Plant Comparison

Andrographis vs Black Cumin

A side-by-side comparison of two medicinal plants — every documented constituent, action, use, safety note and cited source, assembled automatically from the Omnia Sana database.

First plant

Second plant

Plant AAndrographisAndrographis paniculataAcanthaceaeFull monograph →

Plant BBlack CuminNigella sativaRanunculaceaeFull monograph →

At a glance

Andrographis and Black Cumin: they share 8 indicated uses (arthritis / joint pain, cancer (anticancer research), cold & flu, …); 4 pharmacological actions in common.

AndrographisBlack Cumin

Constituents35

Pharmacological actions69

Indicated uses1017

Safety notes32

Cited sources1724

Indicated uses

Only Andrographis

FeverSore throat

Shared (8)

Arthritis / joint painCancer (anticancer research)Cold & fluImmune supportInfection (general)Inflammation (general)Skin irritationWounds

Only Black Cumin

Acid refluxBack painBloatingBlood sugar / diabetes supportHeadacheIndigestionMetabolic supportPain (general)Respiratory support

Pharmacological actions

Only Andrographis

Antipyretic (reduces fever)Antiviral

Shared (4)

Anti-inflammatoryAnticancer (preclinical)AntimicrobialImmunomodulator / immune support

Only Black Cumin

Analgesic (pain relief)Antidiabetic (blood-sugar lowering)AntioxidantDigestive aidGastroprotective

Evidence face-off — shared uses

Condition	Andrographis	Black Cumin	Verdict
Arthritis / joint pain	5/10	5/10	Comparable evidence
Cancer (anticancer research)	2/10	7/10	Stronger for Black Cumin
Cold & flu	8/10	5/10	Stronger for Andrographis
Immune support	5/10	5/10	Comparable evidence
Infection (general)	8/10	5/10	Stronger for Andrographis
Inflammation (general)	5/10	5/10	Comparable evidence
Skin irritation	5/10	5/10	Comparable evidence
Wounds	5/10	5/10	Comparable evidence

Evidence scores (1–10) are computed from the tier of each cited source. “Comparable” means the two scores are within one point. Follow a score to its detailed sources.

Key Constituents

Diterpenoid lactones^{[2, 3, 10, 11]}

Andrographolide is the principal active compound; also neoandrographolide and deoxyandrographolide.

Flavonoids^[11]

Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory constituents.

Flavonoids

Polyphenols and other phenolics^[11]

Contribute to antioxidant activity.

Phenolic compounds

Thymoquinone^{[3, 9]}

The principal bioactive constituent of the seed oil, responsible for much of its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity.

Volatile oil (nigellone, thymol, carvacrol)^[3]

The aromatic fraction of the seed, contributing antimicrobial and antioxidant activity.

Essential (volatile) oilThymolCarvacrol

Fixed oil (linoleic acid, oleic acid)^[1]

The bulk lipid fraction of the seed (roughly a third of seed weight by weight), the carrier for the fat-soluble thymoquinone.

Alkaloids (nigellicine, nigellidine)^[1]

Minor isoquinoline-type alkaloids studied for antioxidant activity.

Alkaloids

Saponins (alpha-hederin)^[1]

Triterpene saponin studied for anticancer and antiparasitic activity.

Saponins

Pharmacological Actions

Anti-inflammatory^{[2, 7, 9, 10, 11]}

Anticancer (preclinical)^{[14, 15, 16]}

Andrographolide, the principal diterpene lactone of Andrographis paniculata, suppresses proliferation and induces apoptosis across breast, lung, colon, cervical, hepatic and haematological cancers via NF-kappaB and PI3K/Akt inhibition (preclinical).

Antimicrobial^{[1, 6, 8, 10, 11]}

Antimicrobial and antiviral

Antipyretic (reduces fever)^{[11, 17]}

Antipyretic (fever)

Antiviral^{[1, 5, 8, 10, 11]}

Antimicrobial and antiviral

Immunomodulator / immune support^{[10, 11]}

Immunostimulant / immune support

Analgesic (pain relief)^{[6, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18]}

Anti-inflammatory^{[1, 2, 4, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18]}

Anticancer (preclinical)^{[7, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18]}

Antidiabetic (blood-sugar lowering)^{[5, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18]}

Antimicrobial^{[3, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18]}

Antioxidant^{[1, 3, 8, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18]}

Digestive aid^{[12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18]}

Gastroprotective^{[12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18]}

Immunomodulator / immune support^{[4, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18]}

Traditional & Indicated Uses

Arthritis / joint pain^{[10, 11]}Moderate · 5/10

inferred from anti-inflammatory action

Evidence: 5

Label: Arthritis / joint pain

Cancer (anticancer research)^{[14, 15, 16]}Traditional · 2/10

Andrographolide (from Andrographis paniculata) acts as a chemopreventive and antitumour agent against breast, lung, colorectal, cervical, prostate and hepatocellular cancers and leukaemia, inducing apoptosis and inhibiting NF-kappaB and PI3K/AKT signalling (preclinical).

Evidence: 2

Label: Cancer (anticancer research)

Cold & flu^{[10, 12, 17]}Good · 8/10

Symptomatic relief of the common cold and acute upper respiratory tract infection (reduces symptom severity and duration)

Evidence: 8

Label: Cold & flu

Fever^{[11, 17]}Traditional · 2/10

Antipyretic (fever)

Evidence: 2

Label: Fever

Immune support^{[10, 11]}Moderate · 5/10

Immunostimulant / immune support

Evidence: 5

Label: Immune support

Infection (general)^{[10, 12, 17]}Good · 8/10

Symptomatic relief of the common cold and acute upper respiratory tract infection (reduces symptom severity and duration)

Evidence: 8

Label: Infection (general)

Inflammation (general)^{[10, 11]}Moderate · 5/10

inferred from anti-inflammatory action

Evidence: 5

Label: Inflammation (general)

Skin irritation^{[10, 11]}Moderate · 5/10

inferred from anti-inflammatory action

Evidence: 5

Label: Skin irritation

Sore throat^{[12, 17]}Good · 7/10

Evidence: 7

Label: Sore throat

Wounds^{[10, 11]}Moderate · 5/10

inferred from antimicrobial action

Evidence: 5

Label: Wounds

Acid reflux^{[12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18]}Moderate · 5/10

inferred from gastroprotective action

Evidence: 5

Label: Acid reflux

Arthritis / joint pain^{[12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18]}Moderate · 5/10

inferred from anti-inflammatory action

Evidence: 5

Label: Arthritis / joint pain

Back pain^{[12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18]}Moderate · 5/10

inferred from analgesic action

Evidence: 5

Label: Back pain

Bloating^{[12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18]}Moderate · 5/10

inferred from digestive action

Evidence: 5

Label: Bloating

Blood sugar / diabetes support^{[12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18]}Moderate · 5/10

inferred from antidiabetic action

Evidence: 5

Label: Blood sugar / diabetes support

Cancer (anticancer research)^[7]Good · 7/10

inferred from anticancer action

Evidence: 7

Label: Cancer (anticancer research)

Cold & flu^{[12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18]}Moderate · 5/10

inferred from immunomodulator action

Evidence: 5

Label: Cold & flu

Headache^{[12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18]}Moderate · 5/10

inferred from analgesic action

Evidence: 5

Label: Headache

Immune support^{[12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18]}Moderate · 5/10

Evidence: 5

Label: Immune support

Indigestion^{[12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18]}Moderate · 5/10

inferred from digestive action

Evidence: 5

Label: Indigestion

Infection (general)^{[12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18]}Moderate · 5/10

inferred from antimicrobial action

Evidence: 5

Label: Infection (general)

Inflammation (general)^{[12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18]}Moderate · 5/10

inferred from anti-inflammatory action

Evidence: 5

Label: Inflammation (general)

Metabolic support^{[12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18]}Moderate · 5/10

inferred from antidiabetic action

Evidence: 5

Label: Metabolic support

Pain (general)^{[12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18]}Moderate · 5/10

Evidence: 5

Label: Pain (general)

Respiratory support^{[12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18]}Moderate · 5/10

Evidence: 5

Label: Respiratory support

Skin irritation^{[12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18]}Moderate · 5/10

inferred from anti-inflammatory action

Evidence: 5

Label: Skin irritation

Wounds^{[12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18]}Moderate · 5/10

inferred from antimicrobial action

Evidence: 5

Label: Wounds

Safety, Cautions & Contraindications

Safety note^{[10, 17]}Caution

Avoid in pregnancy and when trying to conceive: high doses have shown reproductive toxicity in animals and the herb has a traditional reputation as an abortifacient.

Safety note^[10]Caution

High doses have caused nephrotoxicity and reproductive toxicity in studies; use standardized products at recommended doses and avoid prolonged high-dose use.

Safety note^{[10, 17]}Caution

May lower blood pressure and blood sugar and may interact with anticoagulant/antiplatelet, antihypertensive and immunosuppressant medicines; allergic reactions can occur.

Safety note^{[12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18]}Caution

Generally well-tolerated in clinical trials at doses up to 200 mg/day of oil for 90 days. Potential side effects may include mild gastrointestinal discomfort. Contraindicated during pregnancy due to potential uterine stimulant effects. May interact with immunosuppressants and antidiabetic medications. Allergic reactions possible in sensitive individuals. Consult healthcare provider before use, especially with concurrent medications.

Safety note^{[12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19]}Caution

Duke (2002) describes black cumin (Nigella sativa) as one of the most multi-active medicinal spices, with experimental evidence for bronchodilation, immunostimulation, hepatoprotection, and antihistaminic activity. The prophet Muhammad reportedly described it as 'a cure for all things except death.' Key bioactive compounds include thymoquinone and nigellone. Antihistaminic and bronchodilatory activity supports its traditional use in asthma and allergic conditions. Duke notes it is generally safe at culinary amounts but recommends caution with medicinal doses in pregnancy due to potential uterotonic effects (Duke, 2002).

External Ids

Gbif: 3173178

Powo: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:45226-1

Wikidata: Q1551608

Gbif: 5371700

Wikidata: Q160575

Botanical Description

Erect, branching annual herb with a slender, quadrangular (square-sectioned), dark green stem. The leaves are opposite, lance-shaped and glabrous, with a short stalk. Small, two-lipped, white flowers with purple-pink markings are borne in loose, spreading axillary and terminal racemes. The whole plant, and especially the leaves, is intensely and characteristically bitter.^[11]

Height: 30-110 cm

Habit: Erect, branching annual herb

Leaves: Opposite, lance-shaped, glabrous, short-stalked

Flowers: Small, two-lipped, white flowers marked with purple-pink, in loose spreading racemes

Stem: Slender, quadrangular (square in cross-section), dark green, branching

Root: Shallow, fibrous root system

Fruit: Small, elastically dehiscent capsule

Flowering Period: September-December (varies by climate)

Annual herb (Ranunculaceae), 20-90 cm tall, with an erect, branched stem and finely divided, pinnately dissected, fern-like leaves. Delicate pale blue-white (occasionally pale purple) flowers, each with 5-10 petal-like sepals, are surrounded by a feathery bract collar. The fruit is an inflated, many-celled capsule that dries and splits to release numerous small, black, angular seeds - the medicinal part.^[1]

Height: 20-90 cm

Habit: Erect, branched annual herb

Leaves: Finely pinnately dissected, fern-like

Flowers: Pale blue-white (occasionally pale purple), 5-10 petal-like sepals, feathery bract collar

Stem: Erect, branched

Root: Slender taproot

Fruit: Inflated capsule splitting to release small black angular seeds

Flowering Period: June-August

Habitat

Native to India and Sri Lanka and widely distributed through South and Southeast Asia, growing wild in plains, hillsides, roadsides and cultivated fields; also grown commercially as a medicinal crop.^[11]

Native to the Mediterranean basin, southern Europe, western Asia and North Africa, and widely cultivated as a spice and medicinal crop across the Middle East, South Asia and North Africa; grows in cultivated fields and on disturbed ground.^[1]

Harvesting

The aerial parts (leaves and tender stems) are cut just before or at the onset of flowering, when andrographolide content is typically highest, and dried in shade to preserve the bitter diterpenoid lactones.^[11]

Parts: Aerial parts (leaves and herb)

Season: Before to early flowering

Seed capsules are harvested once dried and brown (late summer), then threshed to release the small black seeds. Seed is stored whole and either used directly or cold-pressed for oil shortly before use to preserve the volatile thymoquinone-rich fraction.^[1]

Parts: Seed

Season: Late summer, once capsules have dried

Traditional Uses

Andrographis, the 'king of bitters', is a cornerstone bitter tonic of Ayurvedic and traditional Chinese medicine (Chuan xin lian), used for fevers, colds, sore throat, infections and liver complaints. This traditional reputation for treating the common cold and upper respiratory infections is now supported by clinical trials of standardised extracts.^{[10, 12]}

One of the most celebrated medicinal seeds in Middle Eastern and Islamic traditional medicine - known as 'Habbatul Barakah' (the blessed seed) - black seed has traditionally been used for digestive complaints, respiratory conditions (asthma, cough), pain, inflammation, skin conditions and as a general tonic. Modern research on its principal constituent thymoquinone supports broad anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial, antidiabetic and immunomodulatory activity.^{[1, 2, 9]}

Preparations

Infusion/decoction^[11]

Dried aerial parts infused or lightly decocted in hot water as a very bitter traditional fever and cold remedy.

Standardised extract^{[10, 12]}

Extract standardised to andrographolide content, taken as tablets or capsules; the form used in most clinical trials for cold/URTI symptom relief.

Whole or ground seed^[1]

Seed eaten directly, sprinkled on food, or ground into a paste - the traditional culinary-medicinal form.

Cold-pressed seed oil^{[3, 9]}

The form most used in clinical trials, taken orally in capsules or as a liquid.

Dosage

Standardised extract^{[10, 12]}

Clinical trials for upper respiratory infection commonly use extracts standardised to around 60-120 mg andrographolide daily, in divided doses, for up to 5-7 days. Educational reference only, not a prescription.

Dried herb^[13]

The WHO monograph on Herba Andrographidis gives, by indication - for the common cold, 1.5-3.0 g of the powdered crude drug three times daily, after meals and at bedtime; for pyrexia, a decoction from 3 g of the crude drug twice daily; for diarrhoea, a decoction from 3-9 g as a single dose as needed, or two 500 mg tablets four times daily. Note that the EMA HMPC assessed this herb and issued a public statement rather than a monograph, so there is no EU posology. Educational reference only, not a prescription.

Seed oil^{[12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18]}

Clinical trials have generally been well tolerated at doses up to about 200 mg/day of oil taken for up to 90 days. Educational reference only, not a prescription; avoid medicinal doses in pregnancy.

References

REF-1615, REF-1616, REF-1617, REF-1618, REF-1619, REF-1620, REF-1621, REF-1622, REF-1623

REF-2065, REF-2066, REF-2067, REF-2068, REF-2069, REF-2070, REF-2071, REF-2072, REF-2073, REF-2074, REF-2075

Lookalikes Review

Outcome: none-known

Reviewed By: Omnia Sana (owner-authorized)

Reviewed Date: 2026-07-07

Outcome: none-known

Reviewed By: Omnia Sana (owner-authorized)

Reviewed Date: 2026-07-07

Drug Class Interactions

Not documented

Safety note^{[20, 21, 22]}Caution

Drug Class: antidiabetics

Mechanism: Black seed (Nigella sativa) lowers fasting blood glucose and HbA1c in trials in people with prediabetes and type 2 diabetes (confirmed by meta-analysis); combined with diabetes medicines it may add to blood-sugar lowering, so monitor blood sugar.

Reviewed By: Omnia Sana (owner-authorized)

Reviewed Date: 2026-07-03

Safety note^{[23, 24]}Caution

Drug Class: antihypertensives

Mechanism: Black seed (Nigella sativa) modestly lowers blood pressure - two meta-analyses of randomised trials found reductions of roughly 3 mmHg systolic and 3 mmHg diastolic. Combined with blood-pressure medicines it may add to their effect, so monitor your blood pressure.

Reviewed By: Omnia Sana (owner-authorized)

Reviewed Date: 2026-07-03

References & Sources

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Worakunphanich, W. and others (2021) 'Andrographis paniculata Formulations: Impact on Diterpene Lactone Oral Bioavailability', European Journal of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, 46(5), pp. 565-581. doi:10.1007/s13318-021-00736-7 Meta-analysis / review
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Hannan, M.A., Rahman, M.A., Sohag, A.A.M., Uddin, M.J., Dash, R., Sikder, M.H., Rahman, M.S., Timalsina, B., Munni, Y.A. and Sarker, P.P (2021) 'Black Cumin (Nigella sativa L.): A Comprehensive Review on Phytochemistry, Health Benefits, Molecular Pharmacology, and Safety', Nutrients, 13(6), pp. 1784. doi:10.3390/nu13061784 Meta-analysis / review
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