Small, fleshy, spatula-shaped, opposite
Flowers: Small, pale lavender to white, four- to five-petalled, borne singly in leaf axils
Stem: Trailing, succulent, rooting at the nodes
Root: Fine roots at each node along the creeping stem
Fruit: Small ovoid capsule
Flowering Period: Year-round in warm, wet climates
Low, rosette-forming perennial herb (Plantaginaceae) with broad, oval to rounded leaves marked by 5-9 prominent parallel ribs, borne on long, channelled petioles. Slender, leafless flowering spikes rise from the rosette bearing tiny, densely packed greenish flowers, followed by small seed capsules.[36]
Height: Low rosette; flowering spikes 10-40 cm
Habit: Low rosette-forming perennial herb
Leaves: Broad, oval to rounded, 5-9-ribbed, long-petioled
Flowers: Tiny, densely packed, greenish, in slender spikes
Stem: Slender, leafless flowering spike
Root: Fibrous perennial rootstock
Fruit: Small seed capsule
Flowering Period: June-September
Habitat
Grows in wet, marshy ground, muddy shorelines, rice paddies and shallow water throughout tropical and subtropical regions of Asia, and also found in parts of Africa, Australia and the Americas.[4]
Native to Europe and temperate Asia and now one of the most widespread naturalised weeds worldwide (the name 'waybread', or historically 'white man's foot', reflects its spread along paths and trails); thrives on compacted, disturbed ground such as paths, lawns and roadsides.[36]
Harvesting
The whole plant (leaf and trailing stem) is harvested during active growth, typically cut a few centimetres above the mud or water line, and dried or used fresh.
Parts: Leaf, Whole Plant
Season: During active growth (warm season)
Leaves are gathered fresh throughout the growing season, especially for poultice use; seed is collected in autumn once ripe.[36]
Parts: Leaf, Seed
Season: Leaf throughout the growing season; seed in autumn
Traditional Uses
Bacopa (brahmi) is a classic Ayurvedic 'medhya rasayana' (brain-nourishing) herb, traditionally used to support memory, learning and mental clarity, and as a calming nervine for anxiety and disturbed sleep. This traditional cognitive reputation is now supported by randomised controlled trials of standardised extracts.[1, 4]
Greater plantain is one of the most widely used wound herbs across world folk-medicine traditions, applied fresh as a poultice to cuts, stings and insect bites, and taken as a tea for cough, digestive upset and mild diarrhoea. Modern reviews confirm broad anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant and wound-healing activity supporting these traditional uses.[1, 36]
Preparations
Fresh leaf poultice[36]
Crushed or chewed fresh leaf applied directly to wounds, stings and insect bites - the classic traditional first-aid use.
Dried leaf steeped in hot water for cough, digestive complaints and mild diarrhoea.
Seed (bulk fibre)[38]
The mucilaginous seed, related to psyllium, used traditionally as a mild bulk laxative.
Dosage
References
REF-0740, REF-0741, REF-0742, REF-2107, REF-2108, REF-2109, REF-2110, REF-2111, REF-2112, REF-2113, REF-2114, REF-2115
REF-0354, REF-1758, REF-1759, REF-1760, REF-1761, REF-1762, REF-1763, REF-1764, REF-1765, REF-1766, REF-1767, REF-1768, REF-1769, REF-2993, REF-2994, REF-2995, REF-2996, REF-2997, REF-2998, REF-2999, REF-3000, REF-3001, REF-3002, REF-3003, REF-3004, REF-3005, REF-3006, REF-3007, REF-3008, REF-3009, REF-3010, REF-3011, REF-3012, REF-3013, REF-3014
Drug Class Interactions
Drug Class: sedatives-cns-depressants
Mechanism: Bacopa (brahmi) is traditionally used as a calming, sedative herb; taken with sedatives, sleeping tablets or other central-nervous-system depressants (including alcohol) it may add to drowsiness and slowed reactions.
Reviewed By: Omnia Sana (owner-authorized)
Reviewed Date: 2026-07-03
Not documented
Lookalikes Review
Outcome: none-known
Reviewed By: Omnia Sana (owner-authorized)
Reviewed Date: 2026-07-07
Outcome: none-known
Reviewed By: Omnia Sana (owner-authorized)
Reviewed Date: 2026-07-07
References & Sources
- Calabrese, C., Gregory, W.L., Leo, M., Kraemer, D. et al (2008) 'Effects of a standardized Bacopa monnieri extract on cognitive performance, anxiety, and depression in the elderly: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial', Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 14(6), pp. 707-713. doi:10.1089/acm.2008.0018 Randomized trial
https://doi.org/10.1089/acm.2008.0018 - Lorca, C., Mulet, M., Arévalo-Caro, C., Sanchez, M.Á. et al (2022) 'Plant-derived nootropics and human cognition: A systematic review', Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 63(22), pp. 5521-5545. doi:10.1080/10408398.2021.2021137 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2021.2021137 - Fatima, U., Roy, S., Ahmad, S., Ali, S. et al (2022) 'Pharmacological attributes of Bacopa monnieri extract: Current updates and clinical manifestation', Frontiers in Nutrition, 9, pp. 972379. doi:10.3389/fnut.2022.972379 Traditional / reference
https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.972379 - Kongkeaw, C., Dilokthornsakul, P., Thanarangsarit, P., Limpeanchob, N. and Norman Scholfield, C (2014) 'Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials on cognitive effects of Bacopa monnieri extract', Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 151(1), pp. 528-535. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2013.11.008 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2013.11.008 - Vinod, A., Sathianarayanan, S., Babu, A.E., Sadanandan, P., Venu, A.K. and Venkidasamy, B (2022) 'Bacopa monnieri for disorders affecting brain: current perspectives', Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry, 22(23), pp. 1909-1929. doi:10.2174/1568026622666220119111538 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.2174/1568026622666220119111538 - Dubey, T., Kushwaha, P., Thulasiram, H.V., Chandrashekar, M. and Chinnathambi, S (2023) 'Bacopa monnieri reduces Tau aggregation and Tau-mediated toxicity in cells', International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 234, pp. 123171. doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123171 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123171 - Shalini, V.T., Neelakanta, S.J. and Sriranjini, J.S (2021) 'Neuroprotection with Bacopa monnieri - a review of experimental evidence', Molecular Biology Reports, 48(3), pp. 2653-2668. doi:10.1007/s11033-021-06236-w Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-021-06236-w - Simpson, T., Pase, M. and Stough, C (2015) 'Bacopa monnieri as an antioxidant therapy to reduce oxidative stress in the aging brain', Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2015, pp. 615384. doi:10.1155/2015/615384 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/615384 - Saini, N., Singh, D. and Sandhir, R (2019) 'Bacopa monnieri prevents colchicine-induced dementia by anti-inflammatory action', Metabolic Brain Disease, 34(2), pp. 505-518. doi:10.1007/s11011-018-0332-1 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11011-018-0332-1 - Dubey, T. and Chinnathambi, S (2019) 'Brahmi (Bacopa monnieri): an ayurvedic herb against the Alzheimer's disease', Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 676, pp. 108153. doi:10.1016/j.abb.2019.108153 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.abb.2019.108153 - Bhandari, P., Kumar, N., Singh, B. and Kaul, V.K (2007) 'Cucurbitacins from Bacopa monnieri', Phytochemistry, 68(9), pp. 1248-1254. doi:10.1016/j.phytochem.2007.03.013 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2007.03.013 - Sivaramakrishna, C., Rao, C.V., Trimurtulu, G., Vanisree, M. and Subbaraju, G.V (2005) 'Triterpenoid glycosides from Bacopa monnieri', Phytochemistry, 66(23), pp. 2719-2728. doi:10.1016/j.phytochem.2005.09.016 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2005.09.016 - World Health Organization (2002) 'WHO Monographs on Selected Medicinal Plants'. Traditional / reference
https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=WHO%20Monographs%20on%20Selected%20Medicinal%20Plants - Smith, E. and Palethorpe, H.M. and Tomita, Y. and Pei, J.V. and Townsend, A.R. and Price, T.J. and Young, J.P. and Yool, A.J. and Hardingham, J.E (2018) 'The Purified Extract from the Medicinal Plant Bacopa monnieri, Bacopaside II, Inhibits Growth of Colon Cancer Cells In Vitro by Inducing Cell Cycle Arrest and Apoptosis', Cells, 7(7), pp. 81. doi:10.3390/cells7070081 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.3390/cells7070081 - Yen, D.T.H. and Cuc, N.T. and Tai, B.H. and Van Kiem, P. and Hoang Duc, M. and Nhiem, N.X. and Cho, S.-H. and Jeong, S.B. and Seo, Y. and Park, S (2022) 'Two new triterpenoid glycosides from Bacopa monnieri and their cytotoxic activity', Natural Product Research, 38(7), pp. 1120-1126. doi:10.1080/14786419.2022.2132498 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2022.2132498 - Calabrese, C., Gregory, W.L., Leo, M., Kraemer, D., Bone, K. and Oken, B (2008) 'Effects of a standardized Bacopa monnieri extract on cognitive performance, anxiety, and depression in the elderly', 14(6), pp. 707--713. Randomized trial
https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Effects%20of%20a%20standardized%20Bacopa%20monnieri%20extract%20on%20cognitive%20performance%2C%20anxiety%2C%20and%20depression%20in%20the%20elderly - Stough, C., Lloyd, J., Clarke, J., Downey, L.A., Hutchison, C.W., Rodgers, T. and Nathan, P.J (2001) 'The chronic effects of an extract of Bacopa monniera (Brahmi) on cognitive function in healthy human subjects', 156(4), pp. 481--484. doi:10.1007/s002130100815 Randomized trial
https://doi.org/10.1007/s002130100815 - Duke, J.A (2002) 'Handbook of Medicinal Herbs, Second Edition'. Traditional / reference
https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Handbook%20of%20Medicinal%20Herbs%2C%20Second%20Edition - Ghasemzadeh Rahbardar, M. and Hosseinzadeh, H (2024) 'Therapeutic potential of hypnotic herbal medicines: A comprehensive review', Phytotherapy Research, 38(6), pp. 3037-3059. doi:10.1002/ptr.8201 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.8201 - Block, K.I., Gyllenhaal, C. and Mead, M.N (2004) 'Safety and efficacy of herbal sedatives in cancer care', Integrative Cancer Therapies, 3(2), pp. 128-148. doi:10.1177/1534735404265003 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.1177/1534735404265003
- Adom, M.B., Taher, M., Mutalabisin, M.F., Amri, M.S., Abdul Kudos, M.B., Wan Sulaiman, M.W.A., Sengupta, P. and Susanti, D (2017) 'Chemical constituents and medical benefits of Plantago major', pp. 348--360. doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2017.09.152 Traditional / reference
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2017.09.152 - Najafian, Y., Hamedi, S.S., Farshchi, M.K. and Feyzabadi, Z (2018) 'Plantago major in Traditional Persian Medicine and modern phytotherapy: a narrative review', Electronic Physician, 10(2), pp. 6390-6399. doi:10.19082/6390 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.19082/6390 - Cardoso, F.C.I., Breder, J.C., Apolinario, P.P., Oliveira, H.C., Saidel, M.G.B., Dini, A.P., Oliveira-Kumakura, A.R. and Lima, M.H.M (2021) 'The Effect of Plantago major on Wound Healing in Preclinical Studies: A Systematic Review', Wound Management & Prevention, 67(1), pp. 27-34. doi:10.25270/wmp.2021.1.2734 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.25270/wmp.2021.1.2734 - Ghanadian, M., Soltani, R., Homayouni, A., Khorvash, F., Jouabadi, S.M. and Abdollahzadeh, M (2022) 'The Effect of Plantago major Hydroalcoholic Extract on the Healing of Diabetic Foot and Pressure Ulcers: A Randomized Open-Label Controlled Clinical Trial', The International Journal of Lower Extremity Wounds, 23(3), pp. 475-481. doi:10.1177/15347346211070723 Randomized trial
https://doi.org/10.1177/15347346211070723 - Ghiasian, M., Niroomandi, Z., Dastan, D., Poorolajal, J., Zare, F. and Ataei, S (2021) 'Clinical and phytochemical studies of Plantago major in pressure ulcer treatment: A randomized controlled trial', Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice, 43, pp. 101325. doi:10.1016/j.ctcp.2021.101325 Randomized trial
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctcp.2021.101325 - Cabrera-Jaime, S., Martinez, C., Ferro-Garcia, T., Giner-Boya, P., Icart-Isern, T., Estrada-Masllorens, J.M. and Fernandez-Ortega, P (2017) 'Efficacy of Plantago major, chlorhexidine 0.12% and sodium bicarbonate 5% solution in the treatment of oral mucositis in cancer patients with solid tumour: A feasibility randomised triple-blind phase III clinical trial', European Journal of Oncology Nursing, 32, pp. 40-47. doi:10.1016/j.ejon.2017.11.006 Randomized trial
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejon.2017.11.006 - Zubair, M., Widen, C., Renvert, S. and Rumpunen, K (2018) 'Water and ethanol extracts of Plantago major leaves show anti-inflammatory activity on oral epithelial cells', Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine, 9(3), pp. 169-171. doi:10.1016/j.jtcme.2017.09.002 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtcme.2017.09.002 - Turel, I., Ozbek, H., Erten, R., Oner, A.C., Cengiz, N. and Yilmaz, O (2009) 'Hepatoprotective and anti-inflammatory activities of Plantago major L', Indian Journal of Pharmacology, 41(3), pp. 120-124. doi:10.4103/0253-7613.55211 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.4103/0253-7613.55211 - Turki Monawer, A. and Mohammed Abdulkahar Mammani, I (2023) 'Antibacterial activity of ethanolic extracts of Plantago major leaves against Pseudomonas aeruginosa from burn infections', Journal of Infection in Developing Countries, 17(2), pp. 276-280. doi:10.3855/jidc.17576 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.3855/jidc.17576 - Boskabadi, J., Saadat, S. and Boskabady, M.H (2020) 'The Relaxant Effect of Plantago Major on Rat Tracheal Smooth Muscles and Its Possible Mechanisms', Iranian Journal of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology, 19(4), pp. 386-396. doi:10.18502/ijaai.v19i4.4113 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.18502/ijaai.v19i4.4113 - Parhizgar, S., Hosseinian, S., Soukhtanloo, M., Bideskan, A.E., Hadjzadeh, M., Shahraki, S., Noshahr, Z.S., Heravi, N.E., Haghshenas, M. and Rad, A.K (2018) 'Plantago major protects against cisplatin-induced renal dysfunction and tissue damage in rats', Saudi Journal of Kidney Diseases and Transplantation, 29(5), pp. 1057-1064. doi:10.4103/1319-2442.243960 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.4103/1319-2442.243960 - Naji Ebrahimi Yazd, Z., Shahraki, S., Hosseinian, S., Shafei, M.N., Bideskan, A.E., Mohebbati, R., Heravi, N.E., Mahzari, S. and Rad, A.K (2019) 'Renoprotective Effect of Plantago major Against Proteinuria and Apoptosis Induced by Adriamycin in Rat', Journal of Pharmacopuncture, 22(1), pp. 35-40. doi:10.3831/KPI.2019.22.004 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.3831/KPI.2019.22.004 - Alizadeh Behbahani, B., Tabatabaei Yazdi, F., Shahidi, F., Hesarinejad, M.A., Mortazavi, S.A. and Mohebbi, M (2016) 'Plantago major seed mucilage: Optimization of extraction and some physicochemical and rheological aspects', Carbohydrate Polymers, 155, pp. 68-77. doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.08.051 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.08.051 - Majeed, A. and Zulfiqar, Z. and Fatima, Z. and Fatima, S. and Muhammad, G. and Wajid, M. and Khan, R.R.M. and Mushtaq, M. and Ashraf, A (2026) 'Phytochemical profile and biological activities of Plantago major L.: A comprehensive review', Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine. doi:10.4103/apjtb.apjtb_644_25 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.4103/apjtb.apjtb_644_25 - Akram, M. and Hamid, A. and Khalil, A. and Ghaffar, A. and Tayyaba, N. and Saeed, A. and Ali, M. and Naveed, A (2014) 'Review on Medicinal Uses, Pharmacological, Phytochemistry and Immunomodulatory Activity of Plants', International Journal of Immunopathology and Pharmacology. doi:10.1177/039463201402700301 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.1177/039463201402700301 - Chiang, L. and Chiang, W.C. and Chang, M. and Lin, C (2003) 'In Vitro Cytotoxic, Antiviral and Immunomodulatory Effects of Plantago major and Plantago asiatica', The American Journal of Chinese Medicine. doi:10.1142/s0192415x03000874 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1142/s0192415x03000874 - Gomez‐Flores, R. and Calderón, C.L. and Scheibel, L.W. and Tamez‐Guerra, P. and Rodrı́guez-Padilla, C. and Támez-Guerra, R. and Wéber, R (2000) 'Immunoenhancing properties ofPlantago major leaf extract', Phytotherapy Research. doi:10.1002/1099-1573(200012)14:8<617::aid-ptr674>3.0.co;2-n Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1002/1099-1573(200012)14:8<617::aid-ptr674>3.0.co;2-n - Samuelsen, A.B. and Paulsen, B.S. and Wold, J.K. and Otsuka, H. and Yamada, H. and Espevik, T (1995) 'Isolation and partial characterization of biologically active polysaccharides from Plantago major L', Phytotherapy Research. doi:10.1002/ptr.2650090312 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.2650090312 - Reina, E. and Al‐Shibani, N. and Allam, E. and Gregson, K.S. and Kowolik, M.J. and Windsor, L.J (2013) 'The Effects of Plantago major on the Activation of the Neutrophil Respiratory Burst', Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine. doi:10.4103/2225-4110.119706 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.4103/2225-4110.119706 - Lukova, P. and Karcheva‐Bahchevanska, D. and Bivolarski, V. and Mladenov, R. and Iliev, I. and Nikolova, M (2017) 'Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Water Extractable Polysaccharides from Leaves of Plantago major L', Folia Medica. doi:10.1515/folmed-2017-0023 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1515/folmed-2017-0023 - Kartini, K. and Piyaviriyakul, S. and Thongpraditchote, S. and Siripong, P. and Vallisuta, O (2017) 'Effects of Plantago major extracts and its chemical compounds on proliferation of cancer cells and cytokines production of lipopolysaccharide-activated THP-1 macrophages', Pharmacognosy Magazine. doi:10.4103/pm.pm_406_16 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.4103/pm.pm_406_16 - Zuo, X. and Li, L. and Sun, L (2020) 'Plantamajoside inhibits hypoxia-induced migration and invasion of human cervical cancer cells through the NF-κB and PI3K/akt pathways', Journal of Receptors and Signal Transduction. doi:10.1080/10799893.2020.1808679 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1080/10799893.2020.1808679 - Zhang, L. and Guo, Y. and Liu, J. and Wang, L. and Wang, L. and Wu, H. and Wang, T. and Deng, B. and Wang, J. and Lu, L. and Chen, Z. and He, J. and Liang, B. and Li, H. and Huang, Y (2022) 'Plantamajoside attenuates cardiac fibrosis via inhibiting AGEs activated‐RAGE/autophagy/EndMT pathway', Phytotherapy Research. doi:10.1002/ptr.7663 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.7663 - Zeng, G. and An, H. and Fang, D. and Wang, W. and Han, Y. and Lian, C (2020) 'Plantamajoside protects H9c2 cells against hypoxia/reoxygenation-induced injury through regulating the akt/Nrf2/HO-1 and NF-κB signaling pathways', Journal of Receptors and Signal Transduction. doi:10.1080/10799893.2020.1859534 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1080/10799893.2020.1859534 - Amini, M. and Kherad, M. and Mehrabani, D. and Azarpira, N. and Panjehshahin, M.R. and Tanideh, N (2010) 'Effect ofPlantago majoron Burn Wound Healing in Rat', Journal of Applied Animal Research. doi:10.1080/09712119.2010.9707093 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1080/09712119.2010.9707093 - Zubaır, M. and Nybom, H. and Lindholm, C. and Brandner, J.M. and Rumpunen, K (2015) 'Promotion of wound healing byPlantago majorL. leaf extracts –ex-vivoexperiments confirm experiences from traditional medicine', Natural Product Research. doi:10.1080/14786419.2015.1034714 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2015.1034714 - Rad, N. and Shafie, F. and Chaghervand, M.M. and Kashfi, S. and Rashidipour, M. and Chehelcheraghi, F. and Mozaffarpur, S.A. and Rasoulian, B (2018) 'The Wound Healing Effect of Plantago Major Leaf Extract in a Rat Model: An Experimental Confirmation of a Traditional Belief in Persian Medicine', DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals). doi:10.22087/hmj.v3i1.702 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.22087/hmj.v3i1.702 - Cardoso, F.D.C.I. and Apolinário, P.P. and Breder, J.D.S.C. and Paranhos, T. and Oliveira, H.C. and Polidoro, A.D. and Oliveira, A.R.D.S. and Lima, M.H.M (2019) 'A protocol for systematic review of Plantago major L. effectiveness in accelerating wound-healing in animal models', Systematic Reviews. doi:10.1186/s13643-019-1255-6 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-019-1255-6 - Ringbom, T. and Segura, L. and Noreen, Y. and Perera, P. and Bohlin, L (1998) 'Ursolic Acid fromPlantagomajor, a Selective Inhibitor of Cyclooxygenase-2 Catalyzed Prostaglandin Biosynthesis', Journal of Natural Products. doi:10.1021/np980088i Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1021/np980088i - Guillén, M.E.N. and Emim, J.A.D.S. and Souccar, C. and Lapa, A.J (1997) 'Analgesic and Anti-inflammatory Activities of the Aqueous Extract of Plantago major L', International Journal of Pharmacognosy. doi:10.1076/phbi.35.2.99.13288 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1076/phbi.35.2.99.13288 - Atibayeva, А.E. and Тыныкулов, М (2024) 'ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY OF PLANTAGO MAJOR LEAF EXTRACTS IN VITRO ON EPITHELIAL CELLS OF THE ORAL CAVITY', Vestnik of M Kozybayev North Kazakhstan University. doi:10.54596/2958-0048-2024-2-48-53 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.54596/2958-0048-2024-2-48-53 - Zhakipbekov, K. and Turgumbayeva, A. and Issayeva, R. and Kipchakbayeva, A. and Kadyrbayeva, G. and Tleubayeva, M.I. and Akhayeva, T. and Тастамбек, К. and Sainova, G.A. and Serikbayeva, E. and Tolenova, K. and Махатова, Б. and Anarbayeva, R. and Shimirova, Z. and Tileuberdi, Y (2023) 'Antimicrobial and Other Biomedical Properties of Extracts from Plantago major, Plantaginaceae', Pharmaceuticals. doi:10.3390/ph16081092 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.3390/ph16081092 - Povnitsa, O. and Bilyavska, L. and Pankivska, Y. and Likhanov, A. and Dorovskyh, A. and Лысенко, В.С. and Lokshin, M.M. and Zahorodnia, S (2021) 'In vitro Antiviral Activity of Leaf Extracts Plantago major, Plantago lanceolata, Rubus idaeus', Mikrobiolohichnyi Zhurnal. doi:10.15407/microbiolj84.01.044 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.15407/microbiolj84.01.044 - Han, A.Y. and Nam, M. and Lee, K (2016) 'Plantamajoside Inhibits UVB and Advanced Glycation End Products‐Induced MMP‐1 Expression by Suppressing the MAPK and NF‐κB Pathways in HaCaT Cells', Photochemistry and Photobiology. doi:10.1111/php.12615 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1111/php.12615 - Shirley, K.P. and Windsor, L.J. and Eckert, G.J. and Gregory, R.L (2015) 'In Vitro Effects of Plantago Major Extract, Aucubin, and Baicalein on Candida albicans Biofilm Formation, Metabolic Activity, and Cell Surface Hydrophobicity', Journal of Prosthodontics. doi:10.1111/jopr.12411 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1111/jopr.12411 - Samuelsen, A.B (2000) 'The traditional uses, chemical constituents and biological activities of Plantago major L. A review', 8741(00), pp. 1--21. doi:10.1016/s0378-8741(00)00212-9 Traditional / reference
https://doi.org/10.1016/s0378-8741(00)00212-9 - Grieve, M (1931). Available at: https://botanical.com/botanical/mgmh/p/planta14.html Traditional / reference
https://botanical.com/botanical/mgmh/p/planta14.html - Herbal Reality (n.d.) 'Plantain (Plantago major): Benefits, Safety, Uses'. Available at: https://www.herbalreality.com/herb/plantain/ Traditional / reference
https://www.herbalreality.com/herb/plantain/ - Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew (n.d.). Available at: https://powo.science.kew.org Traditional / reference
https://powo.science.kew.org - Samuelsen, A.B (2000) 'The traditional uses, chemical constituents and biological activities of Plantago major L.: a review', pp. 1--21. Traditional / reference
https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=The%20traditional%20uses%2C%20chemical%20constituents%20and%20biological%20activities%20of%20Plantago%20major%20L.%3A%20a%20review - World Health Organization (2002) 'WHO Monographs on Selected Medicinal Plants'. Traditional / reference
https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=WHO%20Monographs%20on%20Selected%20Medicinal%20Plants - Zubair, M., Ekholm, A., Nybom, H., Renvert, S., Widen, C. and Rumpunen, K (2012) 'Effects of Plantago major L. leaf extracts on oral epithelial cells in a scratch assay', 141(3), pp. 825--830. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2012.03.016 Traditional / reference
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2012.03.016 - Duke, J.A (2002) 'Handbook of Medicinal Herbs, Second Edition'. Traditional / reference
https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Handbook%20of%20Medicinal%20Herbs%2C%20Second%20Edition - The Herbal Medic (n.d.) 'Plantain (Plantago lanceolata) - Wound Healing & Respiratory Support Herb'. Available at: https://theherbalmedic.co.uk/plantain-plantago-lanceolate Traditional / reference
https://theherbalmedic.co.uk/plantain-plantago-lanceolate - A Wandering Botanist (2013) 'Plant Story - Plantains (Plantago), Tracking Your Footsteps All Over the World'. Available at: http://khkeeler.blogspot.com/2013/11/plant-story-plantains-plantago-tracking.html Traditional / reference
http://khkeeler.blogspot.com/2013/11/plant-story-plantains-plantago-tracking.html - Edible Wild Food (n.d.) 'Broadleaf Plantain (Plantago major)'. Available at: https://www.ediblewildfood.com/broadleaf-plantain.aspx Traditional / reference
https://www.ediblewildfood.com/broadleaf-plantain.aspx - Florida School of Holistic Living (n.d.). Available at: https://www.holisticlivingschool.org/2020/02/25/march-plantain/ Traditional / reference
https://www.holisticlivingschool.org/2020/02/25/march-plantain/ - Living Plant Wisdom (n.d.) 'Living Plant Wisdom Profile: Plantain (Plantago major)'. Available at: https://holisticfarming.substack.com/p/living-plant-wisdom-profile-plantain Traditional / reference
https://holisticfarming.substack.com/p/living-plant-wisdom-profile-plantain - Nine Herbs Charm (n.d.). Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nine_Herbs_Charm Traditional / reference
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nine_Herbs_Charm - North Carolina Extension (n.d.) 'Plantago major'. Available at: https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/plantago-major/ Traditional / reference
https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/plantago-major/ - Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew (n.d.) 'Plantago major L'. Available at: https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:677229-1 Traditional / reference
https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:677229-1 - Royal Horticultural Society (n.d.) 'Plantago major (common plantain)'. Available at: https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/42126/plantago-major/details Traditional / reference
https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/42126/plantago-major/details - The Wildlife Trusts (n.d.) 'Greater plantain'. Available at: https://www.wildlifetrusts.org/wildlife-explorer/wildflowers/greater-plantain Traditional / reference
https://www.wildlifetrusts.org/wildlife-explorer/wildflowers/greater-plantain - Zubair, M (2012). Available at: https://research.slu.se/en/publications/genetic-variation-biochemical-contents-and-wound-healing-activity/ Traditional / reference
https://research.slu.se/en/publications/genetic-variation-biochemical-contents-and-wound-healing-activity/
Generated automatically from the Omnia Sana plant database and its cited sources. For educational purposes only — not medical advice. Always consult a qualified practitioner before using medicinal plants.