Omnia SanaPlant Comparison
Black Cohosh vs Goldenseal
A side-by-side comparison of two medicinal plants — every documented constituent, action, use, safety note and cited source, assembled automatically from the Omnia Sana database.
At a glance
Black Cohosh and Goldenseal: both belong to the Ranunculaceae family.
Key Constituents
The compounds to which standardised extracts are normalised; act without measurable systemic oestrogenic effect.
Antioxidant constituents of the root.
Berberine is the main antimicrobial, hypoglycaemic and hypolipidaemic constituent. Notably, whole-leaf extracts are more potent against MRSA than isolated berberine (owing to efflux-pump-inhibitory flavonoids) and show quorum-quenching, anti-virulence activity.
Pharmacological Actions
Anti-inflammatory and astringent for inflamed mucous membranes (sore-throat gargle, mouth)
Antimicrobial (berberine) - supports skin, mucosal and gastrointestinal infections and sore throat
Anti-inflammatory and astringent for inflamed mucous membranes (sore-throat gargle, mouth)
Traditional & Indicated Uses
Reduces neurovegetative and psychological menopausal symptoms (including anxiety and low mood)
Ethanolic black cohosh extract inhibits growth of MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells; actein induces apoptosis/G1 arrest, inhibits breast, colon and HepG2 liver cancer cell growth and synergizes with doxorubicin, 5-FU, paclitaxel and simvastatin (preclinical).
Reduces neurovegetative and psychological menopausal symptoms (including anxiety and low mood)
Relief of menopausal symptoms - hot flashes, sweating, sleep and mood disturbance (a meta-analysis supports benefit, though an earlier systematic review judged the evidence inconsistent)
Reduces neurovegetative and psychological menopausal symptoms (including anxiety and low mood); Relief of menopausal symptoms - hot flashes, sweating, sleep and mood disturbance (a meta-analysis supports benefit, though an earlier systematic review judged the evidence inconsistent)
Premenstrual and menstrual complaints (traditional use)
Premenstrual and menstrual complaints (traditional use)
inferred from anti-inflammatory action
Digestive / gastrointestinal support (traditional for dyspepsia and ulcers)
Antimicrobial (berberine) - supports skin, mucosal and gastrointestinal infections and sore throat; Topical for skin infections and irritation - whole-leaf extract is active in vitro against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)
inferred from anti-inflammatory action
inferred from anti-inflammatory action
Anti-inflammatory and astringent for inflamed mucous membranes (sore-throat gargle, mouth); Antimicrobial (berberine) - supports skin, mucosal and gastrointestinal infections and sore throat
Safety, Cautions & Contraindications
Rare reports of liver injury have prompted a precaution; large meta-analytic data found no evidence of hepatotoxicity, but stop use and seek advice if signs of liver problems occur (jaundice, dark urine, upper-abdominal pain).
Current evidence does not show an increased risk of breast cancer or proliferation of oestrogen-sensitive tissue, but women with or at risk of hormone-sensitive cancer should use it only under medical guidance.
Not recommended during pregnancy or breastfeeding.
Contraindicated in pregnancy and breastfeeding: berberine crosses the placenta and into milk and can cause or worsen newborn jaundice (risk of kernicterus); do not give to infants.
Berberine strongly inhibits drug-metabolising enzymes (especially CYP3A4 and CYP2D6), so it can raise the blood levels of many medicines - a significant herb-drug-interaction risk. In a screen of commercial herbal products, goldenseal was among the most potent CYP2D6 inhibitors and also inhibited CYP3A4. High doses have shown possible liver, nerve and photo-toxicity.
External Ids
Botanical Description
Tall, woodland perennial herb rising from a thick, knotty, dark rhizome with wiry black roots. The leaves are large and compound (2-3-ternately divided), with sharply toothed, oval to lance-shaped leaflets. In summer it sends up tall, wand-like racemes of small, unpleasant-smelling white flowers held well above the foliage, giving rise to the old name 'bugbane'; the flowers lack petals and consist mainly of a fluffy cluster of white stamens.[2]
Low, woodland perennial herb rising from a knotted, bright yellow rhizome with wiry yellow roots. Each stem bears two ragged, palmately lobed, maple-like leaves and a single small, inconspicuous greenish-white flower, followed by a raspberry-like cluster of red berries.[1]
Habitat
Native to rich, shaded deciduous woodland and woodland margins of eastern North America, from southern Canada to Georgia, typically on moist, humus-rich soils.[2]
Grows in rich, shaded deciduous woodland with humus-rich soil; native to eastern North America, now scarce in the wild due to overharvesting and largely supplied by cultivation.[1]
Harvesting
The root and rhizome are dug in autumn, after the seeds have ripened and the foliage has died back and the plant's energy has returned to the rootstock; the rhizome is cleaned, cut and dried.[2]
The rhizome and root are dug in autumn from plants at least three to four years old, when berberine content is highest, then cleaned and dried; because wild populations are depleted, cultivated or sustainably sourced material is strongly preferred, and careful identification against the toxic mayapple and bloodroot, which share its woodland habitat, is essential before any wild-harvesting.[1]
Traditional Uses
Black cohosh root was used by Native American peoples for gynaecological complaints, rheumatism and general malaise, and entered nineteenth-century Eclectic medicine as a remedy for menstrual and menopausal disorders. It remains best known today as a standardised extract for menopausal hot flashes, night sweats and mood disturbance.[2, 6]
Goldenseal root has a Native American and, after adoption by Eclectic physicians, wider North American tradition as a bitter tonic and antimicrobial remedy for mucous-membrane infections, sore throat, digestive upset and topical skin infections, directly reflecting its high berberine content.[1]
Preparations
Dried rhizome and root simmered in water as a traditional bitter antimicrobial tea, or used as a gargle for sore throat.
Tincture 1:10 in 60% ethanol of the dried rhizome and root, 2-4 ml three times daily per the WHO monograph Rhizoma Hydrastis. Educational reference only, not a prescription.
Extract standardised to berberine/hydrastine content, taken as capsules; whole-leaf extracts have shown stronger antimicrobial activity than isolated berberine in some studies.
Dosage
The WHO monograph on Rhizoma Cimicifugae Racemosae gives a daily dosage of 40-60% isopropyl alcohol or ethanol extracts of the crude drug corresponding to 40 mg of drug, which matches the extract dose used in clinical studies. Educational reference only, not a prescription.
Health Canada's NNHPD monograph accepts a tincture among the methods of preparation for black cohosh and sets the dose as 40-2,400 mg of dried root and/or rhizome per day for adults 18 years and older; it states the quantity as dried-herb equivalent rather than a tincture volume. Neither the EU herbal monograph nor the WHO monograph gives a tincture posology - both specify standardised extract preparations only. Educational reference only, not a prescription.
The WHO monograph on Rhizoma Hydrastis gives a daily dose of 0.5-1.0 g of the dried rhizome and root three times, or taken as a decoction; a 1:1 liquid extract in 60% ethanol at 0.3-1.0 mL three times; or a 1:10 tincture in 60% ethanol at 2-4 mL three times. For short-term use only, given goldenseal's potent CYP-enzyme inhibition and its contraindication in pregnancy. Educational reference only, not a prescription.
References
Lookalikes Review
Dangerous Lookalikes
Drug Class Interactions
Not documented
References & Sources
- Hedaoo, K. and Badge, A.K. and Tiwade, Y.R. and Bankar, N.J. and Mishra, V.H (2024) 'Exploring the Efficacy and Safety of Black Cohosh (Actaea racemosa) in Menopausal Symptom Management', Journal of Mid-life Health, 15(1), pp. 5-11. doi:10.4103/jmh.jmh_242_23 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.4103/jmh.jmh_242_23 - Salari, S. and Amiri, M.S. and Ramezani, M. and Moghadam, A.T. and Elyasi, S. and Sahebkar, A. and Emami, S.A (2021) 'Ethnobotany, Phytochemistry, Traditional and Modern Uses of Actaea racemosa L. (Black cohosh): A Review', Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 1308, pp. 403-449. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-64872-5_24 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-64872-5_24 - Drewe, J. and Boonen, G. and Culmsee, C (2022) 'Treat more than heat - New therapeutic implications of Cimicifuga racemosa through AMPK-dependent metabolic effects', Phytomedicine, 100, pp. 154060. doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154060 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154060 - Curtis, S. and Moore, A. and Breakspear, I (2026) 'Efficacy and safety of Actaea racemosa for relieving climacteric complaints', Menopause, 33(5), pp. 624-631. doi:10.1097/GME.0000000000002704 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.1097/GME.0000000000002704 - Beer, A.M. and Neff, A (2013) 'Differentiated Evaluation of Extract-Specific Evidence on Cimicifuga racemosa's Efficacy and Safety for Climacteric Complaints', Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2013, pp. 860602. doi:10.1155/2013/860602 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/860602 - Mohapatra, S., Iqubal, A., Ansari, M.J., Jan, B., Zahiruddin, S., Mirza, M.A., Ahmad, S. and Iqbal, Z (2022) 'Benefits of Black Cohosh (Cimicifuga racemosa) for Women Health: An Up-Close and In-Depth Review', Pharmaceuticals, 15(3), pp. 278. doi:10.3390/ph15030278 Clinical study
https://doi.org/10.3390/ph15030278 - Castelo-Branco, C., Gambacciani, M., Cano, A., Minkin, M.J., Rachon, D., Ruan, X., Beer, A.M., Schnitker, J., Henneicke-von Zepelin, H.H. and Pickartz, S (2020) 'Review & meta-analysis: isopropanolic black cohosh extract iCR for menopausal symptoms - an update on the evidence', Climacteric. doi:10.1080/13697137.2020.1820477 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.1080/13697137.2020.1820477 - Fritz, H., Seely, D., McGowan, J., Skidmore, B., Fernandes, R., Kennedy, D.A., Cooley, K., Wong, R., Sagar, S., Balneaves, L.G. and Fergusson, D (2013) 'Black cohosh and breast cancer: a systematic review', Integrative Cancer Therapies. doi:10.1177/1534735413477191 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.1177/1534735413477191 - European Medicines Agency (HMPC) (2018) 'European Union herbal monograph on Cimicifuga racemosa (L.) Nutt., rhizoma, Revision 1'. Available at: https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/herbal-monograph/final-european-union-herbal-monograph-cimicifuga-racemosa-l-nutt-rhizome-revision-1_en.pdf Traditional / reference
https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/herbal-monograph/final-european-union-herbal-monograph-cimicifuga-racemosa-l-nutt-rhizome-revision-1_en.pdf - World Health Organization (2002) 'Rhizoma Cimicifugae Racemosae'. Available at: https://iris.who.int/items/6418d8af-5200-4e6b-9bf5-004f3aa62a37 Traditional / reference
https://iris.who.int/items/6418d8af-5200-4e6b-9bf5-004f3aa62a37 - Health Canada, Natural and Non-prescription Health Products Directorate (2026) 'Natural Health Product Monograph: Black Cohosh - Actaea racemosa'. Available at: https://webprod.hc-sc.gc.ca/nhpid-bdipsn/dbImages/mono_black-cohosh_english.pdf Traditional / reference
https://webprod.hc-sc.gc.ca/nhpid-bdipsn/dbImages/mono_black-cohosh_english.pdf - Einbond, L.S. and Shimizu, M. and Nuntanakorn, P. and Seter, C. and Cheng, R. and Jiang, B. and Kronenberg, F. and Kennelly, E.J. and Weinstein, I.B (2006) 'Actein and a fraction of black cohosh potentiate antiproliferative effects of chemotherapy agents on human breast cancer cells', Planta Medica, 72(13), pp. 1200-1206. doi:10.1055/s-2006-947225 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2006-947225 - Rice, S. and Amon, A. and Whitehead, S.A (2006) 'Ethanolic extracts of black cohosh (Actaea racemosa) inhibit growth and oestradiol synthesis from oestrone sulphate in breast cancer cells', Maturitas, 56(4), pp. 359-367. doi:10.1016/j.maturitas.2006.10.002 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas.2006.10.002 - Einbond, L.S. and Soffritti, M. and Degli Esposti, D. and Wu, H.-A. and Balick, M. and Ma, H. and Redenti, S. and Roter, A (2018) 'A transcriptomic analysis of black cohosh: Actein alters cholesterol biosynthesis pathways and synergizes with simvastatin', Food and Chemical Toxicology, 120, pp. 356-366. doi:10.1016/j.fct.2018.06.064 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2018.06.064 - Einbond, L.S. and Soffritti, M. and Degli Esposti, D. and Park, T. and Cruz, E. and Su, T. and Wu, H.-A. and Wang, X. and Zhang, Y.-J. and Ham, J. and Goldberg, I.J. and Kronenberg, F. and Vladimirova, A (2009) 'Actein activates stress- and statin-associated responses and is bioavailable in Sprague-Dawley rats', Fundamental and Clinical Pharmacology, 23(3), pp. 311-321. doi:10.1111/j.1472-8206.2009.00673.x Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1472-8206.2009.00673.x - Castelo-Branco, C., Gambacciani, M., Cano, A., Minkin, M.J., Rachon, D., Ruan, X., Beer, A.M., Schnitker, J., Henneicke-von Zepelin, H.H. and Pickartz, S (2020) 'Review and meta-analysis: isopropanolic black cohosh extract iCR for menopausal symptoms - an update on the evidence', Climacteric, 24(2), pp. 109--119. doi:10.1080/13697137.2020.1820477 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.1080/13697137.2020.1820477 - Shahmohammadi, A., Ramezanpour, N., Mahdavi Siuki, M., Dizavandi, F., Ghazanfarpour, M., Rahmani, Y., Tahajjodi, R. and Babakhanian, M (2019) 'The efficacy of herbal medicines on anxiety and depression in peri- and postmenopausal women: A systematic review and meta-analysis', Post Reproductive Health, 25(3), pp. 131--141. doi:10.1177/2053369119841166 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.1177/2053369119841166 - Borrelli, F. and Ernst, E (2008) 'Black cohosh (Cimicifuga racemosa) for menopausal symptoms: a systematic review of its efficacy', Pharmacological Research, 58(1), pp. 8--14. doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2008.05.008 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2008.05.008 - Pokushalov, E., Ponomarenko, A., Garcia, C., Kasimova, L., Pak, I., Shrainer, E., Romanova, A., Kudlay, D., Johnson, M. and Miller, R (2025) 'Assessing the combined effects of Black Cohosh, Soy Isoflavones, and SDG Lignans on menopausal symptoms: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial', European Journal of Nutrition, 64(3). doi:10.1007/s00394-025-03588-y Randomized trial
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-025-03588-y - Tanmahasamut, P., Vichinsartvichai, P., Rattanachaiyanont, M., Techatraisak, K., Dangrat, C. and Sardod, P (2014) 'Cimicifuga racemosa extract for relieving menopausal symptoms: a randomized controlled trial', Climacteric, 18(1), pp. 79--85. doi:10.3109/13697137.2014.933410 Randomized trial
https://doi.org/10.3109/13697137.2014.933410 - Pockaj, B.A., Gallagher, J.G., Loprinzi, C.L., Stella, P.J., Barton, D.L., Sloan, J.A. and others (2006) 'Phase III double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled crossover trial of black cohosh in the management of hot flashes: NCCTG Trial N01CC1', Journal of Clinical Oncology, 24(18), pp. 2836--2841. doi:10.1200/JCO.2005.05.4296 Randomized trial
https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2005.05.4296 - United Plant Savers 'Distinguishing Black Cohosh from Look-Alikes'. Available at: https://unitedplantsavers.org/distinguishing-black-cohosh-from-look-alikes/ Traditional / reference
https://unitedplantsavers.org/distinguishing-black-cohosh-from-look-alikes/ - Jiang, B. and Ma, C. and Motley, T. and Kronenberg, F. and Kennelly, E.J (2011) 'Phytochemical fingerprinting to thwart black cohosh adulteration: a 15 Actaea species analysis', Phytochemical Analysis, 22(4), pp. 339-51. doi:10.1002/pca.1285 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1002/pca.1285
- Mandal, S.K., Maji, A.K., Mishra, S.K., Ishfaq, P.M., Devkota, H.P., Silva, A.S. and Das, N (2020) 'Goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis L.) and its active constituents: A critical review of their efficacy and toxicological issues', Pharmacological Research. doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105085 Randomized trial
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105085 - Corn, J., Tibbitts, D., Ito, H., Schafer, M. and Vasilevsky, N (2021) 'Effects of Hydrastis Canadensis, Commiphora Habessinica, Phytolacca Americana, and Echinacea Purpurea on Bacterial Growth', Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine, 27(4), pp. 24-27. Preclinical
https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Effects%20of%20Hydrastis%20Canadensis%2C%20Commiphora%20Habessinica%2C%20Phytolacca%20Americana%2C%20and%20Echinacea%20Purpurea%20on%20Bacterial%20Growth - Ettefagh, K.A., Burns, J.T., Junio, H.A., Kaatz, G.W. and Cech, N.B (2010) 'Goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis L.) extracts synergistically enhance the antibacterial activity of berberine via efflux pump inhibition', Planta Medica, 77(8), pp. 835-840. doi:10.1055/s-0030-1250606 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0030-1250606 - Cech, N.B., Junio, H.A., Ackermann, L.W., Kavanaugh, J.S. and Horswill, A.R (2012) 'Quorum quenching and antimicrobial activity of goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis) against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)', Planta Medica, 78(14), pp. 1556--1561. doi:10.1055/s-0032-1315042 Traditional / reference
https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0032-1315042 - Mahady, G.B., Pendland, S.L., Stoia, A. and Chadwick, L.R (2003) 'In vitro susceptibility of Helicobacter pylori to isoquinoline alkaloids from Sanguinaria canadensis and Hydrastis canadensis', Phytotherapy Research, 17(3), pp. 217-221. doi:10.1002/ptr.1108 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.1108 - Junio, H.A., Sy-Cordero, A.A., Ettefagh, K.A., Burns, J.T., Micko, K.T., Graf, T.N., Richter, S.J., Cannon, R.E., Oberlies, N.H. and Cech, N.B (2011) 'Synergy-directed fractionation of botanical medicines: a case study with goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis)', Journal of Natural Products, 74(7), pp. 1621-1629. doi:10.1021/np200336g Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1021/np200336g - Britton, E.R., Kellogg, J.J., Kvalheim, O.M. and Cech, N.B (2017) 'Biochemometrics to Identify Synergists and Additives from Botanical Medicines: A Case Study with Hydrastis canadensis (Goldenseal)', Journal of Natural Products, 81(3), pp. 484-493. doi:10.1021/acs.jnatprod.7b00654 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jnatprod.7b00654 - Leyte-Lugo, M., Britton, E.R., Foil, D.H., Brown, A.R., Todd, D.A., Rivera-Chavez, J., Oberlies, N.H. and Cech, N.B (2017) 'Secondary Metabolites from the Leaves of the Medicinal Plant Goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis)', Phytochemistry Letters, 20, pp. 54-60. doi:10.1016/j.phytol.2017.03.012 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phytol.2017.03.012 - Gurley, B.J., Swain, A., Hubbard, M.A., Hartsfield, F., Thaden, J., Williams, D.K., Gentry, W.B. and Tong, Y (2007) 'Supplementation with goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis), but not kava kava (Piper methysticum), inhibits human CYP3A activity in vivo', Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 83(1), pp. 61-69. doi:10.1038/sj.clpt.6100222 Randomized trial
https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.clpt.6100222 - Wallace, E.D., Oberlies, N.H., Cech, N.B. and Kellogg, J.J (2018) 'Detection of adulteration in Hydrastis canadensis (goldenseal) dietary supplements via untargeted mass spectrometry-based metabolomics', Food and Chemical Toxicology, 120, pp. 439-447. doi:10.1016/j.fct.2018.07.033 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2018.07.033 - Douglas, J.A., Follett, J.M., Parmenter, G.A., Sansom, C.E., Perry, N.B. and Littler, R.A (2010) 'Seasonal variation of biomass and bioactive alkaloid content of goldenseal, Hydrastis canadensis', Fitoterapia, 81(7), pp. 925-928. doi:10.1016/j.fitote.2010.06.006 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fitote.2010.06.006 - Singh, S., Pathak, N., Fatima, E. and Negi, A.S (2021) 'Plant isoquinoline alkaloids: Advances in the chemistry and biology of berberine', European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. doi:10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113839 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113839 - World Health Organization (2007) 'Rhizoma Hydrastis'. Available at: https://iris.who.int/items/6418d8af-5200-4e6b-9bf5-004f3aa62a37 Traditional / reference
https://iris.who.int/items/6418d8af-5200-4e6b-9bf5-004f3aa62a37 - Sevior, D.K., Hokkanen, J., Tolonen, A., Abass, K., Tursas, L., Pelkonen, O. and Ahokas, J.T (2010) 'Rapid screening of commercially available herbal products for the inhibition of major human hepatic cytochrome P450 enzymes using the N-in-one cocktail', Xenobiotica, 40(4), pp. 245--254. doi:10.3109/00498251003592683 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.3109/00498251003592683 - Gurley, B.J., Gardner, S.F., Hubbard, M.A., Williams, D.K., Gentry, W.B., Khan, I.A. and Shah, A (2005) 'In vivo effects of goldenseal, kava kava, black cohosh, and valerian on human cytochrome P450 1A2, 2D6, 2E1, and 3A4/5 phenotypes', Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 77(5), pp. 415-426. doi:10.1016/j.clpt.2005.01.009 Randomized trial
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clpt.2005.01.009 - McDonald, M.G., Tian, D.D., Thummel, K.E., Paine, M.F. and Rettie, A.E (2020) 'Modulation of major human liver microsomal cytochromes P450 by component alkaloids of goldenseal: time-dependent inhibition and allosteric effects', Drug Metabolism and Disposition, 48(10), pp. 1018-1027. doi:10.1124/dmd.120.091041 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1124/dmd.120.091041 - Guo, J., Chen, H., Zhang, X., Lou, W., Zhang, P., Qiu, Y., Zhang, C., Wang, Y. and Liu, W.J (2021) 'The effect of berberine on metabolic profiles in type 2 diabetic patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials', Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 2021, pp. 2074610. doi:10.1155/2021/2074610 Meta-analysis / review
https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/2074610 - Forest Farming (Cooperative Extension) 'Goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis L.)'. Available at: https://forest-farming.extension.org/goldenseal-hydrastis-canadensis-l/ Traditional / reference
https://forest-farming.extension.org/goldenseal-hydrastis-canadensis-l/ - Frasca, T. and Brett, A.S. and Yoo, S.D (1997) 'Mandrake toxicity. A case of mistaken identity', Archives of Internal Medicine, 157(17), pp. 2007-9. doi:10.1001/archinte.157.17.2007 Clinical study
https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.157.17.2007 - North Carolina Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox 'Sanguinaria canadensis (Bloodroot)'. Available at: https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/sanguinaria-canadensis/ Traditional / reference
https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/sanguinaria-canadensis/
Generated automatically from the Omnia Sana plant database and its cited sources. For educational purposes only — not medical advice. Always consult a qualified practitioner before using medicinal plants.