Plant Comparison
Garlic vs Elecampane
A side-by-side comparison of two medicinal plants — every documented constituent, action, use, safety note and cited source, assembled automatically from the Omnia Sana database.
At a glance
Garlic and Elecampane: they share 6 indicated uses (arthritis / joint pain, cancer (anticancer research), infection (general), …); 3 pharmacological actions in common.
Evidence face-off — shared uses
| Condition | Garlic | Elecampane | Verdict |
|---|---|---|---|
| Arthritis / joint pain | 9/10 | 2/10 | Stronger for Garlic |
| Cancer (anticancer research) | 5/10 | 2/10 | Stronger for Garlic |
| Infection (general) | 8/10 | 2/10 | Stronger for Garlic |
| Inflammation (general) | 9/10 | 2/10 | Stronger for Garlic |
| Skin irritation | 9/10 | 2/10 | Stronger for Garlic |
| Wounds | 8/10 | 2/10 | Stronger for Garlic |
Evidence scores (1–10) are computed from the tier of each cited source. “Comparable” means the two scores are within one point. Follow a score to its detailed sources.
Key Constituents
Allicin (diallyl thiosulfinate), formed enzymatically when raw garlic is crushed, together with ajoene and the aged-garlic compound S-allyl-cysteine, are the principal bioactives behind garlic's antimicrobial and cardiovascular effects — acting partly by raising nitric oxide and by targeting microbial thiol-containing enzymes.
The antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory principles of the root; the eudesmane core and the alpha,beta-methylene-lactone ring are essential for the antimicrobial activity.
A fructan polysaccharide abundant in the root (the genus Inula gives inulin its name).
Pharmacological Actions
Garlic organosulfur compounds (allicin, diallyl trisulfide, ajoene, S-allylcysteine) induce apoptosis and cell-cycle arrest and inhibit proliferation, invasion and metastasis across leukaemia, breast, colon and other cancers (preclinical); a randomized trial found garlic supplementation reduced gastric-cancer mortality.
Anti-inflammatory - sesquiterpene lactones (alantolactone, isoalantolactone) inhibit NF-kB and MAPK signalling and pro-inflammatory cytokines; total sesquiterpene lactones eased arthritis in animal models (potential in rheumatoid arthritis)
Antimicrobial, notably anti-staphylococcal (membrane-damaging) and anti-mycobacterial (active against Mycobacterium tuberculosis in vitro); supports respiratory and skin infection
Traditional & Indicated Uses
inferred from anti-inflammatory action
inferred from antidiabetic action
Garlic and its organosulfur compounds show broad preclinical anticancer/chemopreventive activity (apoptosis, cell-cycle arrest, anti-invasion); in the randomized Shandong Intervention Trial, 7 years of garlic supplementation significantly reduced gastric-cancer mortality over 22-year follow-up (preclinical + RCT).
inferred from immunomodulator action
inferred from antifungal action
inferred from anti-inflammatory action
inferred from antidiabetic action
inferred from anti-inflammatory action
Anti-inflammatory - sesquiterpene lactones (alantolactone, isoalantolactone) inhibit NF-kB and MAPK signalling and pro-inflammatory cytokines; total sesquiterpene lactones eased arthritis in animal models (potential in rheumatoid arthritis)
Expectorant for productive cough and bronchitis (long-standing respiratory remedy)
inferred from anticancer action
Expectorant for productive cough and bronchitis (long-standing respiratory remedy); Soothes irritated airways / chronic catarrh (traditional)
Antimicrobial, notably anti-staphylococcal (membrane-damaging) and anti-mycobacterial (active against Mycobacterium tuberculosis in vitro); supports respiratory and skin infection
inferred from anti-inflammatory action
inferred from expectorant action
inferred from anti-inflammatory action
Safety, Cautions & Contraindications
Garlic is generally very safe at culinary and supplemental doses for most healthy adults. Raw garlic contains allicin (formed when crushed) at concentrations that can irritate the gastrointestinal tract — nausea, heartburn, flatulence, and diarrhoea are the most common side effects, especially with large amounts of raw garlic on an empty stomach. Garlic may inhibit platelet aggregation and enhance anticoagulant effects of warfarin — use caution with blood-thinning medications, especially before surgery (stop 7–10 days prior). May lower blood pressure and blood sugar — caution when combined with antihypertensive or antidiabetic medications. Topical raw garlic can cause chemical burns (contact dermatitis) and should not be applied undiluted to skin for prolonged periods. Odour (from allicin metabolites) affects breath and perspiration. Pregnancy: culinary amounts safe; avoid medicinal-dose supplements due to blood-thinning risk (National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, 2021).
Duke (2002) rates garlic as +++ with exceptional clinical evidence (score 3) for antiseptic activity, and score 2 for anti-aggregant (antiplatelet), antiatherosclerotic, antiatherogenic, antibacterial, and antimycotic effects — among the most clinically validated herbal medicines. Commission E approves garlic for arteriosclerosis prevention and elevated blood lipids. Dose: 4 g (1 clove) fresh garlic daily, or 300 mg standardized dry powder extract (1.3% allicin) three times daily. Important interaction: garlic significantly potentiates anticoagulant medications (warfarin, aspirin) due to its anti-aggregant effects; use with caution in patients on blood thinners (Duke, 2002).
The sesquiterpene lactones (especially alantolactone) are known skin sensitisers and can cause allergic contact dermatitis; people sensitive to the daisy family (Asteraceae) should be cautious.
Large doses can cause nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea; safety in pregnancy and breastfeeding is not established, so avoid medicinal doses.
External Ids
Botanical Description
Bulbous perennial herb usually grown as an annual, forming an underground compound bulb ('head') of several angular cloves wrapped in papery white to purplish skin. The leaves are flat, narrow and strap-shaped, greyish-green, arising from the bulb. A tall, leafless flowering stem (scape) may rise from the bulb bearing a rounded umbel of small pink-white flowers, often mixed with small bulbils, though cultivated garlic rarely sets true seed.[1]
Tall, robust perennial herb with large, coarse, hairy leaves - broadly oval near the base and progressively smaller up the stem - arising from a thick, aromatic rhizome. Large, shaggy, bright yellow daisy-like flower heads with numerous narrow ray florets are borne at the top of stout, branching stems.[12]
Habitat
Believed to originate in Central Asia; cultivated worldwide in temperate and subtropical climates as a garden and field crop, thriving in well-drained, sunny sites.[1]
Grows in damp meadows, pastures, roadsides and woodland margins on moist, rich soils; native to Europe and Western Asia and naturalised in North America.[12]
Harvesting
Bulbs are lifted in mid- to late summer once the leaves have yellowed and died back, then cured (dried) in a warm, airy place before storage; young leaves and immature flower scapes ('sprouts') can be cut earlier in the season.
The root and rhizome are dug in autumn of the second or later year, when sesquiterpene lactone and inulin content is highest, then cleaned, sliced and dried.[12]
Traditional Uses
Garlic has one of the longest continuous medicinal histories of any plant, used across many traditional systems (Ayurvedic, Chinese, Egyptian, Greco-Roman and European folk medicine) as an antimicrobial, cardiovascular and respiratory remedy, for colds and infections, and as a digestive and immune tonic. This traditional reputation is now among the most extensively clinically studied of all herbal medicines.[1, 9]
Elecampane root has a long European tradition, reflected in the old name 'elf dock', as a warming expectorant remedy for productive cough, bronchitis and chronic respiratory catarrh, and topically and internally as an antimicrobial for skin and wound infections.[12]
Preparations
Dried root simmered in water as a traditional expectorant and antimicrobial tea.
Dosage
The WHO monograph on Bulbus Allii Sativi gives an average daily dose of 2-5 g of fresh garlic (roughly one to two cloves), alongside 0.4-1.2 g of dried powder, 2-5 mg of oil and 300-1000 mg of extract as solid material. The EU herbal monograph gives no posology for fresh cloves, so WHO is the source here. Educational reference only, not a prescription.
The EU herbal monograph gives, for adults and elderly, powdered herbal substance at a single dose of 300-750 mg for a daily dose of 900-1380 mg divided into 3 to 5 doses; liquid extract 110-220 mg four times daily; and, for the second indication, dry extract 100-200 mg 1-2 times daily (daily dose 100-400 mg). Garlic is CONTRAINDICATED in patients on saquinavir/ritonavir therapy. Not recommended under 18 years for the first indication. Educational reference only, not a prescription.
Not documented
References
Drug Class Interactions
Not documented
Pairings
Garlic and ginger both reduce blood clotting/platelet stickiness, so taking them together may add up and raise the risk of bruising or bleeding — use caution, especially before surgery or alongside blood-thinning drugs.[30, 31]
Garlic and ginseng both reduce blood clotting/platelet stickiness, so taking them together may add up and raise the risk of bruising or bleeding — use caution, especially before surgery or alongside blood-thinning drugs.[30]
Garlic and feverfew both reduce blood clotting/platelet stickiness, so taking them together may add up and raise the risk of bruising or bleeding — use caution, especially before surgery or alongside blood-thinning drugs.[30, 32]
Garlic and black seed (Nigella sativa) can each mildly lower blood pressure, so taking them together — especially alongside blood-pressure medicines — may add up and lower blood pressure more than expected. Monitor your blood pressure.[29, 33]
Not documented
Lookalikes Review
Dangerous Lookalikes
Not documented
References & Sources
- El-Saber Batiha, G. and Magdy Beshbishy, A. and G Wasef, L. and Elewa, Y.H.A. and A Al-Sagan, A. and Abd El-Hack, M.E. and Taha, A.E. and M Abd-Elhakim, Y. and Prasad Devkota, H (2020) 'Chemical Constituents and Pharmacological Activities of Garlic (Allium sativum L.): A Review', Nutrients, 12(3), pp. 872. doi:10.3390/nu12030872 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12030872 - Shang, A. and Cao, S.Y. and Xu, X.Y. and Gan, R.Y. and Tang, G.Y. and Corke, H. and Mavumengwana, V. and Li, H.B (2019) 'Bioactive Compounds and Biological Functions of Garlic (Allium sativum L.)', Foods, 8(7), pp. 246. doi:10.3390/foods8070246 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.3390/foods8070246 - Mejia Delgado, E.M. and Quiroz-Aldave, J.E. and Durand-Vasquez, M.D.C. and Aldave-Pita, L.N. and Fuentes-Mendoza, J.M. and Concepcion-Urteaga, L.A. and Paz-Ibarra, J. and Concepcion-Zavaleta, M.J (2025) 'Immunomodulatory effect of Allium sativum in type 2 diabetes mellitus', World Journal of Experimental Medicine, 15(2), pp. 103481. doi:10.5493/wjem.v15.i2.103481 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.5493/wjem.v15.i2.103481 - Majewski, M (2014) 'Allium sativum: facts and myths regarding human health', Roczniki Panstwowego Zakladu Higieny, 65(1), pp. 1-8. Meta-analysis / review
https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Allium%20sativum%3A%20facts%20and%20myths%20regarding%20human%20health - Mardi, P. and Kargar, R. and Fazeli, R. and Qorbani, M (2023) 'Allium sativum: A potential natural compound for NAFLD prevention and treatment', Frontiers in Nutrition, 10, pp. 1059106. doi:10.3389/fnut.2023.1059106 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2023.1059106 - Sleiman, C., Daou, R.M., Al Hazzouri, A., Hamdan, Z., Ghadieh, H.E., Harbieh, B. and Romani, M (2024) 'Garlic and Hypertension: Efficacy, Mechanism of Action, and Clinical Implications', Nutrients, 16(17). doi:10.3390/nu16172895 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16172895 - Serrano, J.C.E., Castro-Boque, E., Garcia-Carrasco, A., Moran-Valero, M.I., Gonzalez-Hedstrom, D., Bermudez-Lopez, M. and others (2023) 'Antihypertensive Effects of an Optimized Aged Garlic Extract in Subjects with Grade I Hypertension and Antihypertensive Drug Therapy: A Randomized, Triple-Blind Controlled Trial', Nutrients, 15(17). doi:10.3390/nu15173691 Randomized trial
https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15173691 - Choo, S., Chin, V.K., Wong, E.H., Madhavan, P., Tay, S.T., Yong, P.V.C. and Chong, P.P (2020) 'Review: antimicrobial properties of allicin used alone or in combination with other medications', Folia Microbiologica, 65(3), pp. 451--465. doi:10.1007/s12223-020-00786-5 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12223-020-00786-5 - Mikaili, P., Maadirad, S., Moloudizargari, M., Aghajanshakeri, S. and Sarahroodi, S (2013) 'Therapeutic uses and pharmacological properties of garlic, shallot, and their biologically active compounds', 16(10), pp. 1031--1048. Available at: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3874089/ Traditional / reference
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3874089/ - Josling, P (2001) 'Preventing the common cold with a garlic supplement: a double-blind, placebo-controlled survey', 18(4), pp. 189--193. doi:10.1007/BF02850113 Randomized trial
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02850113 - World Health Organization (1999) 'Bulbus Allii Sativi'. Available at: https://iris.who.int/items/6418d8af-5200-4e6b-9bf5-004f3aa62a37 Traditional / reference
https://iris.who.int/items/6418d8af-5200-4e6b-9bf5-004f3aa62a37 - European Medicines Agency (HMPC) (2017) 'European Union herbal monograph on Allium sativum L., bulbus'. Available at: https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/herbal-monograph/final-european-union-herbal-monograph-allium-sativum-l-bulbus_en.pdf Traditional / reference
https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/herbal-monograph/final-european-union-herbal-monograph-allium-sativum-l-bulbus_en.pdf - National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (2021) 'Garlic'. Available at: https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/garlic Traditional / reference
https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/garlic - Ried, K (2016) 'Garlic lowers blood pressure in hypertensive individuals, regulates serum cholesterol, and stimulates immunity: an updated meta-analysis and review', 146(2), pp. 389S--396S. doi:10.3945/jn.114.202192 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.114.202192 - Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew (n.d.) 'Allium sativum L'. Available at: https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:http://ipni.org:names:530118-1 Traditional / reference
https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:http://ipni.org:names:530118-1 - World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research (2018) 'Diet, Nutrition, Physical Activity and Cancer: a Global Perspective (Continuous Update Project Expert Report)'. Available at: https://www.wcrf.org/dietandcancer Traditional / reference
https://www.wcrf.org/dietandcancer - Imaizumi, V.M., Laurindo, L.F., Manzan, B., Guiguer, E.L., Oshiiwa, M., Otoboni, A.M.M.B. and others (2022) 'Garlic: A systematic review of the effects on cardiovascular diseases', Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 63(24), pp. 6797--6819. doi:10.1080/10408398.2022.2043821 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2022.2043821 - Li, W.-Q. and Zhang, J.-Y. and Ma, J.-L. and Li, Z.-X. and Zhang, L. and Zhang, Y. and Guo, Y. and Zhou, T. and Li, J.-Y. and Shen, L. and Liu, W.-D. and Han, Z.-X. and Blot, W.J. and Gail, M.H. and Pan, K.-F. and You, W.-C (2019) 'Effects of Helicobacter pylori treatment and vitamin and garlic supplementation on gastric cancer incidence and mortality: follow-up of a randomized intervention trial', BMJ, 366, pp. l5016. doi:10.1136/bmj.l5016 Randomized trial
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.l5016 - Hassan, H.T (2004) 'Ajoene (natural garlic compound): a new anti-leukaemia agent for AML therapy', Leukemia Research, 28(7), pp. 667-671. doi:10.1016/j.leukres.2003.10.008 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leukres.2003.10.008 - Agbana, Y.L. and Ni, Y. and Zhou, M. and Zhang, Q. and Kassegne, K. and Karou, S.D. and Kuang, Y. and Zhu, Y (2019) 'Garlic-derived bioactive compound S-allylcysteine inhibits cancer progression through diverse molecular mechanisms', Nutrition Research, 73, pp. 1-14. doi:10.1016/j.nutres.2019.11.002 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nutres.2019.11.002 - Puccinelli, M.T. and Stan, S.D (2017) 'Dietary Bioactive Diallyl Trisulfide in Cancer Prevention and Treatment', International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 18(8), pp. 1645. doi:10.3390/ijms18081645 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms18081645 - Borlinghaus, J. and Albrecht, F. and Gruhlke, M.C.H. and Nwachukwu, I.D. and Slusarenko, A.J (2014) 'Allicin: chemistry and biological properties', Molecules, 19(8), pp. 12591-12618. doi:10.3390/molecules190812591 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules190812591 - Reiter, J., Levina, N., van der Linden, M., Gruhlke, M., Martin, C. and Slusarenko, A.J (2017) 'Diallylthiosulfinate (Allicin), a Volatile Antimicrobial from Garlic (Allium sativum), Kills Human Lung Pathogenic Bacteria, Including MDR Strains, as a Vapor', Molecules, 22(10). doi:10.3390/molecules22101711 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules22101711 - Ried, K (2016) 'Garlic Lowers Blood Pressure in Hypertensive Individuals, Regulates Serum Cholesterol, and Stimulates Immunity: An Updated Meta-analysis and Review', Journal of Nutrition, 146(2), pp. 389S--396S. doi:10.3945/jn.114.202192 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.114.202192 - Duke, J.A (2002) 'Handbook of Medicinal Herbs, Second Edition'. Traditional / reference
https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Handbook%20of%20Medicinal%20Herbs%2C%20Second%20Edition - Piscitelli, S.C., Burstein, A.H., Welden, N., Gallicano, K.D. and Falloon, J (2002) 'The effect of garlic supplements on the pharmacokinetics of saquinavir', Clinical Infectious Diseases, 34(2), pp. 234-238. doi:10.1086/324351 Clinical study
https://doi.org/10.1086/324351 - Izzo, A.A. and Ernst, E (2009) 'Interactions between herbal medicines and prescribed drugs: an updated systematic review', Drugs, 69(13), pp. 1777-1798. doi:10.2165/11317010-000000000-00000 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.2165/11317010-000000000-00000 - Shabani, E., Sayemiri, K. and Mohammadpour, M (2019) 'The effect of garlic on lipid profile and glucose parameters in diabetic patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis', Primary Care Diabetes, 13(1), pp. 28-42. doi:10.1016/j.pcd.2018.07.007 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcd.2018.07.007 - Ried, K (2016) 'Garlic Lowers Blood Pressure in Hypertensive Individuals, Regulates Serum Cholesterol, and Stimulates Immunity: An Updated Meta-analysis and Review', The Journal of Nutrition, 146(2), pp. 389S-396S. doi:10.3945/jn.114.202192 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.114.202192 - Ang-Lee, M.K., Moss, J. and Yuan, C.S (2001) 'Herbal medicines and perioperative care', JAMA, 286(2), pp. 208-216. doi:10.1001/jama.286.2.208 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.286.2.208 - Jiang, X., Williams, K.M., Liauw, W.S., Ammit, A.J., Roufogalis, B.D., Duke, C.C., Day, R.O. and McLachlan, A.J (2005) 'Effect of ginkgo and ginger on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of warfarin in healthy subjects', British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 59(4), pp. 425-432. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2125.2005.02322.x Randomized trial
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2125.2005.02322.x - Groenewegen, W.A. and Heptinstall, S (1990) 'A comparison of the effects of an extract of feverfew and parthenolide, a component of feverfew, on human platelet activity in-vitro', Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 42(8), pp. 553-557. doi:10.1111/j.2042-7158.1990.tb07057.x Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-7158.1990.tb07057.x - Sahebkar, A., Soranna, D., Liu, X., Thomopoulos, C., Simental-Mendia, L.E., Derosa, G., Maffioli, P. and Parati, G (2016) 'A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials investigating the effects of supplementation with Nigella sativa (black seed) on blood pressure', Journal of Hypertension, 34(11), pp. 2127-2135. doi:10.1097/HJH.0000000000001049 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.1097/HJH.0000000000001049 - Galland-Decker, C. and Charmoy, A. and Jolliet, P. and Spertini, O. and Hugli, O. and Pantet, O (2015) 'Progressive organ failure after ingestion of wild garlic juice', The Journal of Emergency Medicine, 50(1), pp. 55-60. doi:10.1016/j.jemermed.2015.06.034 Clinical study
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jemermed.2015.06.034 - Kupper, J. and Reichert, C (2009) 'Intoxications with plants', Therapeutische Umschau, 66(5), pp. 343-8. doi:10.1024/0040-5930.66.5.343 Clinical study
https://doi.org/10.1024/0040-5930.66.5.343 - Gabrscek, L. and Lesnicar, G. and Krivec, B. and Voga, G. and Sibanc, B. and Blatnik, J. and Jagodic, B (2004) 'Accidental poisoning with autumn crocus', Journal of Toxicology. Clinical Toxicology, 42(1), pp. 85-8. doi:10.1081/clt-120028750 Clinical study
https://doi.org/10.1081/clt-120028750 - German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR) (2023) 'Wild garlic: beware of mix-ups'. Available at: https://www.bfr.bund.de/en/press-release/baerlauch-vorsicht-vor-verwechslungen/ Traditional / reference
https://www.bfr.bund.de/en/press-release/baerlauch-vorsicht-vor-verwechslungen/ - Trebach, J. and Calleo, V. and Akbar, S. and Langston, J. and Filigenzi, M. and Hoffman, R.S (2022) 'Detectable digoxin concentrations in 3 patients with ramps misadventure', Wilderness and Environmental Medicine, 33(3), pp. 340-343. doi:10.1016/j.wem.2022.04.008 Clinical study
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wem.2022.04.008 - Fink, S.L. and Robey, T.E. and Tarabar, A.F. and Hodsdon, M.E (2014) 'Rapid detection of convallatoxin using five digoxin immunoassays', Clinical Toxicology (Philadelphia, Pa.), 52(7), pp. 659-63. doi:10.3109/15563650.2014.932366 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.3109/15563650.2014.932366 - Wild Food UK (2020) 'Wild garlic impostors'. Available at: https://www.wildfooduk.com/articles/identifying-mushrooms-and-plants/wild-garlic-impostors/ Traditional / reference
https://www.wildfooduk.com/articles/identifying-mushrooms-and-plants/wild-garlic-impostors/
- Gierlikowska, B., Gierlikowski, W., Bekier, K., Skalicka-Wozniak, K., Czerwinska, M.E. and Kiss, A.K (2019) 'Inula helenium and Grindelia squarrosa as a source of compounds with anti-inflammatory activity in human neutrophils and cultured human respiratory epithelium', Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 249, pp. 112311. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2019.112311 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2019.112311 - Gao, S. and Wang, Q. and Tian, X.H. and Li, H.L. and Shen, Y.H. and Xu, X.K. and Wu, G.Z. and Hu, Z.L. and Zhang, W.D (2016) 'Total sesquiterpene lactones prepared from Inula helenium L. has potentials in prevention and therapy of rheumatoid arthritis', Journal of Ethnopharmacology, pp. 39--46. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2016.12.020 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2016.12.020 - Wang, Q., Gao, S., Wu, G., Yang, N., Zu, X., Li, W., Xie, N., Zhang, R., Li, C., Hu, Z. and Zhang, W (2018) 'Total sesquiterpene lactones isolated from Inula helenium L. attenuates 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene-induced atopic dermatitis-like skin lesions in mice', Phytomedicine, 46, pp. 78-84. doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2018.04.036 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2018.04.036 - Dao, T.T.P., Song, K., Kim, J.Y. and Kim, Y.S (2020) 'Igalan from Inula helenium (L.) suppresses the atopic dermatitis-like response in stimulated HaCaT keratinocytes via JAK/STAT3 signaling', Inflammation Research, 69(3), pp. 309-319. doi:10.1007/s00011-020-01322-4 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00011-020-01322-4 - He, X., Zhao, W., Shao, B., Zhang, B., Liu, T., Sun, C., Huang, H., Wu, J., Liang, J. and Ma, X (2020) 'Natural soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibitors from Inula helenium and their interactions with soluble epoxide hydrolase', International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 161, pp. 1465-1474. doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.04.227 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.04.227 - Buza, V., Niculae, M., Hanganu, D., Pall, E., Burtescu, R.F., Olah, N., Matei-Latiu, M., Vlasiuc, I., Iozon, I., Szakacs, A.R., Ielciu, I. and Stefanut, L.C (2022) 'Biological Activities and Chemical Profile of Gentiana asclepiadea and Inula helenium Ethanolic Extracts', Molecules, 27(11), pp. 3560. doi:10.3390/molecules27113560 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27113560 - Zheng, X., Wu, Z., Xu, J., Zhang, X., Tu, Y., Lei, J., Yuan, R., Cheng, H., Wang, Q. and Yu, J (2021) 'Bioactive sesquiterpenes from Inula helenium', Bioorganic Chemistry, 114, pp. 105066. doi:10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.105066 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.105066 - Nder, A.E (2021) 'Efficacy of methanol-water extract of Inula helenium root against oxidative DNA damage', Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 41(2), pp. 293-300. Preclinical
https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Efficacy%20of%20methanol-water%20extract%20of%20Inula%20helenium%20root%20against%20oxidative%20DNA%20damage - Chun, J., Song, K. and Kim, Y.S (2018) 'Sesquiterpene lactones-enriched fraction of Inula helenium L. induces apoptosis through inhibition of signal transducers and activators of transcription 3 signaling pathway in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells', Phytotherapy Research, 32(12), pp. 2501-2509. doi:10.1002/ptr.6189 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.6189 - Li, Y., Ni, Z., Zhu, M., Dong, M., Wang, S., Shi, Q., Zhang, M., Wang, Y., Huo, C., Kiyota, H. and Cong, B (2012) 'Antitumour activities of sesquiterpene lactones from Inula helenium and Inula japonica', Zeitschrift fur Naturforschung C, 67(7-8), pp. 375-380. doi:10.1515/znc-2012-7-804 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1515/znc-2012-7-804 - Yan, Y.Y., Zhang, Q., Zhang, B., Yang, B. and Lin, N.M (2019) 'Active ingredients of Inula helenium L. exhibits similar anti-cancer effects as isoalantolactone in pancreatic cancer cells', Natural Product Research, 34(17), pp. 2539-2544. doi:10.1080/14786419.2018.1543676 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2018.1543676 - Kenny, C.R., Stojakowska, A., Furey, A. and Lucey, B (2022) 'From Monographs to Chromatograms: The Antimicrobial Potential of Inula helenium L. (Elecampane) Naturalised in Ireland', Molecules. doi:10.3390/molecules27041406 Traditional / reference
https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27041406 - Stojanovic-Radic, Z. and Comic, Lj. and Radulovic, N. and Blagojevic, P. and Denic, M. and Miltojevic, A. and Rajkovic, J. and Mihajilov-Krstev, T (2012) 'Antistaphylococcal activity of Inula helenium L. root essential oil: eudesmane sesquiterpene lactones induce cell membrane damage', European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, 31(6), pp. 1015--1025. doi:10.1007/s10096-011-1400-1 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10096-011-1400-1 - Cantrell, C.L. and Abate, L. and Fronczek, F.R. and Franzblau, S.G. and Quijano, L. and Fischer, N.H (1999) 'Antimycobacterial eudesmanolides from Inula helenium and Rudbeckia subtomentosa', Planta Medica, 65(4), pp. 351--355. doi:10.1055/s-1999-14001 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1055/s-1999-14001
Generated automatically from the Omnia Sana plant database and its cited sources. For educational purposes only — not medical advice. Always consult a qualified practitioner before using medicinal plants.