Plant Comparison

Garlic vs Shiitake (mushroom)

A side-by-side comparison of two medicinal plants — every documented constituent, action, use, safety note and cited source, assembled automatically from the Omnia Sana database.

First plant
Second plant
Show:
Plant AGarlicAllium sativumAmaryllidaceaeFull monograph →
Plant BShiitake (mushroom)Lentinula edodesOmphalotaceaeFull monograph →

At a glance

Garlic and Shiitake (mushroom): they share 8 indicated uses (blood sugar / diabetes support, cancer (anticancer research), cardiovascular / heart health, …); 5 pharmacological actions in common.

GarlicShiitake (mushroom)
Constituents12
Pharmacological actions76
Indicated uses118
Safety notes22
Cited sources4014
Indicated uses
Only Garlic
Arthritis / joint painInflammation (general)Skin irritation
Shared (8)
Blood sugar / diabetes supportCancer (anticancer research)Cardiovascular / heart healthCold & fluImmune supportInfection (general)Metabolic supportWounds
Only Shiitake (mushroom)
none
Pharmacological actions
Only Garlic
Anti-inflammatoryAntifungal
Shared (5)
Anticancer (preclinical)Antidiabetic (blood-sugar lowering)AntimicrobialAntioxidantImmunomodulator / immune support
Only Shiitake (mushroom)
Antiviral

Evidence face-off — shared uses

ConditionGarlicShiitake (mushroom)Verdict
Blood sugar / diabetes support9/105/10Stronger for Garlic
Cancer (anticancer research)5/102/10Stronger for Garlic
Cardiovascular / heart health10/105/10Stronger for Garlic
Cold & flu9/105/10Stronger for Garlic
Immune support9/105/10Stronger for Garlic
Infection (general)8/105/10Stronger for Garlic
Metabolic support9/105/10Stronger for Garlic
Wounds8/105/10Stronger for Garlic

Evidence scores (1–10) are computed from the tier of each cited source. “Comparable” means the two scores are within one point. Follow a score to its detailed sources.

Key Constituents

Allicin and organosulfur compounds (ajoene, S-allyl-cysteine)[1, 2, 6, 7, 8]

Allicin (diallyl thiosulfinate), formed enzymatically when raw garlic is crushed, together with ajoene and the aged-garlic compound S-allyl-cysteine, are the principal bioactives behind garlic's antimicrobial and cardiovascular effects — acting partly by raising nitric oxide and by targeting microbial thiol-containing enzymes.

Allicin / organosulfur thiosulfinatesOrganosulfur compounds
Lentinan (beta-1,3-glucan polysaccharide)[11]

The principal immunomodulatory polysaccharide, used clinically in Japan as an injectable cancer-adjuvant therapy.

Polysaccharides
Eritadenine

A unique amino-acid-derived compound studied for cholesterol-lowering activity.

Pharmacological Actions

Anti-inflammatory[2, 9, 10, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17]
Anticancer (preclinical)[16, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22]

Garlic organosulfur compounds (allicin, diallyl trisulfide, ajoene, S-allylcysteine) induce apoptosis and cell-cycle arrest and inhibit proliferation, invasion and metastasis across leukaemia, breast, colon and other cancers (preclinical); a randomized trial found garlic supplementation reduced gastric-cancer mortality.

Antidiabetic (blood-sugar lowering)[1, 3, 9, 10, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17]
Antifungal[8, 9, 10, 13, 14, 15, 16]
Antimicrobial[1, 2, 4, 8, 9, 10, 13, 14, 15, 16, 23]
Antioxidant[1, 2, 7, 9, 10, 13, 14, 15, 16]
Immunomodulator / immune support[2, 3, 9, 10, 13, 14, 15, 16, 24]
Anticancer (preclinical)[3, 4, 5, 11, 12, 13]
Antidiabetic (blood-sugar lowering)[11, 12, 13]
Antimicrobial[5, 11, 12, 13]
Antioxidant[11, 12, 13]
Antiviral[5, 11, 12, 13]
Immunomodulator / immune support[1, 2, 5, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13]

Traditional & Indicated Uses

Arthritis / joint pain[9, 10, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17]Strong · 9/10

inferred from anti-inflammatory action

Evidence: 9
Label: Arthritis / joint pain
Blood sugar / diabetes support[3, 9, 10, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17]Strong · 9/10

inferred from antidiabetic action

Evidence: 9
Label: Blood sugar / diabetes support
Cancer (anticancer research)[16, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22]Moderate · 5/10

Garlic and its organosulfur compounds show broad preclinical anticancer/chemopreventive activity (apoptosis, cell-cycle arrest, anti-invasion); in the randomized Shandong Intervention Trial, 7 years of garlic supplementation significantly reduced gastric-cancer mortality over 22-year follow-up (preclinical + RCT).

Evidence: 5
Label: Cancer (anticancer research)
Cardiovascular / heart health[4, 6, 7, 9, 10, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 24]Strong · 10/10
Evidence: 10
Label: Cardiovascular / heart health
Cold & flu[9, 10, 13, 14, 15, 16, 24]Strong · 9/10

inferred from immunomodulator action

Evidence: 9
Label: Cold & flu
Immune support[9, 10, 13, 14, 15, 16, 24]Strong · 9/10
Evidence: 9
Label: Immune support
Infection (general)[8, 9, 10, 13, 14, 15, 16]Good · 8/10

inferred from antifungal action

Evidence: 8
Label: Infection (general)
Inflammation (general)[9, 10, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17]Strong · 9/10

inferred from anti-inflammatory action

Evidence: 9
Label: Inflammation (general)
Metabolic support[9, 10, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17]Strong · 9/10

inferred from antidiabetic action

Evidence: 9
Label: Metabolic support
Skin irritation[9, 10, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17]Strong · 9/10

inferred from anti-inflammatory action

Evidence: 9
Label: Skin irritation
Wounds[8, 9, 10, 13, 14, 15, 16, 23]Good · 8/10

inferred from antimicrobial action

Evidence: 8
Label: Wounds
Blood sugar / diabetes support[11, 12, 13]Moderate · 5/10

inferred from antidiabetic action

Evidence: 5
Label: Blood sugar / diabetes support
Cancer (anticancer research)[4]Traditional · 2/10

inferred from anticancer action

Evidence: 2
Label: Cancer (anticancer research)
Cardiovascular / heart health[11, 12, 13]Moderate · 5/10
Evidence: 5
Label: Cardiovascular / heart health
Cold & flu[11, 12, 13]Moderate · 5/10

inferred from antiviral action

Evidence: 5
Label: Cold & flu
Immune support[11, 12, 13]Moderate · 5/10
Evidence: 5
Label: Immune support
Infection (general)[11, 12, 13]Moderate · 5/10

inferred from antimicrobial action

Evidence: 5
Label: Infection (general)
Metabolic support[11, 12, 13]Moderate · 5/10

inferred from antidiabetic action

Evidence: 5
Label: Metabolic support
Wounds[11, 12, 13]Moderate · 5/10

inferred from antimicrobial action

Evidence: 5
Label: Wounds

Safety, Cautions & Contraindications

Safety note[9, 10, 13, 14, 15, 16]Caution

Garlic is generally very safe at culinary and supplemental doses for most healthy adults. Raw garlic contains allicin (formed when crushed) at concentrations that can irritate the gastrointestinal tract — nausea, heartburn, flatulence, and diarrhoea are the most common side effects, especially with large amounts of raw garlic on an empty stomach. Garlic may inhibit platelet aggregation and enhance anticoagulant effects of warfarin — use caution with blood-thinning medications, especially before surgery (stop 7–10 days prior). May lower blood pressure and blood sugar — caution when combined with antihypertensive or antidiabetic medications. Topical raw garlic can cause chemical burns (contact dermatitis) and should not be applied undiluted to skin for prolonged periods. Odour (from allicin metabolites) affects breath and perspiration. Pregnancy: culinary amounts safe; avoid medicinal-dose supplements due to blood-thinning risk (National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, 2021).

Safety note[9, 10, 13, 14, 15, 16, 25]Caution

Duke (2002) rates garlic as +++ with exceptional clinical evidence (score 3) for antiseptic activity, and score 2 for anti-aggregant (antiplatelet), antiatherosclerotic, antiatherogenic, antibacterial, and antimycotic effects — among the most clinically validated herbal medicines. Commission E approves garlic for arteriosclerosis prevention and elevated blood lipids. Dose: 4 g (1 clove) fresh garlic daily, or 300 mg standardized dry powder extract (1.3% allicin) three times daily. Important interaction: garlic significantly potentiates anticoagulant medications (warfarin, aspirin) due to its anti-aggregant effects; use with caution in patients on blood thinners (Duke, 2002).

Safety note[11, 12, 13]Caution

Generally very safe as a food. Raw or undercooked shiitake can cause a rare skin rash (shiitake dermatitis / flagellate dermatitis) in sensitive individuals — fully cooking eliminates this risk. May have mild anticoagulant effects. Rarely causes digestive upset. Well tolerated in normal culinary quantities.

Safety note[11, 12, 13, 14]Info

Duke (2002) rates shiitake as +++ and notes immunostimulant, hypocholesterolemic, antibacterial, and anti-HIV activities at the experimental level (score 1). The key active compound is lentinan, a beta-1,3-glucan polysaccharide, which is used as an injectable anticancer drug in Japan. Duke notes clinical applications of shiitake preparations for immune support, cancer adjuvant therapy, and cholesterol management. Dose: 1–3 (606 mg) capsules up to three times daily for standardized preparations. Shiitake dermatitis (flagellate erythema) is a rare but recognized adverse effect from eating raw or undercooked shiitake — cooking prevents this (Duke, 2002).

External Ids

Gbif: 2856681
Wikidata: Q23400
Gbif: 2537743
Wikidata: Q320999

Botanical Description

Bulbous perennial herb usually grown as an annual, forming an underground compound bulb ('head') of several angular cloves wrapped in papery white to purplish skin. The leaves are flat, narrow and strap-shaped, greyish-green, arising from the bulb. A tall, leafless flowering stem (scape) may rise from the bulb bearing a rounded umbel of small pink-white flowers, often mixed with small bulbils, though cultivated garlic rarely sets true seed.[1]

Height: 30-100 cm (flowering scape)
Habit: Bulbous perennial herb, usually grown as an annual
Leaves: Flat, narrow, strap-shaped, greyish-green
Flowers: Small pink-white flowers in a rounded umbel, often mixed with bulbils; true seed is rare in cultivated garlic
Stem: Tall, leafless flowering scape when present
Root: Fibrous roots below a compound bulb of several cloves
Fruit: Rarely sets true seed; propagated mainly by cloves
Flowering Period: Summer

Wood-decay fungus (not a true plant) with a classic cap-and-stem mushroom form. The cap is broad, brown to dark brown, often with pale scale-like markings, with a fringed or curled margin when young; the underside bears numerous cream-coloured gills radiating from a central or slightly off-centre fibrous stem.

Height: Cap 5-20 cm across
Habit: Wood-decay fungus with a typical cap-and-stem structure
Leaves: Not applicable (fungus)
Flowers: Not applicable (fungus); reproduces by spores
Stem: Fibrous, central to slightly off-centre, often tough
Root: Mycelium spreading through the wood substrate
Fruit: Cream-coloured gills radiating beneath the cap, releasing spores
Flowering Period: Fruiting body develops over weeks on the growing substrate

Habitat

Believed to originate in Central Asia; cultivated worldwide in temperate and subtropical climates as a garden and field crop, thriving in well-drained, sunny sites.[1]

Grows naturally as a wood-decay fungus on fallen broadleaf trees (notably shii, oak and chestnut) in East Asian forests; almost all commercial shiitake today is cultivated on hardwood logs or sawdust blocks.

Harvesting

Bulbs are lifted in mid- to late summer once the leaves have yellowed and died back, then cured (dried) in a warm, airy place before storage; young leaves and immature flower scapes ('sprouts') can be cut earlier in the season.

Parts: Leaf, Root, Young sprouts
Season: Mid- to late summer for the bulb; spring for young leaves and sprouts

Fruiting bodies are hand-picked once the cap has opened but before the margin fully flattens, then used fresh or dried; mycelium-based extracts are cultivated separately in liquid or grain culture.

Parts: Mycelium, Whole Plant

Traditional Uses

Garlic has one of the longest continuous medicinal histories of any plant, used across many traditional systems (Ayurvedic, Chinese, Egyptian, Greco-Roman and European folk medicine) as an antimicrobial, cardiovascular and respiratory remedy, for colds and infections, and as a digestive and immune tonic. This traditional reputation is now among the most extensively clinically studied of all herbal medicines.[1, 9]

Shiitake has a very long East Asian culinary and medicinal tradition, used in Chinese and Japanese medicine as a tonic for vitality and longevity and to support healthy qi and blood; its polysaccharide lentinan, isolated from the fruiting body, has been used clinically in Japan as an adjunct immunotherapy, directly building on this traditional immune-tonic reputation.[11]

Preparations

Fresh clove[1]

Fresh clove crushed or chopped and left to stand briefly (activating allicin formation) before eating raw or lightly cooked.

Standardised extract/powder[1, 10]

Dried garlic powder standardised to allicin content, or aged garlic extract, taken as capsules or tablets.

Standardised extract[11]

Fruiting-body or mycelium extract standardised to polysaccharide (lentinan/beta-glucan) content, taken as capsules for immune support.

Dosage

Fresh clove[11]

The WHO monograph on Bulbus Allii Sativi gives an average daily dose of 2-5 g of fresh garlic (roughly one to two cloves), alongside 0.4-1.2 g of dried powder, 2-5 mg of oil and 300-1000 mg of extract as solid material. The EU herbal monograph gives no posology for fresh cloves, so WHO is the source here. Educational reference only, not a prescription.

Standardised powder extract[10, 12]

The EU herbal monograph gives, for adults and elderly, powdered herbal substance at a single dose of 300-750 mg for a daily dose of 900-1380 mg divided into 3 to 5 doses; liquid extract 110-220 mg four times daily; and, for the second indication, dry extract 100-200 mg 1-2 times daily (daily dose 100-400 mg). Garlic is CONTRAINDICATED in patients on saquinavir/ritonavir therapy. Not recommended under 18 years for the first indication. Educational reference only, not a prescription.

Not documented

References

REF-2426, REF-2427, REF-2428, REF-2429, REF-2430
REF-1163, REF-1164, REF-1165, REF-1166, REF-1167, REF-1168, REF-1169, REF-1170, REF-1171, REF-1172

Drug Class Interactions

Safety note[26, 27]Caution
Drug Class: antiretrovirals
Mechanism: Garlic supplements reduced saquinavir exposure by about half in healthy volunteers, which could lower the effectiveness of some HIV protease inhibitors.
Reviewed By: Omnia Sana (owner-authorized)
Reviewed Date: 2026-07-03
Safety note[27]Caution
Drug Class: anticoagulants-antiplatelets
Mechanism: Garlic has antiplatelet activity (ajoene) and may add to the bleeding risk of anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs; interactions with warfarin have been reported.
Reviewed By: Omnia Sana (owner-authorized)
Reviewed Date: 2026-07-03
Safety note[27, 28]Caution
Drug Class: antidiabetics
Mechanism: Garlic may modestly lower blood glucose (a meta-analysis in diabetic patients found reduced fasting glucose and HbA1c); watch for an additive effect with diabetes medication (an interaction with chlorpropamide has been reported).
Reviewed By: Omnia Sana (owner-authorized)
Reviewed Date: 2026-07-03
Safety note[29]Caution
Drug Class: antihypertensives
Mechanism: Garlic can lower blood pressure (a meta-analysis found meaningful reductions in people with high blood pressure); combined with blood-pressure medicines it may add to their effect, so monitor blood pressure.
Reviewed By: Omnia Sana (owner-authorized)
Reviewed Date: 2026-07-03

Not documented

Pairings

Garlic and ginger both reduce blood clotting/platelet stickiness, so taking them together may add up and raise the risk of bruising or bleeding — use caution, especially before surgery or alongside blood-thinning drugs.[30, 31]

Partner Id: zingiber-officinale
Type: caution
Reviewed By: Omnia Sana (owner-authorized)
Reviewed Date: 2026-07-03

Garlic and ginseng both reduce blood clotting/platelet stickiness, so taking them together may add up and raise the risk of bruising or bleeding — use caution, especially before surgery or alongside blood-thinning drugs.[30]

Partner Id: panax-ginseng
Type: caution
Reviewed By: Omnia Sana (owner-authorized)
Reviewed Date: 2026-07-03

Garlic and feverfew both reduce blood clotting/platelet stickiness, so taking them together may add up and raise the risk of bruising or bleeding — use caution, especially before surgery or alongside blood-thinning drugs.[30, 32]

Partner Id: tanacetum-parthenium
Type: caution
Reviewed By: Omnia Sana (owner-authorized)
Reviewed Date: 2026-07-03

Garlic and black seed (Nigella sativa) can each mildly lower blood pressure, so taking them together — especially alongside blood-pressure medicines — may add up and lower blood pressure more than expected. Monitor your blood pressure.[29, 33]

Partner Id: nigella-sativa
Type: caution
Reviewed By: Omnia Sana (owner-authorized)
Reviewed Date: 2026-07-03

Not documented

Lookalikes Review

Outcome: has-lookalikes
Reviewed By: Omnia Sana (owner-authorized)
Reviewed Date: 2026-07-06
Outcome: none-known
Reviewed By: Omnia Sana (owner-authorized)
Reviewed Date: 2026-07-07

Dangerous Lookalikes

Safety note[34, 35, 36, 37]Fatal
Dangerous Plant: colchicum-autumnale
Confused Part: Spring leaves, when foraging wild garlic (ramsons) foliage before flowering.
Confusion Context: When people gather wild garlic (ramsons) leaves in spring, autumn crocus leaves — which emerge at the same time in the same damp meadows and woodland edges — are the deadliest thing they can pick by mistake. Autumn crocus contains colchicine, a cell poison with no reliable antidote; a few leaves can kill, and poisoning is repeatedly documented from 'wild garlic' that was actually autumn crocus, progressing from stomach upset to multi-organ failure.
Distinguishing Features: Crushed wild-garlic leaves smell strongly of garlic or onion; autumn crocus leaves have NO garlic smell., Each wild-garlic leaf grows singly on its own slender stalk; autumn crocus leaves are thicker, stiffer and glossy, several clasped together from a common base at ground level, with no individual stalks., Wild garlic pulls up with a small white bulb and onion-like roots; autumn crocus has no garlic bulb.
Key Test: Crush one leaf with clean hands and smell it: a strong garlic or onion smell = wild garlic (safe); no garlic smell = do not pick it. Hands already smelling of garlic give false reassurance, so test with clean hands.
Reviewed By: Omnia Sana (owner-authorized)
Reviewed Date: 2026-07-06
Safety note[38, 39, 40]Fatal
Dangerous Plant: convallaria-majalis
Confused Part: Spring leaves, when foraging wild garlic (ramsons) foliage before flowering.
Confusion Context: Lily-of-the-valley leaves emerge at the same time and in the same shady, damp woodland as wild garlic and are a classic, sometimes fatal, mix-up. The plant contains cardiac glycosides (convallatoxin) that disturb the heartbeat like an overdose of heart medicine, and there is no reliable antidote; foragers who ate leaves they took for wild garlic have arrived at hospital with a dangerously slow heart and low blood pressure.
Distinguishing Features: Crushed wild-garlic leaves smell strongly of garlic or onion; lily-of-the-valley leaves have NO garlic smell., Wild garlic has ONE leaf per individual stalk; lily-of-the-valley has a pair (sometimes three) of leaves wrapped together around a single common stalk, often purplish at the base., Lily-of-the-valley leaves are stiffer and glossier, and there is no garlic bulb underneath.
Key Test: Crush one leaf with clean hands and smell: strong garlic or onion = wild garlic (safe); no garlic smell = discard. Then check the leaves — one leaf per separate stalk (wild garlic) versus a pair of leaves sheathed around one common stalk (lily-of-the-valley).
Reviewed By: Omnia Sana (owner-authorized)
Reviewed Date: 2026-07-06
Safety note[40]Irritant
Dangerous Plant: arum-maculatum
Confused Part: Young spring leaves, when foraging wild garlic (ramsons) foliage.
Confusion Context: Lords-and-ladies pushes up its young leaves at the same time and in the very same damp woods as wild garlic, often mixed in with it. Every part contains needle-like calcium-oxalate crystals: biting a leaf drives them into the mouth and throat, causing immediate intense burning, blistering and swelling — occasionally enough to threaten the airway.
Distinguishing Features: Crushed wild-garlic leaves smell strongly of garlic or onion; lords-and-ladies leaves have NO garlic smell., Wild-garlic leaves have parallel veins running the length of the leaf; lords-and-ladies leaves have a branching net of veins., Lords-and-ladies leaves are arrow- or spear-shaped with two backward-pointing lobes ('tails') at the base, often glossy and sometimes dark-spotted; wild-garlic leaves are smooth ovals with no basal lobes.
Key Test: Crush one leaf with clean hands and smell: garlic or onion = wild garlic (safe); no smell = discard. Reject any leaf that is arrow-shaped with basal 'tail' lobes or has net-like (not parallel) veins — that is lords-and-ladies.
Reviewed By: Omnia Sana (owner-authorized)
Reviewed Date: 2026-07-06

Not documented

References & Sources

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Generated automatically from the Omnia Sana plant database and its cited sources. For educational purposes only — not medical advice. Always consult a qualified practitioner before using medicinal plants.